Chem-Art: the wonder concealed in chemistry

THE PLACE OF AVANT-GARDE MANIFESTOS IN EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

The material of the article is focused on the second half of the 19th century - an important and very specific stage in the development of French humanities. Specific historical and cultural traditions that positively influenced the research of the 1850s and 1870s and contributed to active cultural processes in the period of the end of the Romantic era are singled out.Emphasis is placed on the formation of theoretical and practical - a structural element of European humanities - in the logic of which organically combined research and artistic creativity. It is emphasized that its scientific potential was very strongly manifested in the French space thanks to F. d'Aubignac, F.-M. Voltaire, D. Diderot - prominent figures of national culture.During the 19th century theoretical and practical parity was established in the French humanities and found a logical continuation both in outlining and justifying the expediency of the next aesthetic and artistic movement: - realism - naturalism - symbolism - The blurring of the creative principles of romanticism by both realism (O. de Balzac) and naturalism (E. Zola) is stated, and the position of S. Baudelaire is emphasized, who on one hand criticized romanticism since the late 1840s, and on the other hand, gradually rooted the principles of the aesthetics of decadence and symbolism - the origins of which literary critics associate with his poetry - in the European cultural space. It is argued that these processes formed a problem field of French humanities, which outlined the contradictory movement of further artistic development.The article highlights the figure of T. Gautier, who continued to profess the principle of parity, positioning himself as a poet, novelist, theorist and journalist. It is emphasized that he tried to harmonize the then tendencies of French humanities around the of for art's sake, which is still perceived and evaluated by the scientific community very ambiguously. Conducted comparative analysis of interpretations of theory for and defined its aesthetic principles, as both Gauthier and his immediate entourage - S. Baudelaire, G. de Nerval, S. Leconte de Lisle - strongly denied the importance of the functionality of art, emphasizing its self-sufficiency and self-worth. It is emphasized that as a result of such a orientation, they, on the one hand, refuted a number of statements of both the first and second generation of French educators, and on the other hand, significantly strengthened the aesthetic factor in assessing the phenomenon of art in the late 19th century.The aesthetic factors used by T. Gautier and his supporters are considered. Trying to prove the value of a work of art, not the functions it can perform. In this context, the object of attention are beauty, ideal, beautiful - ugly, dream-delirium and a set of issues related to the logic of the creative process and psycho-physiological states of the artist who carries it out (inspiration, imagination, fantasy, sensuality - rationality).The special significance of the last two decades of the 19th century is noted, when, on the one hand, the scientific space includes intuitionism - the concept of H. Bergson - thus defining the emergence of a new problem field, and on the other, exhibits fauvist paintings of H. Matisse (1905) that witnessed the emergence of avant-garde.

It is often said that languages for specific purposes (also named special languages or technolects) are the product of a division of labor. Although this concept was introduced only as late as 1776 (by Adam Smith, in An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), the idea that professions or occupations of all kind are characterized by a particular vocabulary that is not understood by all native speakers was already manifest in the writings of medieval scholars (for instance, in Dante’s De vulgari eloquentia). In the Middle Ages most Romance languages conquered a more or less wide range of domains. The question arose whether they were also appropriate to serve as a medium of scholarship. The disciplines taught at the universities (arts, theology, law, medicine) had a strong Latin tradition; their knowledge was popularized by means of translations, which enriched the vocabulary and the syntactic flexibility of the emerging languages. Thus, the translators—sometimes organized in “schools”—contributed to the elaboration of the target languages and to their emancipation from Latin. Aside from the septem artes liberales, however, a second group of (seven) disciplines without Latin roots (called artes mechanicae) established and introduced mainly native vocabulary typical of the respective occupational fields. During the first centuries of modern times, more and more scholars felt that their mother tongue should take the place of Latin as a means of propagating scholarship and new findings. In the 17th and 18th centuries, French held the lead among the modern languages in nearly all fields of knowledge; it maintained its dominant position among the Romance languages until the second half of the 20th century. On a global level, German was a strong rival in the humanities and several scientific disciplines in the 19th century; for many decades, however, English has been the universal medium of communication in the scientific community. This process has given rise to many discussions about language planning measures to be taken in order to curtail the Anglo-American supremacy. Before the 18th century, special languages did not have a strong impact on the physiognomy of developed languages. In the sphere of academic disciplines, translations of canonical Latin texts entailed a general re-Latinization and, as a consequence, a process of convergence of the Romance languages. The technical languages of trade and artisanry were highly fragmented so that their special vocabulary was used and understood only in limited geographical areas. In the Age of Enlightenment, the growing prestige of experts, on the one hand, and philosophical considerations about the optimization of language(s), on the other hand, led to increasing harmonization efforts on national and supranational levels. Organizations were founded with the purpose of creating and standardizing terminologies for various kinds of subjects (technical products, medicine, etc.). Special languages, far from being homogeneous varieties, are differentiated vertically. Linguists use to distinguish between three levels of communication: specialists inter se (e.g., physician—physician), specialist—skilled worker (physician—nurse), and specialist—layman (physician—patient). Studying how technical terms seep into common language and what changes they undergo during this process is a great challenge for linguists.

