Characterization of PVdF-HFP-based nanocomposite plasticized polymer electrolytes

Ionic conductivities of cross-linked polymer electrolytes prepared from oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes consisting of low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), iodine salt MI (M = K+, imidazolium+), and fumed silica nanoparticles have been prepared and characterized. The effect of terminal group in PEO, i.e., hydroxyl (OH) and methyl (CH3) using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PEO dimethyl ether (PEODME), respectively, was investigated on the interactions, structures, and ionic conductivities of polymer electrolytes. Wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and complex viscositymeasurements clearly showed that the gelation of PEG electrolytes occurred more effectively than that of PEODME electrolytes. It was attributed to the fact that the hydroxyl groups of PEG participated in the hydrogen‐bonding interaction between silica nanoparticles, and consequently helped to accelerate the gelation reaction, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Because of its interaction, the ionic conductivities of PEG electrolytes (maximum value ∼ 6.9 × 10−4 S/cm) were lower than that of PEODME electrolytes (2.3 × 10−3 S/cm). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

The polyvinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte films were developed by solution-casting method. PVdF-HFP as a polymer host, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as a salt for lithium ion, and ZnO nanoparticles as fillers were used to form the nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte films. All the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD patterns of the pure and nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte samples indicate the formation of amorphous phase with 17.5 wt.% of lithium salt and ZnO fillers up to 3 wt.%. The total conductivity and lithium ion transference number were studied at room temperature by using impedance spectroscopy and Wagner’s polarization methods. The highest conductivity at room temperature for solid polymer electrolyte and nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte are found to be 3.208 × 10−4 and 1.043 × 10−3 S/cm, respectively. Similarly, the lithium ion transference number is evaluated for the optimized solid polymer electrolyte and nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte films with 3 wt.% of ZnO fillers. And it is found that ionic transference number could be enhanced from 92 to 95 % with the addition of nanosized ZnO fillers to the solid polymer electrolyte.

Natural polymers are particularly interesting due to their richness in nature, very low cost and principally biodegradation properties. For these reasons different solid polymeric electrolytes (SPE) have been obtained using cellulose derivatives, starch, chitosan and rubber. This work presents the results of gelatin-based electrolyte, which were characterized by impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The ionic conductivity results obtained for these SPEs were 1.5 × 10−5 S/cm and 4.9 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature and 80°C, respectively. Temperature-dependence ionic conductivity measurements were taken to analyze the mechanism of ionic conduction in polymer electrolytes. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed in order to observe the change in transition temperature caused by the addition of salt to the electrolyte. Good conductivity results combined with transparency and good adhesion to the electrodes have shown that gelatin-based SPEs are very promising materials to be used as solid electrolytes in electrochromic devices.

Effect of ZnAl2O4 nanofillers concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of electrospun P(VdF‐co‐HFP) based nanocomposite electrolyte membranes were studied. By optimizing the spinning process parameters, the bead free and an average range (0.5–1.0 µm) of diametered fibrous membranes were developed using an electrospinning technique. The nanocomposite fibrous membrane with 5 wt% ZnAl2O4 fillers showed reduction of crystallinity, good thermal stability and smooth morphology were studied by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The fibrous P(VdF‐co‐HFP) copolymer and nanocomposite P(VdF‐co‐HFP)/ZnAl2O4 polymer electrolytes were prepared by soaking the prepared electrospun fibrous membranes in 1 M LiPF6 in EC: DEC (1 : 1, v/v) and evaluated the wet‐ability properties by electrolyte uptake method. The activated nanocomposite fibrous polymer electrolyte membrane with 5 wt% ZnAl2O4 fillers content shows high ionic conductivity of 1.59×10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and good electrochemical stability window higher than 4.3 V. Electrochemical performance of Li/PE, NCPE/LiCoO2 CR 2032 coin cells containing the prepared fibrous polymer electrolyte (PE) and nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE) membranes with 5 wt% ZnAl2O4 filler content is evaluated at current density 0.1 C‐rate over the potential range 2.8–4.2 V.

Study on ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte plasticized with PEG–aluminate ester for rechargeable lithium ion battery

