Chaotic Map Optimization for Image Encryption Using Triple Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm

Chaos and compressive sensing based novel image encryption scheme

In the last decade, the communication of images through the internet has increased. Due to the growing demands for data transfer through images, protection of data and safe communication is very important. For this purpose, many encryption techniques have been designed and developed. New and secured encryption schemes based on chaos theory have introduced methods for secure as well as fast communication. A modified image encryption process is proposed in this work with chaotic maps and orthogonal matrix in Hill cipher. Image encryption involves three phases. In the first phase, a chaotic Henon map is used for permuting the digital image. In the second phase, a Hill cipher is used whose encryption key is generated by an orthogonal matrix which further is produced from the equation of the plane. In the third phase, a sequence is generated by a chaotic tent map which is later XORed. Chaotic maps play an important role in the encryption process. To deal with the issues of fast and highly secured image processing, the prominent properties of non-periodical movement and non-convergence of chaotic theory play an important role. The proposed scheme is resistant to different attacks on the cipher image. Different tests have been applied to evaluate the proposed technique. The results of the tests such as key space analysis, key sensitivity analysis, and information entropy, histogram correlation of the adjacent pixels, number of pixel change rate (NPCR), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and unified average changing intensity (UCAI) showed that our proposed scheme is an efficient encryption technique. The proposed approach is also compared with some state-of-the-art image encryption techniques. In the view of statistical analysis, we claim that our proposed encryption algorithm is secured.

Medical images demand robust privacy protection, driving research into advanced image encryption (IE) schemes. However, current IE schemes still encounter certain challenges in both security and efficiency. Fractional-order Hopfield neural networks (HNNs) demonstrate unique advantages in IE. The introduction of fractional-order calculus operators enables them to possess more complex dynamical behaviors, creating more random and unpredictable keystreams. To enhance privacy protection, this paper introduces a high-performance medical IE scheme that integrates a novel 4D fractional-order HNN with a differentiated encryption strategy (MIES-FHNN-DE). Specifically, MIES-FHNN-DE leverages this 4D fractional-order HNN alongside a 2D hyperchaotic map to generate keystreams collaboratively. This design not only capitalizes on the 4D fractional-order HNN’s intricate dynamics but also sidesteps the efficiency constraints of recent IE schemes. Moreover, MIES-FHNN-DE boosts encryption efficiency through pixel bit splitting and weighted accumulation, ensuring robust security. Rigorous evaluations confirm that MIES-FHNN-DE delivers cutting-edge security performance. It features a large key space (2383), exceptional key sensitivity, extremely low ciphertext pixel correlations (<0.002), excellent ciphertext entropy values (>7.999 bits), uniform ciphertext pixel distributions, outstanding resistance to differential attacks (with average NPCR and UACI values of 99.6096% and 33.4638%, respectively), and remarkable robustness against data loss. Most importantly, MIES-FHNN-DE achieves an average encryption rate as high as 102.5623 Mbps. Compared with recent leading counterparts, MIES-FHNN-DE better meets the privacy protection demands for medical images in emerging fields like medical intelligent analysis and medical cloud services.

Image encryption has been an attractive research field in recent years. The chaos-based cryptographic algorithms have suggested some new and efficient ways to develop secure image encryption techniques. This paper proposes a novel image encryption scheme, which is based on the chaotic tent map. Image encryption systems based on such map show some better performances. Firstly, the chaotic tent map is modified to generate chaotic key stream that is more suitable for image encryption. Secondly, the chaos-based key stream is generated by a 1-D chaotic tent map, which has a better performance in terms of randomness properties and security level. The performance and security analysis of the proposed image encryption scheme is performed using well-known ways. The results of the fail-safe analysis are inspiring, and it can be concluded that the proposed scheme is efficient and secure.

Differential evolution (DE) is a powerful evolutionary algorithms, widely applied in different fields of science and engineering for solving the problem of optimization. Since image encryption has been viewed as an interesting research topic by many experts and innumerable methods to encrypt images have emerged, currently, the focus is on obtaining optimized images. The paper presents a novel image encryption scheme that uses intertwining logistic map (ILM), DNA encoding and DE optimization. The proposed approach is based on three phases: permutation involving ILM, diffusion engaging DNA and optimization using DE. Parameters like entropy, key sensitivity, secret key space, unified average change in intensity (UACI), correlation coefficient —vertical, horizontal and diagonal, and number of pixel change rate have been evaluated to test the efficiency of the proposed method. The paper also compares this performance with that of the genetic algorithms (GA), used previously for optimization. The significance of this approach is enhancing entropy, the essential characteristic of randomness, resisting against numerous statistical and differential attacks and generating good experimental results. The main contribution of this paper is to present the efficiency of DE in image optimization and exhibit how DE is better than GA.

Exploiting one-dimensional exponential Chebyshev chaotic map and matching embedding for visually meaningful image encryption

In today’s world of critical global connectivity, satellite communication plays a vital role for businesses, governments, and individuals. Key applications, including climate change monitoring, military surveillance, and real-time event broadcasting, heavily rely on transmitting image data rather than text. As a result, ensuring the secure transmission of images through efficient and robust encryption techniques has become a focal point of interest for both academia and industry. Image encryption is essential for securing sensitive visual data, protecting privacy, and making certain that only authorized users are able to access the required content. It prevents unauthorized access, tampering, and misuse of images, which is crucial for confidential and secure communications. The work in this paper develops a satellite image encryption scheme that employs a novel 1D Cosine Sinusoidal Chaotic (1DCSC) map, and two earlier proposed Sine-Tangent Chaotic (STC) and Improved Cosine Fractional Chaotic (ICFCM) maps, in conjunction with Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) operations. The proposed scheme encrypts a given input image in four steps. In the initial step, 384-bit shared key and a 128-bit initial vector are used to create three different keys. In step two, three different chaotic sequences are produced using these keys and 1DCSC, STC, and ICFCM maps. These chaotic sequences chosen randomly to encrypt red, blue or green components of the given input image. In step three, these three chaotic sequences and the three components of the input image are DNA encoded. In the final step, DNA XOR based diffusion operation is applied between these DNA-encoded color image components and DNA encoded chaotic sequences to create green, red, and blue components of the cipher image. The proposed scheme obtains entropy value 7.9997, Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) value 33.32, and Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) value 99.67%.