Rethinking the Ph.D. dissertation in botany: Widening the circle.

The theoretical basis for the approach used in this article is T. Kuhn’s version of social constructivism, according to which the subject of science is formed due to the languages of science. For the first time in Russian history of science, С. Bazerman’s approach was applied here, allowing us to reveal a set of scientific practices and languages of description that were used in the 18th century: a standardized description of facts in the common language of the scientific community; publication of the results in scientific journals, dictionaries and encyclopaedias; participation in scientific expeditions and educational trips; scientific correspondence. The authors of this article claim that the scientific practices and languages of description used by the Russian scientific communities in the 18th century were similar to those adopted by the scientific communities in Europe. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the use of these languages and practices allowed the amateur scientist (V.N. Tatishchev) to obtain significant scientific results. To do this, we identify the scientific practices and languages of description approved by the scientific community in 18th-century Russia and compare them to Tatishchev’s nonprofessional scientific and historical work. We conclude that turning to the accepted scientific practices, such as scientific expeditions, hypothetico-deductive method, and stepwise organization of research, allowed Tatishchev to arrive at important conclusions in palaeontology and geography. However, in spite of his work with historical sources (chronicles) and attempts to standardize the language of describing historical facts (his Lexicon), Tatishchev’s historical research lacks indisputable results, which fact we attribute to his insufficient knowledge of Latin – the language used by the scientific community of the 18th century to describe facts – and to his use of the methodology rejected by historians.

The article examines the key characteristics of young scientists’ integration into scientific communities in the context of the new prospects offered by the VUCA world. We see the VUCA world as a time of opportunities and a favorable period for young scientists to take initiatives, and also a world of total uncertainty, where impetuosity and uncertainty, as well as the constant search for and change of various strategies, become a key to successful career building and advancement. The empirical base of the analysis consists of 30 biographical interviews with young scientists from a city of regional significance, a young science city, a large city and a city of federal significance. The article puts forward a hypothesis about the importance of horizontal integration of young scientists into scientific communities in young cities and innovative cities, as well as in a large city and in a city of federal significance. The paper also discusses the role of the city as an actor that forms scientific communities and strategies for interaction and integration of young scientists with scientific communities. Special attention is paid to the meanings of scientific careers and the individual role of scientific communities in the careers of young scientists and also to the strategies for integrating young scientists into scientific careers. The authors consider changes in the configurations of strategies for both building a scientific career and integration into scientific communities at the local, national and global levels as new opportunities that arise for scientists in the VUCA world. The main conclusion of the article is that the integration and career building strategies in science are influenced by both the city and the orientation of the city, the local scientific community, which may differ depending on particular scientific disciplines. A successful strategy that allows one to use the potential and resources of the VUCA world to the maximum extent possible is the horizontal integration of young scientists.

