CHAPTER 8 - Summary of Attitude and Source Change Theories

Four categories of medical student attitudes were measured: attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatrists; treatability of psychiatric patients; likeability of psychiatric patients; attitudes toward the medical profession. Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECM) students showed preto post-clerkship positive attitude change in their attitude toward psychiatry and psychiatrists and treatability of psychiatric patients. Ben-Gurion University (Israel) students showed no changes in attitude scores. Analysis of 14 items considered especially relevant to the clerkship experience indicated that the clerkship tended to strengthen pre-existing positive attitudes with no change in negative attitudes.

International functionalism embraces much more than a theory of attitude change. Functionalists would probably attach most importance to its prescriptive aspect which calls for the piecemeal organization of international life in areas where cooperation across national boundaries is essential to effective action. But the functionalist prescription is premised on a distinctive set of empirical notions about the growth of international institutions and an asserted linkage of functional cooperation with world peace. These ideas, in turn, rest heavily upon assumptions about attitude change. A detailed analysis of functionalism cannot be presented here, but a brief outline of a few essential elements may help to establish the relevance of this study to functionalist thought.

The process of students' evaluation in medical schools has changed from a tutor-led evaluation system based on students' performance to a student-based evaluation that involves self-reflection and their level of change in skills and attitudes. At the McGill University Division of Geriatric Medicine, we developed an innovative system of evaluation known as the McGill Electronic Evaluation Portfolio (MEEP). The MEEP has proven to be a useful tool to motivate students' self-reflection and to induce students' change in attitudes toward aging and Geriatric Medicine. In this article, we exemplified a process of self-reflection by a medical student throughout his mandatory clerkship rotation in Geriatric Medicine. The article shows his change in attitudes toward his geriatric patients induced by his own experience and his interactions with tutors and members of the multidisciplinary team. In summary, the use of an electronic evaluation method may stimulate students' self-reflection and a positive change in attitudes toward aging and geriatrics.

Numerous empirical findings have shown biased judgments of (future) teachers depending on students’ ethnic and social background. Furthermore, research has indicated that (future) teachers’ stereotypes and attitudes differ depending on students’ backgrounds and appear to influence (future) teachers’ judgments. Based on theories of stereotype change, attitude change, and judgment formation, a short intervention was developed to change stereotypes and attitudes and to reduce judgment biases. In an experimental study (within- and between-subject design) with N = 215 preservice teacher students, the effectiveness of the intervention on stereotype change, attitude change, and reduction of judgment distortions was tested. The results showed hypothesized effects of the intervention on stereotypes and attitudes towards students with an immigration background and students with low social status. Furthermore, the intervention showed effects on preservice teacher students’ judgments, especially for low-status students.

Ever since Thomas and Znaniecki (1918) first suggested that the study of attitudes should be the central problem of social psychology, researchers in the area have placed a great deal of emphasis on the theory and measurement of attitude and attitude change. This concentration on attitudes was especially facilitated by a rapid development of methods for measuring attitudes and attitude change. As a result of the availability of measurement techniques and this concentration of emphasis and effort, social psychologists have provided, and are continuing to provide, a large body of literature concerning both attitudes and opinions.

Research evidence is presented to support a new and simple theory of attitude formation and change. This theory posits that the attitude of any individual converges overtime on the arithmetic mean of the attitude-pertinent information received by the individual. Consequently, the stability of an attitude is dependent on the number of messages out of which that attitude was formed. This formulation also implies that the emotional state or feelings of an individual and the degree of heterogeneity of influences to which he or she was exposed are unrelated to attitude change. Using a multi-stage, multi-time proce-dure, and instruments designed to detect and measure interpersonal influence, data provided by 135 high school students over a six-month interval support these hypoth-eses. While the notion that cognitive processing of information may be too complex and unpredictable to be represented by a few simple quantitative laws or principles remains a suspicion even among some social scientists, the last decade of empirical re-

Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change

This paper introduces a new communication model to the marketing literature: Hunter, Levine, and Sayers' (1976) Hierarchical theory of communication and attitude change. We first compare the hierarchical model with the well known multiattribute attitude model, popularized by Fishbein (1967). We then discuss managerial implications.

