Chapter 5 - Crab viral diseases

We engineered probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum, to produce specific double-stranded (ds)RNA for viral inhibition in penaeid shrimp. When supplemented in feed, the developed strain should offer specific viral disease resistance and still remain other beneficial effects on shrimp health against other bacterial pathogens. The pWH1520 expression vector was constructed to encode hairpin RNA targeting shrimp yellow head virus (YHV) in L. plantarum. The quantity of YHV-specific dsRNA (dsYHV) was approximately 1.66 ± 0.25 ng from 7 × 1011 CFU of L. plantarum. Feeding shrimp with the probiotic expressing dsYHV (at 1011 CFU g−1 feed) for 5 days prior to YHV challenge provided shrimp partial protection against YHV. In vitro agar well diffusion analysis revealed that both wild-type and transformed L. plantarum inhibited growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the shrimp pathogen responsible for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and early mortality syndrome (EMS). When tested in shrimp by immersion method, both L. plantarum strains (at 107 CFUs ml−1 seawater) also provided shrimp protection against V. parahaemolyticus. In conclusion, this study suggested the potential of the dsRNA-expressed L. plantarum for promoting shrimp health against the pathogenic virus. In addition, engineering L. plantarum for dsRNA production did not alter the probiotic’s intrinsic antibacterial property, and therefore, the developed strain can be used to protect shrimp against the important bacterial pathogen, V. parahaemolyticus causing AHPND/EMS.

Meta-analyses have shown an association between smoking and the risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity, but the risk of smoking and coronavirus infection is less clear. We re-analyzed data from the British Cold Study, a 1986-1989 challenge study that exposed 399 healthy adults to 1 of 5 "common cold" viruses (including n = 55 for coronavirus 229E). Participants with cotinine levels below 15 ng/mL (noncurrent smokers) were compared with participants with higher cotinine levels or self-reported smoking (current smokers). We calculated overall and coronavirus-specific unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RRs) for current smoking and each outcome (infection and illness), and tested whether each association was modified by the type of respiratory virus. Current smokers had a higher adjusted risk than noncurrent smokers for infection (adjusted RR [aRR] = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.25) and illness (aRR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.96). Neither association was modified by an interaction term for smoking and type of virus (infection: p = .44, illness: p = .70). The adjusted RR estimates specific to coronavirus 229E for infection (aRR = 1.22, 95% CI: .91, 1.63) and illness (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: .62, 2.08) were not statistically significant. These RRs provide estimates of the strength of associations between current smoking and infection and illness that can be used to guide tobacco control decisions. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found an association between smoking and COVID-19 disease severity, but fewer studies have examined infection and illness. The British Cold Study, a high-quality challenge study that exposed healthy volunteers to respiratory viruses including a coronavirus, provides an opportunity to estimate the RR for current smoking and infection and illness from coronaviruses and other viruses to guide tobacco control decisions. Compared with noncurrent smokers, current smokers had a 12% increased risk of having a laboratory-confirmed infection and a 48% increased risk of a diagnosed illness, which was not modified by the type of respiratory virus including a coronavirus.

This chapter focuses on key virus families that affect wild and cultured insect species and describes current knowledge on the molecular and ecological aspects of these viruses. Insects can be infected by a variety of viruses each with distinct properties and pathologies. Depending on the taxonomic order to which the insects belong, infections with viruses of certain families are more prominent and strong co-evolutionary relationships between insects and particular virus types are often observed. Viral infections may cause diseases that are often lethal, but viruses can also remain in a persistent or latent stage and only cause a disease outbreak under certain circumstances. We illustrate the impact viruses have on particular groups of insects by providing examples of viral infections in insects in their natural environments, the application of insect viruses in biocontrol programmes, and the effect these viruses have on pollinators. Apart from viruses affecting free-living insects, we also include what is known about virus outbreaks in insects reared on an industrial scale. Furthermore, we include a brief viral disease management section for apiculture and mass rearing of other insects. We conclude this chapter with suggestions on how to obtain the necessary knowledge and tools to better control viral diseases in insects in the future.

P.2 Incidence of malnutrition in the hospitalized oncological patient

Microbiota in viral infection and disease in humans and farm animals

Phosgene, also known as carbonyl chloride, carbon oxychloride, and chloroformyl chloride, is a toxic air pollutant and a potential occupational health hazard. Studies were initiated (a) to evaluate the measurement of pulmonary natural killer (NK) activity as a method to assess pulmonary immunocompetence, and (b) to determine whether exposure to phosgene resulted in local pulmonary or systemic immune dysfunction. Fischer-344 male rats were exposed either to filtered air or to 1.0 ppm phosgene gas for four hours. The effect of phosgene on lung NK activity was quantified at different times after acute phosgene exposure. Pulmonary NK activity was measured by mincing lung tissue into small pieces prior to incubation with collagenase. Whole-lung homogenate was assayed for NK activity utilizing a 4 hour 51-Cr-release assay with YAC-1 cells as target cells. Acute phosgene exposure resulted in a suppressed pulmonary NK activity on days 1, 2, and 4 after exposure; however, normal levels of biological activity were observed 7 days after exposure. The suppressed NK activity was not restored after removal of adherent cells from the lung homogenate, thus indicating that the effect of phosgene on NK activity was not due to immunosuppression via mobilization of suppressor alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary immunotoxicity was also observed after exposure at 0.5 ppm, while no adverse effects were observed at 0.1 ppm phosgene. Systemic immunotoxic effects were observed for NK activity in the spleen, but not in the peripheral blood. It is thus important in pulmonary immunotoxicology to evaluate systemic immune functions, since secondary effects--distant to the original interaction--may occur with potentially serious consequences. Cells exhibiting natural killer activity comprise a part of the nonspecific innate immunity that is important in defense against both neoplastic and viral diseases. Any perturbation of this important nonspecific immunological mechanism may result in a compromised host more susceptible to infectious and neoplastic disease.

