Chapter 4 - The research and social media relationship

The ways we represent our relationships, notice our partners, and let the social media interfere in our romantic relationships have aroused researchers' interest. In this research, the purpose was to analyze, how people who use social media actively perceive the connection between social media and romantic relationships. The research questions set for this study were: (1) What are the rules of self-disclosure that support romantic relationships in social media?; (2) What kinds of benefits do social media provide for romantic relationships?; and (3) What kinds of threats or disadvantages do social media provide for romantic relationships? This was a qualitative research in which the research participants (N=25) were approached with an online questionnaire that included open-ended questions. The answers were analyzed with the qualitative content analyzing method. The findings showed that the research participants could name some principles of self-disclosure regarding their romantic relationships in social media and certain benefits as well as harms and threats of social media for a romantic relationship. The findings were further discussed in the light of the elements of love as emotions, love as actions, and love as skills and knowledge that here could be interpreted as "the media literacy of romantic relationships".

The ways we represent our relationships, notice our partners, and let the social media interfere in our romantic relationships have aroused researchers’ interest. In this research, the purpose was to analyze, how people who use social media actively perceive the connection between social media and romantic relationships. The research questions set for this study were: (1) What are the rules of self-disclosure that support romantic relationships in social media?; (2) What kinds of benefits do social media provide for romantic relationships?; and (3) What kinds of threats or disadvantages do social media provide for romantic relationships? This was a qualitative research in which the research participants (N=25) were approached with an online questionnaire that included open-ended questions. The answers were analyzed with the qualitative content analyzing method. The findings showed that the research participants could name some principles of self-disclosure regarding their romantic relationships in social media and certain benefits as well as harms and threats of social media for a romantic relationship. The findings were further discussed in the light of the elements of love as emotions, love as actions, and love as skills and knowledge that here could be interpreted as “the media literacy of romantic relationships”.

This study aimed to analyze the risks of social virtual relationships in social media on students. The study's sample consisted of 200 students from the Ajman University (UAE). The study used a questionnaire survey to identify the risks of virtual relationships. The finding was a moderate risk of virtual communication in social media affecting youth. The study offered recommendations to reduce the virtual communication risk through the cumulative effort of family and university, leisure-time activities, and awareness-rising classes.

PurposeThis study aims to apply parasocial relationship theory to understand the hospitality brand-consumer relationship on social media. Aiming to examine brand-initiated mechanisms that drive relationship development, the study identified two sets of brand actions as antecedents, namely, content-related (utilitarian and hedonic benefits) and interaction-related factors (perceived interactivity and openness). This study also investigated the subsequent impacts of parasocial relationships on customer engagement behaviors and brand loyalty. As baby boomers are an important but understudied consumer cohort in social media marketing, this study empirically tested the proposed model for this specific group.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted electronically with baby boomer consumers from the USA. The partial least squares analysis was used to test the model validity for this consumer group.FindingsThe results of this study showed that content-related factors had significant effects on the parasocial relationship, which, in turn, significantly influenced customer engagement and brand loyalty.Research limitations/implicationsThis study responds to the recent calls from scholars on developing and expanding a nomological network of parasocial relationships to understand consumer-brand relationships in social media. By focusing on baby boomers, this study adds unique insights on understanding online relationships and engagement, specifically for this cohort. Future studies should expand the study by examining other generations, platform differences or using longitudinal methods.Practical implicationsThis study informs hospitality marketers in the development and implementation of a successful Facebook relationship building campaign targeting baby boomers.Originality/valueAccording to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study known to have developed a coherent parasocial relationship model that combined content-related benefits, interaction-related factors, online engagement and brand loyalty. It also represents one of the few to examine how hospitality brands can build a parasocial relationship with baby boomers, an important but cohort, on social media and provide actionable insights to hospitality marketers for this generation.

This study aims at understanding self-expression in social media in an educational context. For this purpose, the previous studies in German-speaking area are analyzed first, in which self-expression is considered as identity work or effort to establish social relationships in social media. On the basis of the study by Jung(2005) und Jörissen & Marotzki(2009), self-expression in social media is regarded as ‘Mediale Artikulation’. In this context, this study is focused on the reflective potential of each user with self-expression in social media. Following the term ‘Strukturale Medienbildung’ by Jörissen & Marotzki(2009), the potential of ‘Mediale Artikulation’ for orientation of own life, in the sense of the ‘Bildungsprozess’, is also addressed in this study. In the age of the crises of orientation, in which the individual should seek his own orientation of own life, this study could be instructive with the focus on reflective potential and educational potential of self-expression in social media.