The purpose of this study was to identify the attitude of South Korean medical school students towards psychiatry and to analyze how lectures and clinical clerkship in psychiatry effect changes in students' attitudes. A total of 100 medical school students were recruited as subjects in the study, 86 of whom completed psychiatry lectures and underwent psychiatry clerkship from March 2015 to August 2018. The participating students completed a survey, which included demographic data, specialty choice, and attitude towards psychiatry. Subjects who completed lectures and clinical clerkship in psychiatry showed positive changes in attitude towards psychiatry in the following items: "Among mental health professionals, psychiatrists have the most authority and influence" (p=0.002), "Psychiatrists frequently abuse their legal power to hospitalize patients against their will" (p<0.001), and "Many people who could not obtain a residency position in other specialties eventually enter psychiatry" (p=0.028). However, negative changes in attitude towards psychiatry were shown in the following item: "On average, psychiatrists make as much money as most other doctors" (p=0.008). Also, specific medical school factors scored positively overall. Although it was not statistically significant, the questionnaire item "During my psychiatry rotation, psychiatry residents were good role models" was more positively observed by students after completion of psychiatry lectures and clerkship. After each curriculum, certain attitudes toward psychiatry were positively changed, but others either remained unchanged or were negatively changed. By using these study results to revise the current curriculum, medical school students' attitude towards psychiatry can be improved.

Aim of the studySexual health is central to holistic health care; studies indicate that health professionals are uncomfortable raising sexual issues partly because of their conservative sexual attitude. India hosts a multitude of social beliefs and cultural traditions. Everybody including Health professionals have certain beliefs hardwired into their mindsets, including attitude towards sexuality. so we aim to study the change in students’ attitude towards various aspects of own and others-sexuality &amp; to explore the gender difference in same.Subject or material and methodsA prospective study was conducted in a medical college of Gujarat. The study was conducted in medical students in their 3rd year. Data were collected using Trueblood Sexual Attitudes Questionnaire and those were compared to the data of same students collected in their 1st year, in order to see the change in attitude toward sexuality. (Using paired &amp; unpaired t test)ResultsThe study showed that the students had a positive attitude towards own-sexuality for all domains, after 3 years in medical college. In attitudes towards others-sexuality, students still had a negative attitude towards masturbation &amp; commercial sex. This change of attitude was statistically significant for all students, except in male students’ attitude towards others-sexuality.DiscussionSexual health related topics and frequent encounters with patients with different sexual health needs gave students a better understanding of same, but the results are still unsatisfactory.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that: The students had a positive attitude towards own-sexuality after 3 years in medical college. In attitude towards others-sexuality, students still had a negative attitude towards masturbation and commercial sex.

Predictions concerning the effects of participation in protest activity stimulated by conflict and resentment are derived from two theories of attitude change, sociotherapy and dissonance reduction...

Illicit drugs and driving: prevalence, beliefs and accident involvement among a cohort of current out-of-treatment drug users

Competitive threat and temporal change in anti-immigrant sentiment: Insights from a hierarchical age-period-cohort model

Innocents Abroad: Attitude Change toward Hosts

Much of the research literature on childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has focused on understanding, diagnosing, and treating the impairment, rather than examining its functional effect on children's daily lives. This study focuses on the Personal Factors component of the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version Framework. Specifically, the purpose was to examine the self-reported communication attitudes of children with CAS. Two validated communication attitude questionnaires were administered to 12 children with CAS enrolled in an intensive speech-focused intervention (age range: 4-10 years old). Children's scores were compared to the questionnaires' typically developing norms. Descriptive analyses explored relationships between communication attitude and CAS severity, caregiver perceptions of communicative participation, frustration ratings during therapy, and change in communication attitude over a brief time. Older (ages 6-10 years) but not younger (ages 4-5;11 [years;months]) children with CAS were more likely to have negative attitudes about their speech. No clear relationships were observed between communication attitudes and caregiver perceptions of communicative participation; small positive relationships were observed between communication attitude and frustration during therapy. For the younger children, there was also a relationship with CAS severity. For most children, no change in communication attitude was observed over a brief period, though one child appeared to develop more negative and one appeared to develop more positive attitudes. These initial findings suggest that older children with CAS may be at greater risk for negative communication attitudes than their peers without CAS. The findings also highlight the need to include more child self-report measures in research. Further implications for CAS assessment and intervention are discussed. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21834432.