The relationship between viruses and the cellular stress response is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon which depends on the structural and genetic characteristics of the virus, on the type of infection, as well as on the environmental conditions. It is now well documented that infection of mammalian cells by several types of RNA and DNA viruses often results in alterations of the cellular stress response. Interactions between stress proteins and viral components have been described in a large variety of experimental models at different stages of the viral life cycle, depending on the type of virus and host cell. The presence of heat shock proteins in intact virions has also been described. On the other hand, induction of HSP expression by hyperthermia or other agents results in alterations of the virus replication cycle during acute or persistent infections of mammalian cells, and a possible role of heat shock proteins in the beneficial effect of fever and local hyperthermia during acute infection has been hypothesized. This chapter describes the different aspects of the interaction between viruses and the stress response, and discusses the possible role of stress proteins in the control of virus replication and morphogenesis.

Camelpox is an economically important, notifiable skin disease of camelids and could be used as a potential bio-warfare agent. The disease is caused by the camelpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Young calves and pregnant females are more susceptible. Tentative diagnosis of camelpox can be made based on clinical signs and pox lesion, but it may confuse with other viral diseases like contagious etyma and papillomatosis. Hence, specific, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques would be useful in identification, thereby early implementations of therapeutic and preventives measures to curb these diseases prevalence. Treatment is often directed to minimizing secondary infections by topical application or parenteral administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and vitamins. The zoonotic importance of the disease should be further studied as humans today are highly susceptible to smallpox a very related and devastating virus eradicated from the globe. This review address an overview on the epidemiology, zoonotic impacts, diagnostic approaches and the preventive measures on camelpox.

Virus is the complex that include amino acid or nucleic acid and protein which enclose the caspid they are complicated structure, and replicates most effective. The properties of virus are the they are nothave cellular organism, they are both DNA and RNA viruses. H3N2 virus are commonly causes of disease in humans, particularly in children. the rhinovirus infection is responsible for common cold syndrome. the cultivation of viruses from material taken from lesionsisan essential step with inside the analysis of many viral diseases. In a day’s studies on viral replication employed the bacteria phages as model there are observe some equality, in the pattern of multiplication of bacterial, animal and human viruses. The antiviral drugs are used to the treatment of viral infection, but they are not similar form antibiotics. antiviral drugs for flu only work to treat flu. the influenza A, influenza B, influenza C and influenza D are the type of influenza virus influenza virus are continuously changing with new trace acting regularly.

Convergent mechanisms of genome evolution of large and giant DNA viruses

The study was conducted to investigate the status of cattle diseases with relation to seasonal variation in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. A total of 11402 clinical cases were registered for the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic purposes at sadar upazila veterinary hospital in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh during the period of March, 2016 to February, 2017. Disease diagnosis was made on the basis of owner’s statement, general examination and clinical signs. Diagnosed diseases were categorized as general clinical disorders, parasitic diseases, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, venereal disease, and metabolic disorders. According to study the highest (64.15%) prevalence was by parasitic disease followed by bacterial diseases (10.67%), viral diseases (8.97%), metabolic disease (7.61%), and venereal disease (6.60%). In respect of seasons, the prevalence of both bacterial diseases and viral diseases were significantly (p<0.01) higher (13.88%) and (12.10%) in summer season respectively. Whereas the parasitic diseases were significantly (p<0.01) higher (68.65%) in winter season. On the basis of season, it was found that the overall prevalence of diseases was highest in summer season (47.87%) followed by rainy season (30.10%) and comparatively lower in winter season (22.03%).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 446-453

In 2012, an FHV-1-like virus was isolated from a tiger that presented with clinical signs of sialorrhea, sneezing and purulent rhinorrhea. Isolation was performed with the FK81 cell line, and the virus was identified by PCR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the phylogenetic analysis of the partial thymidine kinase (TK) and glycoprotein B (gB) genes. A total of 253 bp of the TK gene and 566 bp of the gB gene were amplified from the trachea of the tiger by PCR/RT-PCR method. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate belonged to the same cluster with other FHV-1 strains obtained from GenBank. Herpes-like viruses with an envelope and diameters of approximately 200 nm were observed in the culture supernatants of FK81 cells inoculated with samples from the tiger. The FHV-1 infection was confirmed by an animal challenge experiment in a cat model. Our finding extends the host range of FHV-1 and has implications for FHV-1 infection and South China tiger conservation.