Addiction to social media application is an alarming state of condition where other psychological problems can be shown. This paper presents an analysis between the relationship of social media use to mental health issues in 262 adolescents. In this study, we applied Structural Engineering Modeling (SEM) to analyze factors of social media addiction and how it contributes to mental health issues. We measured mobile usage, emotional investment on social media, sleep quality, self-esteem and levels of stress, anxiety and depression. Results implies that those people who are highly invested in social media experienced poor sleep quality, lower self-esteem and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that excessive use of smartphones due to social media can be linked to negative psychological characteristics and possibly lead to suicidal ideation.

Ethnography has been used to research various people and topics online, primarily using netnography and digital ethnography. Researchers and businesses employ digital ethnographic methods to access an assortment of social media platforms in order to learn about social media users. Researchers seek to understand relationships between social media users and organizations from both academic and practitioner perspectives. These organizations run the gamut from for-profit businesses, to nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and government agencies. The specific focus here is on social media research as it relates to businesses. Organizations make use of social media in a variety of ways, but chiefly to market to clients and to gather information on followers; the latter of which, in turn, helps them understand their target markets. While this social media data is both quantitative and qualitative in nature, the emphasis here centers on qualitative data, particularly the ways businesses interact with social media users. While some firms mainly use older forms of one-way marketing that solely focus on disseminating information, other firms increasingly seek ways to interact with customers and co-create products with clients. Additionally, social media users are creating their own communities, formed due to a shared interest in a brand. Companies strive to learn more about their customers through these groups. Influencers also play a role in the relationship between organizations and social media users by linking their own followerships to products and brands. In turn, influencers develop their own relationships with organizations through sponsorships, thus becoming brands themselves. Influencers risk losing their followerships when followers perceive them as no longer accessible or authentic. This change in perception can occur for a variety of reasons, including when followers believe that an influencer has prioritized brand alignment over building connections with followers. Due to multiple relationships with different brands and their followers, influencers must negotiate the ambiguity and evolving nature of their role. As social media and digital spaces develop, so must the tools used by anthropologists. Anthropologists should remain open to incorporating hallmarks of ethnographic research such as fieldnotes, participant observation, and focus groups in new ways and alongside tools from other disciplines, including market and UX (user experience) research. The divide between practitioners and academics is blurring. Anthropologists can solve client issues while contributing their voices to larger anthropological and societal discussions.

BackgroundEstablishing and promoting connections between health researchers and health professional clinicians may help translate research evidence to clinical practice. Social media may have the capacity to enhance these connections.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore health researchers’ and clinicians’ current use of social media and their beliefs and attitudes towards the use of social media for communicating research evidence.MethodsThis study used a mixed-methods approach to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. Participation was open to health researchers and clinicians. Data regarding demographic details, current use of social media, and beliefs and attitudes towards the use of social media for professional purposes were obtained through an anonymous Web-based survey. The survey was distributed via email to research centers, educational and clinical institutions, and health professional associations in Australia, India, and Malaysia. Consenting participants were stratified by country and role and selected at random for semistructured telephone interviews to explore themes arising from the survey.ResultsA total of 856 participants completed the questionnaire with 125 participants declining to participate, resulting in a response rate of 87.3%. 69 interviews were conducted with participants from Australia, India, and Malaysia. Social media was used for recreation by 89.2% (749/840) of participants and for professional purposes by 80.0% (682/852) of participants. Significant associations were found between frequency of professional social media use and age, gender, country of residence, and graduate status. Over a quarter (26.9%, 229/852) of participants used social media for obtaining research evidence, and 15.0% (128/852) of participants used social media for disseminating research evidence. Most participants (95.9%, 810/845) felt there was a role for social media in disseminating or obtaining research evidence. Over half of the participants (449/842, 53.3%) felt they had a need for training in the use of social media for professional development. A key barrier to the professional use of social media was concerns regarding trustworthiness of information.ConclusionsA large majority of health researchers and clinicians use social media in recreational and professional contexts. Social media is less frequently used for communication of research evidence. Training in the use of social media for professional development and methods to improve the trustworthiness of information obtained via social media may enhance the utility of social media for communicating research evidence. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of social media in translating research evidence to clinical practice.