Transport phenomena of chemical species in polymers underpin many applications. This mini‐review discusses several key transport scenarios in polymer gels, melts and crosslinked polymer networks. Transport mechanisms of a wide variety of penetrant and polymer chemistries are discussed via activated hopping theory and cover across the rubbery, intermediate/deeply supercooled and glassy states of polymers. Moreover, we also discuss the ionic conductivity in polymer electrolytes, emphasizing the relationship between ion diffusion and the segmental relaxation of polymers and highlighting current challenges in the community. Finally, potential research directions are suggested concerning how external fields, such as mechanical force fields, active matter and self‐propelling particles, affect the particle transport in polymers. This mini‐review offers a general overview of motivations for studying penetrant transports in polymers and diverse mechanisms involved. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The aim of the contribution is to introduce a high performance magnesium conducting polymer electrolytes (PEs) comprising hybrid of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), magnesium bromide (MgBr2) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) as plasticizer are prepared at various compositions by solution cast technique. X-ray di raction and thermogravimetric analyses suggest a substantial structural modi cation, decrease in crystallinity and various interactions in the polymer electrolyte components due to addition of TEGDME. Also there is a marked decrease in Tg with increasing TEGDME. The conductivity conformation with the addition of plasticizer which can be explained on the basis of dissociation of ion aggregates formed in PVA MgBr2 polymer electrolytes at higher concentrations of the salt. The ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte increased with addition of salt and plasticizer reached to the highest conductivity value of ≈10−6 S cm−1 at 0.8 ml TEGDME. The frequency dependence of AC conductivity obeys the Jonscher power law. The estimated value of Mg ion transference number is found to be 0.68 for high conducting lm. The open circuit voltage of a solid state battery which based on the optimum polymer electrolyte with a con guration Mg|PE|V2O5 is 1.5 V. Also this battery has exhibited a discharge capacity ≈ 3.78 mAh/g. The discharge characteristics are found to be satisfactory as a laboratory cell.

Electrical and structural studies of ionic liquid-based poly(vinyl alcohol) proton conductors

The Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) exhibit promising performance in the application of Li-ion batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and appreciable Li+ ion transference number. However, the poor interfacial stability between GPE and metallic Li electrode results in undesirable electrochemical performance, which may lead to safety hazards. Herein, we report the fabrication of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE) based on PVC (5)-PEMA (25)-EC/DMC (67)—LiClO4 (8) incorporated with hydrothermally derived TiO2 spherical nanoparticles (NPs) as ceramic filler to overcome the above critical issue. The effects of TiO2 NPs on GPEs were systematically investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electrochemical analysis. Notably, 5 wt% TiO2 in NCPE remarkably enhanced the ionic conductivity and interfacial properties with metallic Li anode. Besides, 5 wt% TiO2 in NCPE exhibited improved thermal and electrochemical stability with high Li+ ion transference number, all of which are superior to ceramic free GPE. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the dispersion of TiO2 spherical NPs, which facilitates the charge carriers and hinders local reorganization of the polymer chains. As a result, the amorphous phase of polymer host can significantly improve, increasing the transportation of Li cation in NCPE. Thus, 5 wt% TiO2 spherical NPs incorporated NCPE is a promising reliable polymer electrolyte cum separator for Li-ion battery applications.

A comparative study of tetraethylammonium hydroxide polymer electrolytes for solid electrochemical capacitors

Batteries are power providers for all the portable electrical and electronic devices that can also be used as energy storage system for large scale applications. In order to design lithium polymer battery with good performance, the proper exploration of its composition materials is required. In this paper, Lithium polymer battery is modeled with the BaTiO3 nanocomposite polymer electrolyte. The simulation results show better performance of Lithium concentration on the electrode surfaces and cell voltage variation characteristic when compared with the liquid and pure polymer electrolyte. The maximum lithium salt concentration is observed to be $\text{3.5}\times\text{10}^{\text{4}}{\text{(mol/m}}^\text{3})$ near electrode surface of BaTiO3 nano composite mixed polymer electrolyte. An experiment is conducted to study the ion conductivity of the prepared polymer sample. The experimentation results show that the addition of BaTiO 3 nano filler to mixed polymer electrolyte gained better ionic conductivity.

Study of alkaline nanocomposite polymer electrolytes based on PVA–ZrO 2–KOH

With the rapid development of energy storage technology, solid‐state lithium batteries with high energy density, power density, and safety are considered as the ideal choice for the next generation of energy storage devices. Solid electrolytes have attracted considerable attention as key components of solid‐state batteries. Compared with inorganic solid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes have better flexibility, machinability, and more importantly, better contact with the electrode, and low interfacial impedance. However, its low ionic conductivity, narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW), and poor mechanical properties at room temperature limit its development and practical applications. In recent years, many studies have focused on improving the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes; however, few systematic studies and reviews have been conducted on their ESWs. A polymer electrolyte with wide electrochemical window will aid battery operation at a high voltage, which can effectively improve their energy density. Moreover, their stability toward lithium metal anode is also important. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent progress of solid polymer electrolytes on the ESW, discusses the factors affecting ESW of polymer electrolytes, and analyzes a strategy to broaden the window from the perspective of molecular interaction, polymer structural design, and interfacial tuning. The development trends of polymer electrolytes with wide electrochemical windows are also presented.image

Electrochemical performance of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride- co-hexafluoropropylene)-based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes incorporating ceramic fillers and room temperature ionic liquid