During the last several decades corals have been in decline and at least one-third of all coral species are now threatened with extinction. Coral disease has been a major contributor to this threat, but little is known about the responsible pathogens. To date most research has focused on bacterial and fungal diseases; however, viruses may also be important for coral health. Using a combination of empirical viral metagenomics and real-time PCR, we show that Porites compressa corals contain a suite of eukaryotic viruses, many related to the Herpesviridae. This coral-associated viral consortium was found to shift in response to abiotic stressors. In particular, when exposed to reduced pH, elevated nutrients, and thermal stress, the abundance of herpes-like viral sequences rapidly increased in 2 separate experiments. Herpes-like viral sequences were rarely detected in apparently healthy corals, but were abundant in a majority of stressed samples. In addition, surveys of the Nematostella and Hydra genomic projects demonstrate that even distantly related Cnidarians contain numerous herpes-like viral genes, likely as a result of latent or endogenous viral infection. These data support the hypotheses that corals experience viral infections, which are exacerbated by stress, and that herpes-like viruses are common in Cnidarians.

Herpesvirus mamilit in cattle is a viral disease characterized by vesicular, erosive and necrotic lesions of the skin of the nipples and udder. Currently, there are two forms of this disease, PSLD (pseudo-lumpy skin disease) and BHM (bovine herpetic mamilit). The first report on the isolation of herpesvirus from cattle with dermatitis (strain Allerton) dates back to 1957, when in South Africa diseases were observed among cows with lumpy dermatitis with ulcerative damage to the skin of the udder nipples. Later, in the 60s of the last century, there were reports of cases of ulcerative mamilitis of viral etiology among cows in Bulgaria, Australia and in the countries of South Africa - Rwanda and Tanzania. In all cases of herpesvirus mamilitis, the causative agent of the disease was identified as herpesvirus of the 2nd serotype. The herpesvirus etiology of the disease was also laboratory confirmed in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Germany and the Czech Republic. In Ukraine, the first report of herpesvirus mamilitis of cattle (ulcerative mamilitis of cows) appeared only in 2003, although diseases with similar clinical signs were known earlier. Infection of dairy cattle can significantly affect productivity (decrease by about 20 %), chronic mastitis arising from this disease leads to a decrease in the number of productive animals. Natural infection caused by BoHV-2 occurs mainly in heifers and first lactation cows. Calving can be a factor in the reactivation of the virus. The natural transmission mechanism of the BoHV-2 virus is not fully understood. Most people talk about mechanical transmission through milking machines, through attendants, through the bites of Stomoxys calcitrans flies. The intact nipple skin is resistant to the penetration of the virus, which proves once again that any nipple injury is preceded by an infection. Serological studies show that the virus is common in livestock throughout the world. According to clinical signs, it is rather difficult to differentiate this disease from other viral diseases (viral diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever, parapoxviruses, infectious rhinotracheitis in cattle). The specialist literature describes the treatment of BoHV-2 disease in cows. The authors used Intacef for injection (Intas pharma, 3 g i / m), anistamine for injection (10 ml i / m), Melonex (10 ml i / m). Udder ulcers were treated with povidone-iodine ointment twice daily for 5 days. On the 5th day of treatment, the animals recovered. Vaccines for specific prevention of this disease have not been developed. Sick animals are separated (if possible) from the general herd and treated. Clinically affected animals are milked last. The udders and teats should be disinfected to reduce the spread of the virus. It is imperative to disinfect the milking machines and hands after each cow and after milking. The udder skin should be monitored to prevent mastitis. The widespread spread of this disease among productive animals, significant economic losses in the form of reduced milk yield and treatment costs, and the difficult differentiation of this disease from other viral diseases prompts veterinarians to pay special attention to this disease.

To describe clinical and epidemiologic features of an outbreak of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection caused by a unique strain of FCV and associated with a high mortality rate and systemic signs of disease, including edema of the face or limbs. Observational study. Animals-54 cats naturally infected with a highly virulent strain of FCV. Information was collected on outbreak history, clinical signs, and characteristics of infected and exposed cats. A novel strain of FCV (FCV-Kaos) was identified. Transmission occurred readily via fomites. Signs included edema and sores of the face and feet. Mortality rate was 40%, and adults were more likely than kittens to have severe disease (odds ratio, 9.56). Eleven (20%) cats had only mild or no clinical signs. Many affected cats had been vaccinated against FCV. Viral shedding was documented at least 16 weeks after clinical recovery. Outbreaks of highly virulent FCV disease are increasingly common. Strains causing such outbreaks have been genetically distinct from one another but caused similar disease signs and were resistant to vaccination. All cats with suspicious signs (including upper respiratory tract infection) should be handled with strict hygienic precautions. Sodium hypochlorite solution should be used for disinfection following suspected contamination. All exposed cats should be isolated until negative viral status is confirmed. Chronic viral shedding is possible but may not be clinically important. This and similar outbreaks have been described as being caused by hemorrhagic fever-like caliciviruses, but hemorrhage is uncommonly reported. Virulent systemic FCV infection is suggested as an alternative description.