El social media en los últimos años ha tomado una mayor presencia en el ámbito social y empresarial, debido a que la generación millennial representa un gran porcentaje de la población y se encuentra inmersa en los distintos medios sociales. Razón por la cual se generan estrategias que ayudan a promocionar a los productos o servicios para lograr influir en el consumidor a la hora de tomar una decisión de compra. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la influencia que tiene el social media en el proceso de decisión de compra en la generación millennial. Contó con un método cualitativo que ayudo a estructurar el instrumento de recolección de datos. El método cuantitativo se aplicó para el diseño y aplicación del instrumento igualmente, en el análisis e interpretación de la información de los datos recolectados a través de la encuesta aplicada. La investigación tuvo un alcance correlacional, ya que se calculó el nivel de influencia, la relación de social media y la decisión de compra. La muestra de estudio fue de trescientas ochenta y dos (382) personas de la generación millennial. El principal resultado obtenido fue el impacto que tienen las redes sociales frente a la decisión de compra: Facebook es la red social con mayor interacción en tiendas virtuales por lo que el “usuario” es el protagonista principal dejándose influenciar por los comentarios y opiniones que se generan en esta red. Se concluyó que las estrategias de promoción influyen en la decisión de compra, ya que son estrategias interactivas dado que permiten crear un vínculo con el consumidor, de manera que a través de ellas las empresas aprovechan para llamar la atención de sus clientes.

Social media has become a constant presence in the daily lives of young people. As a result, many educational procedures and processes have been influenced by the widespread use of social networks. The number of people using social media has continuously increased. Students’ perceptions on how social media affects their learning is a prominent subject of research. Students’ school achievement has been significantly impacted by their interaction with professors, peers, and online knowledge-sharing behaviors. Several aspects are involved in this review, which aims to shed light on how students use social media in higher education. Findings reveal that the usage of online social media for cooperative learning encourages students to be innovative, dynamic, and research oriented. In other words, it is a matter of academic competence. This study gathered and analyzed social media data in higher education for computing disciplines. Digital libraries from EBSCO, IEEE, and ACM were utilized for data gathering. All of the above traits were found to be positively influenced by social networks, which suggest that their usage in higher education should be broadened. Teachers and educational institutions have not taken full use of internet social networks. Keywords: social media; social networks; higher institutions education

To review and discuss authorship and author order in the context of nursing and midwifery publications and to present a set of principles to guide and justify author order. Variation in author order trends is evident across different authors, disciplines and countries. Confusion and conflict between authors give rise to important issues concerning ethics and collaboration and may delay publication. Lack of transparency in authorship practices also impedes judgements when individual contributions are used in support of employment, promotion, tenure and/or research funding applications. Discussion paper. A literature search of BioMed Central, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE with Full Text and PubMed for original peer-reviewed papers published in English between 2007 - 2017, in the disciplines of nursing and midwifery. Much is written about authorship practices across disciplines and countries. Despite existing authorship guidelines, author order remains an area of confusion and contention. Disputes about authorship and author order have the potential to cause distrust and breakdowns in research relationships, thereby disrupting nursing and midwifery scholarship and research. The main issues concern honorary and ghost authorship, authorship versus acknowledgement, confusion about collaboration, author order, research students as co-authors, equal author credit and the need for explicit guidelines. Good communication and mutual respect are crucial to the authorship process. However, clear instructions are needed to guide decisions on authorship and author order. It is recommended that the "first-last-author-emphasis" be adopted uniformly internationally across nursing and midwifery research.

Objectives To investigate the association of dental caries with use of internet and social media to gain information on oral health and to evaluate the impact of this practice on oral health inequalities among 12 and 15-year-olds. Methods Data from the Children’s Dental Health Survey (CDHS) 2013, England Wales and Northern Ireland were used. The survey included sociodemographic, health behaviours, use of internet and social media, and clinical dental data. The association between the prevalence of caries experience (DMFT ≥ 1) and the number of untreated dental decay with use of internet and social media was assessed adjusting for age, gender, country, deprivation, toothbrushing, dental visits and consumption of sugary drinks and food. Results A total of 4414 children were included in the analysis. Children who reported using internet and social media to gain information on oral health had significantly higher odds for caries experience (1.29, 95%CI: 1.03–1.62) in the model adjusting for age, gender and country. After adjusting for behavioural and socioeconomic factors the relationship remained positive, but not statistically significant. The use of internet and social media was not significantly associated with the number of untreated caries. Social gradients in oral health remained significant after adjusting for use of internet and social media. Conclusions The association between use of internet and social media, and dental caries could be mediated by health behaviours. Younger adults and children may be using the Internet and social media seeking information on dental caries, but longer online hours may also increase the caries risk. Internet-based health interventions should be supported by preventive strategies to promote effective and positive internet use.