The indoor air science community is familiar with both the research and community hygiene efforts of Max Joseph von Pettenkofer (1818-1902). Among his many great achievements and contributions to the science, policy, and practice of hygiene,1 Pettenkofer first observed and demonstrated how carbon dioxide could be used as the main indicator of indoor air quality when determining the required ventilation rate in a building. Today, this indicator remains in use as industry standard practice. To honor the pioneering contributions of Pettenkofer to building ventilation, the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ) established the Pettenkofer Gold Medal in the late 1990s. This medal has been awarded at each of the Indoor Air conferences since 1999, in recognition of an individual's outstanding work toward advancing the indoor air sciences.2 One of the most frequently told stories of Pettenkofer is a germ swallowing drama. Pettenkofer did not believe in the germ theory set forth by Robert Koch (1843-1910), having developed his own soil miasma theory of cholera. To prove his theory, he requested a sample of Vibrio cholerae bacteria from Koch's team and, on October 7, 1892, at the age of 74, he swallowed an estimated 109 bacteria in front of an audience after emptying and neutralizing his stomach. Remarkably, Pettenkofer suffered only mild symptoms after swallowing this pathogenic solution. Earlier writers suggested that he was lucky and have offered various unverifiable explanations.3 Why would such a leading pioneer and thinker in the field of hygiene have missed the new era of the successful germ theory of disease? Locher 1 summarized that “Pettenkofer postulated the existence of a cholera germ that bred in the intestine and spread by means of human excrement, but that was not contagious. This germ, incapable of triggering an epidemic by itself, had to coincide with certain putrescent materials existing in the soil to produce a highly infectious agent that caused cholera.” In other words, although Pettenkofer did not deny the existence of the microbe, he denied its direct infectivity. Accordingly, the soil miasma theory was a result of a conceptual error even though it was developed following extensive epidemiological investigations, according to Evans.3 But why did Pettenkofer feel the need to perform a dramatic and potentially fatal act such as swallowing a lethal pathogen? On this topic, he said, “I would have died in the service of science like a soldier on the field of honor”.3 This leads to the following question: What are the major differences between his theory, which he defended so passionately, and that of Robert Koch? When some of us first began to learn about the science and engineering of ventilation, we may have read the excellent review written by Jan Sundell, a former editor-in-chief of theIndoor Air journal. Sundell wrote that, “indoor air was believed to be a major environmental factor for more than a hundred years, from the start of the hygienic revolution, around 1850, until outdoor environmental issues entered the scene, and became dominant around 1960”.4 A new researcher in the field of indoor air sciences might wonder why society experienced a sudden shift then in focus away from such an important element as indoor air. What were the major issues with indoor air in Europe around 1850 that are not with us today? This question can be answered by reference to the miasma theory and also to recognizing the role of crowding. People died at much younger ages in the 18th and 19th centuries than at present, and, accordingly, both physicians and the community focused strongly on public health. At that time, foul or polluted air was suspected to spread disease among people, and lethal diseases were given priority. In light of the hypothesis that disease is spread by corrupted air and pollution, improved sanitation standards in all buildings, streets, and cities, which included improving the indoor air quality via better ventilation, comprised one of the major efforts to escape from disease. Indoor air hygiene efforts in Western countries in the 19th century also coincided with the need for improved sanitation in urban areas and for reducing the incidence of disease as urban populations grew. According to Ekici,5 “Starting in the 1830s and 1840s, a growing number of middle-class reformers in Germany, Britain, France, and the United States raised public awareness of health issues. Their agenda included all aspects of urban design, from sewers and water supplies to street layouts and the construction of healthy buildings…When hygiene first emerged as a new science, it was closely associated with physiology. The physiology of the human body dominated nineteenth-century scientific thought, providing visual theoretical models for the laws of life and mind.” Tuberculosis, smallpox, and cholera were probably among the top microbial killers of the 19th century. In 1864, Pasteur demonstrated that the theory of spontaneous generation was incorrect. Specifically, he showed that microscopic life could only originate from other life and could not be generated from inorganic substances or non-living organic debris. This discovery was a major scientific