Chapter Four: The regional struggle over Syria

PurposeThis research mainly aims to shed light on sustainable development in Syrian higher education during the Syrian crisis.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the authors mainly study sustainable development in the Syrian Arab Republic through the bibliometrics data of universities and research centres in Syrian Arab Republic, where these data are related to sustainable development. Also, the authors study the strategies used in the university with the largest research output of sustainable development in the Syrian Arab Republic. The authors extract research data arranged in sustainable development goals in the Syrian Arab Republic from SciVal database.FindingsBased on the bibliometric data on sustainable development research in the Syrian Arab Republic, the authors find that universities and research centres in the Syrian Arab Republic have taken important steps towards the goals of sustainable development, especially in the year 2022. The authors also find that the University of Damascus had the largest share in research related to the goals of sustainable development, and the authors find that this is due to the strategies taken by the University of Damascus towards the goals of sustainable development, such as the policy of digital transformation, the policy of recycling and the increase of green areas in the university.Originality/valueThis study is the first of its kind to study the goals of sustainable development in Syrian higher education during the Syrian crisis period.

Subject. This article examines the issues related to the system of government expenditures in the Syrian Arab Republic. Objectives. The article aims to identify the shortcomings of the government expenditure accounting system in the Syrian Arab Republic compared to accounting practices and policies in developing and developed countries, and determine areas that require improvement and development. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative analysis. Results. Based on a comparative analysis of public expenditure systems in developing and developed countries, as well as in the Syrian Arab Republic, the article identifies certain shortcomings in the government expenditure accounting system of the Syrian Arab Republic and highlights areas for improvement. Conclusions and Relevance. Excessive dependence on current expenditures at the expense of investments hinders sustainable development, limits the State's ability to create a future production base, and slows long-term economic growth. A restructuring of government spending is necessary to free up resources for investment. This includes restructuring current expenditures to achieve savings, as well as reforming and improving the targeting of subsidies. The procedures developed based on the results of the study may contribute to improving the level of the system of government expenditures, both current and investment, in the public institutions of the Syrian Arab Republic.

This paper attempts to explain the reasons for rejection of Russia against the West in solving conflict in Syria. This paper uses a descriptive approach to analysis of Russia’s policy in Syria. Syria is one of the countries in Middle East that is experiencing political turmoil with people demanding President Bashar al-Assad retreated from his position. This conflict has claimed of so many people life that western countries lead to implement the arms and other economic sanctions against Syria but the effort was opposed by Russia through its veto. The balance of power theory tries to explain the refusal of Russia as a form of maintaining power in Middle East, particularly Syria. Russians view the necessary dialogue between the government and the opposition to resolve conflicts rather than international condemnation of Syria.

Irrigated agriculture has increased steadily in Syria over the last decades, almost doubling since 1985. This mounting pace has responded to the nation’s food security policy objectives to satisfy the food production needs of an increasing population that features one of the largest growth rates in the world, namely 3,50 percent in 1985 and still 3,39 percent in 2007. Total expenditures for irrigated agriculture accounted for almost 70 percent of all expenditures in agriculture. Sustainable irrigation water policies aimed at increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture and at conserving water resources by reducing future consumption. The Euphrates River is 2.800 km long and its middle traverses a wide floodplain in Syria, where it is used extensively for irrigation, and the Euphrates Dam is 230 ft (70 m) high. The total estimated water use volume is about 15 billion m3. The Euphrates and Orontes basins account for about 50% and 20% of the water use respectively. About 701.634 ha has been irrigated by ground water in the year 1997. This area represents 60% of the total irrigated land in Syria It has been gradually increased from 30% during 1970 to 44% in 1980 and 49% in 1990. The Government projects extended on 349.820 hectare area, which includes large, medium and small scale farms. The small scale government project is under 2000 hectare, but large scale project over 20.000 hectare areas. The Syrian Government wants to ensure the food supply for sharply increasing population based on established governmental agricultural projects, as state-owned farms. Water balance for Syria indicates that most of the basins are in deficit. This will be exacerbated further especially in basins encompassing large urban areas and if the country’s population continues to grow at its current rate (about 3%) and water use efficiency is not increased effectively.