It is highly important for asylum seekers who leave their country because of social instability and conflict to hold on where they have been and to include in the local society. Because asylum seekers meet with the difficulty of adapting to a new environment about which they are not informed. One of the most basic reasons of these difficulties is the lack of language skills. This study aims to put forward the impact of internet and social media usage of asylum seeker students in adaptation process into Turkish language skills. The study has been carried out with a qualitative method. In the election process of the participants criterion sampling method has been used. As the data collection tool semi structured interview form has been used. Semi structured detailed interviews have been made with nine Iraqi asylum seeker students studying in various secondary education institutions, the data have been analysed with descriptive analysis method. At the end of the study it has been determined that internet and social media present new learning opportunities and contribute to Turkish students importantly such as Turkish vocabulary development, listening, reading comprehension, correspondance, amendment the pronunciation and increasing academic skills. These language competences have been determined to support students‘ cope with difficulties, participation in social life more actively and their adaptation process in a new society importantly. Hence internet and social media are both a learning and an information acquire sources in both acquiring language skills and in adaptation processes. Contrary to researhes indicating social media’s avoiding to communicate with local media and unwilling by adaptation small, closed asylum seeker groups are made up of this research indicate asylum seekers establish these connections via both one to one and in-group interactions. In recent years in social media settings there is an increasing interest on asylum seekers’ usage of dygital technology. Asylum seekers get benefit of medium such as internet and social media enabling themselves to set up a living area to be enough for themselves and enabling them to include in the society in target country where they begin a new life and help them to solve problems. Studies dealing asylum seekers victim of compulsory migration usage of internet and social media on their lives is limited. This study is thought to contribute to fill the gap in its field.

Objective: To assess the frequency of antibiotic use through internet and social media among the people visiting Rawal institute of health sciences. To assess knowledge about antibiotics and to explore role of internet search engines and social media for accessing information regarding antibiotic use. Study Design: Cross-sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Rawal Institute of health sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Period: June 2019 to September 2019. Material & Methods: A was study carried to find out the role of internet and social media for use of antibiotics through a structured questionnaire from 150 people visiting RIHS. Sampling was done through non probability convenient sampling method. Response rate was 100%. Results: The data of 150 participants showed 92% have used antibiotics in their life time, of those 92% (n=138) participants, 26 %( n=39) have used them through prescription, 30% (n=45) have done self-medication, 19% (n=29) have used social media for medication. 91% think that information regarding use of antibiotics can be spread through internet and social media. Conclusion: The results conclude that social media and internet related antibiotic sales is contributing a substantial share. Majority of the participant also think that internet and social media are the best source to spread information for safe use. National guidelines should be devised for appropriate information seeking and communication interventions can be done using internet and social media.

Background Previous studies have examined social media habits and utilization patterns among various groups of healthcare professionals. However, very few studies have evaluated the use of social media to support continuing professional development activities. The goal of the 2023 Clinical Education Alliance social media survey was to explore how HCPs interact professionally with social media, describe utilization trends, and identify barriers to using social media to disseminate CPD content. Methods We conducted an online anonymous, voluntary survey of healthcare professionals contained in the Clinical Education Alliance learner database from January to March 2023. The survey was distributed via email and all learners were invited to participate regardless of profession or specialty. This survey consisted of 16 questions and collected demographic information and social media utilization and habits of healthcare professionals. Results Of the 2,615 healthcare professionals who completed the survey, 71.2% use social media. Most respondents were physicians (50.6%) practicing in an urban setting (59.6%) and have been practicing for more than 15 years (70.5%). The most widely used platform was Facebook (70.7%), but there were no significant differences among the different professions. Of the respondents who use social media, 44.5% used social media to access continuing professional development-certified activities. Surveyed learners preferred passive participation with social media content. Participant-reported concerns include issues with legitimacy of the information, privacy, time constraints, and institutional barriers. Discussion As the continuing professional development community continues to evolve and seek new innovative strategies to reach healthcare professionals, the findings of this survey highlight the need to identify and enact social media-based strategies aimed to engage healthcare professionals and provide them with unbiased evidence-based education.