milestone. In the late 19th century, some laboratories began to culture pathogens specifically responsible for different diseases. For example, Robert Koch identified the causal bacterium of tuberculosis in 1882 andVibrio cholera, the causative agent for cholera, in 1883. Humans now understood that each infectious disease resulted from a particular microbe. This discovery was powerful, as it enabled the identification of any location, person, or item harboring a particular infectious microbe as a potential health hazard and target for intervention. This discovery ushered in a new era of targeted interventions for preventing infectious diseases in humans. As described by Barnes,6 “the new public health” since the 1880s “narrowed the range of factors identified as potential causes of disease. Just as clearly, it broadened the range of official interventions that could be brought to bear on the prevention of infectious disease, as well as the laws, regulations, and institutions that could facilitate those interventions.” The old miasma theory was concerned with possible associations between environmental factors (eg, polluted air) and diseases, whereas the new germ theory addressed the causation of disease by a particular pathogen. Accordingly, once the specific pathogen was well controlled, the disease spread could be stopped. It was difficult to believe that a highly intelligent person such as Pettenkofer could not appreciate such a simple but powerful idea. Therefore, one might ask: Was he preoccupied with a more powerful idea? The development of germ theory was indeed rapid in the late 19th century, and scientists were excited about its potential applications for disease control. People quickly realized that germs were present not only invisibly in the air but also, importantly, to a greater extent in some environments more than others. In this context, indoor air quality became important. In the late 1870s and early 1880s, researchers at the Montsouris Observatory measured the airborne microbe concentrations at various locations in Paris (6, Page 42). Since then, humans have not only identified the microbes, but have also determined how to count these organisms. In Paris, indoor air from hospitals was found to harbor 100,000 microbes per cubic meter, compared to 10,000 and 1000 per cubic meter in outdoor air from the city center and from a park on the southern edge of the city, respectively (6, Page 129). Chauvel thus estimated that a tenth of the city air microbes detected in Paris were derived from the countryside (6, Page 130). Chauvel also reported that the incidence rates of some diseases, such as typhoid fever, smallpox, and measles, “followed almost exactly with one week's lag” behind the relative numbers of detected bacteria, “so that a rise in the latter announces an increase in these diseases, just as the falling barometer announces bad weather.” However, Chauvel did not provide a reference for the location or methodology related to this finding. Interestingly, people in France learned that ocean and mountain air were microscopically cleanest, whereas hospital air was dirtiest. Scientists at that time even recognized that wind could carry and transport dusts and microbes over long distances (the exact distances were not specified). Further, Marie-Davy (6, Page 136) reported in 1882 that not all microbes were equally dangerous. “By what special grace…would these microbes all be harmless to us…If these microbes were all inoffensive, why would we see, every season, variations in mortality by [infectious] disease follow in such a…regular manner the variations of the total number of microbes contained in the air that we breathe?” Pasteur and his colleagues concurred by stating that “not everything that stinks kills, and not everything that kills stinks” (6, Page 47). The miasma theory appeared to be related to early developments in chemistry and microbiology. Pringle7 wrote: “I conceive that the miasma or septic ferment (consisting of the effluvia from putrid substances) received into the blood, has a power of corrupting the whole mass. Its resolution and sometimes even its smell in the advanced state of a malignant fever, the offensiveness of the sweats and other excretions, the livid spots, blotches, and mortifications incident to this distemper, are proofs of what is here advanced.” Black 8 recalled that “in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, intelligent observers of contagious diseases, after much study of the subject, came to the conclusion they were caused and propagated by a process identical with or similar to fermentation and decomposition.” Of course not all early scientists agreed with the miasma theory; for example, Bell9 rejected the concept of a miasma. Schroeder (8, Page 28) tested the concept that air filtered “with cotton batting” would “catch any solid particles in the shape of spores or germs.” Thus, he “conclusively disproved the existence of gaseous ferments claimed by chemists, by admitting air filtered through cotton batting to sterilized fluids without causing fermentation.” The miasma theory existed long before the filth theory, and the latter may be considered as a modification of the former. Without