North Korea and Syria have a long history of military cooperation. Most of this cooperation has been in the form of North Korean proliferation of weapons, training, assistance, and advisors. North Korea has assisted Syria in at least two forms of WMD-a chemical weapons program, and a plutonium nuclear weaponization program. While both of these programs have been largely destroyed, Syria will likely rebuild its chemical weapons program with North Korean assistance if not deterred by the international community. Conventional weapons are also an international security issue, as North Korea has proliferated a large number of weapons systems that have been used in the Syrian civil war by the Syrian army and Hezbollah fighters. North Korea has been a vital supporter of the Assad regime`s military throughout the Syrian civil war. Korean analysts should take note of how chemical weapons were used in the Syrian civil war because this is likely going to be a test-bed for future North Korean actions in a conflict with the South.

Agreement between the Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic for the promotion and reciprocal protection of investments. Pyongyang, 14 May 2006

Syrian Arab Republic

Power transformers are one of the main components of power supply systems needed to reliably supply electricity to consumers. As we know, the value of the allowable load of transformers is determined by the value of the allowable heating of structural elements, on which the service life of transformer period depends. Reliable data on the technical condition of the structural elements of transformers is the decisive information for making decisions on the replacement and maintenance of transformers. METHODS. To assess the service life of transformers, methods were used to evaluate the statistical parameters of consumer load graphs, load factors and the heating temperature of the windings of transformers with a capacity of Sn.T = 20 MVA, a voltage of 33/11 kV at substation Kabun-1. THE AIM. The aim of the work is to evaluate the service life of the transformers at substation Kabun-1 (Syrian Arab Republic) with various options for the type of load power consumption graph (first; second; third). THE RESULTS. The main statistical parameters of the characteristics of the original and proposed options of load power graphs (active, reactive and apparent) per day of transformers, the main electrical consumer of which is the spinning and weaving factory, are determined. Approximating functions of daily graphs of power loads of transformers, from which the spinning and weaving factory receives power (first and second approximations), have been developed. It is proved that with the considered options for shifting the time of the start of work of electrical consumers - with the third option -the maximum load power is reduced by 12.8%, load variation is reduced from 0.33 to 0.17 in relation to the second option for the subdivisions of the spinning and weaving factory. It has been established that for all the considered options, the average value of the load power of the transformers at substation Kabun-1 is constant. The laws of change in the relative value of the service life of transformers during the implementation of various technical measures are determined.

Syrian Arab Republic

Syrian Arab Republic

The preparation of national accounts statistics in Syrian Arab Republic is undertaken by the Directorate of National Accounts, Central Bureau of Statistics, Damascus. The official estimates are published annually in the "Statistical Abstract", issued by the Central Bureau of Statistics.

Syrian Arab Republic

Syrian Arab Republic

It has been observed that a strong inverse correlation exists between prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and the level of oral hygiene, where appropriate oral health behaviour and good knowledge in oral health have an important role in preventing such disease. A study was conducted among 360 children of 15 years of age in the Syrian Arab Republic. to assess the relation between oral health behaviour and periodontal disease. The results of the study revealed law cleanliness levels, poor knowledge and inappropriate behaviour in oral health and high prevalence of periodontal disease. Oral health education programmes and oral hygiene procedures should be oriented towards schoolchildren as early as possible

Despite the research by some authors on the Syrian Arab Republic and its stand in the Middle East Region, little is known about the perspective of the Syrian military, unofficially called the "elder statesman", who rules this country. The overall image that emerges not only from the Arab media during the revolutionary year 2011 is ambivalent: lazy, corrupt, unpatriotic, apathetic soldiers with poor fighting spirits versus the Free Syrian Army newly formed in July 2011. This paper recovers some perspectives of the Syrian revolt and tries to answer, whether or whether not is the newly based military opposition in the country a real threat to the Assad regime. An analysis of historical background, Syrian veterans, relation between the official political doctrine and Islam brings new perspectives and own explanations that could even challenge some of the widely held assumptions about the Syrian military: 1) There is and won't be any "civil war" in the Syrian Arab Republic at all; this conflict should be viewed as Islamic fitna and its roots come from the 1970's. It is a regime strongly connected to rife corruption at the top ranks, hurting the morale of the lower, but stronger Islamic ranks; 2) Doctrinal relations between the Syrian army and official religious authorities in the Muslim world have been always tense; and 3) The Syrian army would have found the necessity of its own, inner transformation despite of the so-called "Arab Spring 2011". This paper suggests that the character of the Syrian national revolt may be intended to reflect a deeper ideological antagonism between the Sunni and Shia Islam.