The security of information and digital images has become a major issue during the last three decades. A large number of algorithms for data and image encryptions are reported in the literature. However, many of the proposed algorithms are not suitable in the fields of application, because they are cryptographically weak. In the present work, a novel algorithm for encoding digital images by using a circle map with 3 parameters has been proposed. In this article different images are used for testing the validity of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm has increased the strength of security of the image encryption against cipher-text-only, chosen-plaintext and chosen-cipher-text attacks. The analysis of cryptographic strength has also been performed to confirm the fact. The results of several experimental tests, such as, key space analysis, key sensitivity analysis and statistical analysis show that the proposed algorithm for image cryptosystems provides an efficient and secure way for image encryption. A comparison in terms of correlation between the initial and transformed images, number of pixels change rate (NPCR) and unified average changing intensity (UACI) is also done. Keywords: Circle map, Chaos, Lyapunov exponent, anti-differential attack, NPCR, UACI.

The Internet of Things (IoT) based intelligent medical system possesses sensitive and private patient data. Most data relates to the patient's medical records and highly sensitive information. For this reason, safety and confidentiality of information are crucial. The preservation of patient privacy when sharing medical data is the primary concern of this study. Due to their excellent performance, biological notations based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are becoming increasingly admired for guaranteeing encryption and image protection. This paper proposes lightweight homomorphic with DNA-based medical image encryption (HDNA_MIE) for heterogeneous IoT in edge computing. The proposed approach contains two steps: In the first step, the secure DNA keys are generated using lightweight operations such as shifting and Josephus ring-based permutation (JRP). In the second step, the lightweight homomorphic cryptographic algorithm with DNA sequence-based encryption algorithm is suggested for secure encryption. The suggested strategy is evaluated using computational time and statistical analysis with several measures to determine its efficacy. The experimental findings of the proposed strategy exhibited a high level of security and a noticeable enhancement in the Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) and encryption processing time. The experiment outcomes demonstrate that our technique may be applied to highly confidential image encryption.

A robust and secure chaotic standard map based pseudorandom permutation-substitution scheme for image encryption

Image encryption based on chaotic maps is an important method for ensuring the secure communication of digital multimedia on the Internet. To improve the encryption performance and security of image encryption systems, a new image encryption algorithm is proposed that employs a compound chaotic map and random cyclic shift. First, a new hybrid chaotic system is designed by coupling logistic, ICMIC, Tent, and Chebyshev (HLITC) maps. Comparison tests with previous chaotic maps in terms of chaotic trajectory, Lyapunov exponent, and approximate entropy illustrate that the new hybrid chaotic map has better chaotic performance. Then, the proposed HLITC chaotic system and spiral transformation are used to develop a new chaotic image encryption scheme using the double permutation strategy. The new HLITC chaotic system is used to generate key sequences used in the image scrambling and diffusion stages. The spiral transformation controlled by the chaotic sequence is used to scramble the pixels of the plaintext image, while the XOR operation based on a chaotic map is used for pixel diffusion. Extensive experiments on statistical analysis, key sensitivity, and key space analysis were conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed encryption scheme has good robustness against brute-force attacks, statistical attacks, and differential attacks and is more effective than many existing chaotic image encryption algorithms.

A color image encryption scheme based on 1D cubic map

The present scenario of the medical field is that sending the healthcare images through the internet is so far exposed to security threats. Hence, there is a need for an efficient and secure procedure to exchange healthcare images over the Internet. The Digital Image and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) provides security features for image header information but not for the pixel information. Hence to send the pixel information in a highly secured manner, the pixels need to be encrypted by using a suitable encryption algorithm. The number of pixel changing rate (NPCR) and the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI) are well-known encryption evaluation metrics to analyse the differential attack in image encryption. These two values are used to calculate the average number of pixel changes and intensity changes between two encrypted images before and after modifying any one pixel in a plaintext image respectively. If these two values are high, then the image encryption can resist the differential attacks. In this paper, a theoretical value of NPCR and UACI are computed for DICOM image encryption concerning different significant levels. An encryption algorithm with Gould transform, RC5, logistic map and DNA Diffusion is proposed for DICOM image to increase the NPCR, and UACI value and this method offered an efficient security strategy for DICOM pixel information. Finally, the computed theoretical value of NPCR and UACI are compared with the existing and proposed algorithm.

In this paper, we present a novel approach to create the new chaotic map and propose an improved image encryption scheme based on it. Compared with traditional classic one-dimensional chaotic maps like Logistic Map and Tent Map, this newly created chaotic map demonstrates many better chaotic properties for encryption, implied by a much larger maximal Lyapunov exponent. Furthermore, the new chaotic map and Arnold's Cat Map based image encryption method is designed and proved to be of solid robustness. The simulation results and security analysis indicate that such method not only can meet the requirement of imagine encryption, but also can result in a preferable effectiveness and security, which is usable for general applications.

Image encryption scheme based on 3D baker with dynamical compound chaotic sequence cipher generator