knowing the exact causes of diseases, people adopted the filth theory and considered everything dirty to be lethal. Since then, of course, the success of the germ theory of disease has become well-known. One may also appreciate the contributions of the miasma theory of disease to the development of the germ theory. Based on the miasma theory, bacteriologists knew where to find the causative pathogens of specific diseases (eg, sick patients or dead bodies). The well-known successes of the miasma and filth theories of disease likely led to broad efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene. By the early 20th century, Chapin10 recognized that “until very recently it was thought that the air was the chief vehicle of infection. This was but natural. No one could see infection and what was more natural than to think it gaseous like the invisible air.” Equipped with knowledge about targeted pathogens, “we are no longer in terror of some all-pervading epidemic influence from which there is no escape. We do not worry about the ‘fall fever’ which came regularly and mysteriously, for we now know just how typhoid fever is spread and how it can be avoided…Science allays fear by substituting light for darkness.” We can certainly imagine the terror and fear that a “fall fever” would have caused at that time. From the viewpoint of health, I have personally divided history in a simplistic manner. In the 18th and 19th centuries, urbanization in Europe and subsequently in the United States led to the general filth theory (association) of diseases. Since the 1870s and mostly in the 20th century, the discoveries by Pasteur and Koch of specific microbes responsible for particular infectious diseases led to the germ theory (cause) of disease, which eventually led engineers and physicians to work separately and to achieve wonderful progress. I prefer to describe the filth or miasma theory as the general environment theory, or the assumption that all filth can spread disease and thus all filthy places and objects (eg, air, water, food, soil, clothing, dwellings, streets, and cities) must be cleaned. To some degree, one may also argue that the general environment theory is more holistic than the germ theory of the 19th century. Although recent knowledge has demonstrated the inaccuracy of the filth theory, it provides a foundation upon which humans can implement measures of hygiene at all levels and scales (ie, individual and community, buildings and cities). The filth theory led to hygiene improvement efforts on all fronts in Europe and America and to a significant reduction in disease through various efforts, including those made by Pettenkofer. Locher summarized that, “the measures Pettenkofer recommended to combat the epidemic not only drastically reduced the risk of cholera outbreaks, but also contributed to a substantial reduction of the morbidity rate for typhoid fever”.1 Reports of many of these early works are now readily accessible online. For example, my search of Google Books and archive.org for books and articles published before 1900 with titles containing the keyword “ventilation” or “foul air” produced a long list of relevant texts. Some of these books were written by physicians with different levels of sophistication. Notably, few textbooks on building ventilation have been written by physicians since 1900. The field of building ventilation has become an engineering specialty. In fact, building ventilation design has become so specialized that it is practiced by a special group of engineers, including mechanical engineers in the Americas, building services engineers in the UK and Hong Kong, China, and HVAC engineers in mainland China. It is important to recognize that the broad view of the environment in the 18th and 19th centuries along with new discoveries in chemistry and microbiology and the development of associated research tools led to the study of many aspects of the environment, including ventilation. Pettenkofer's discovery of carbon dioxide as an indicator of indoor ventilation is a good example.2 Scientific communities often divide the world into pieces, aiming to understand one piece at a time (ie, the basic reductionism approach). Such analyses of one pathogen, one chemical, one component, or one aspect have enabled indoor air science efforts to focus on one attribute and thus pinpoint exact mechanisms and specific intervention methods. Other scientists may choose a different approach and study several or all aspects of an issue concomitantly, rather than a single aspect in a piecemeal manner. This latter approach may describe the attitude of Pettenkofer, who seemed to have preferred what is currently called a holistic approach. Pettenkofer believed that clean drinking water, pure air, good food, and a “good dwelling” were necessary for a “healthy, comfortable life.”1 According to Fang and Casadevall, “reductionism may prevent scientists from recognizing important relationships between components or organisms in their natural settings”.11 According to traditional Chinese wisdom, this concept is referred to as “treating the head when the head aches, and treating the foot when the foot hurts” (in Chinese, 頭痛醫頭、腳痛醫腳). “Holism, on the other hand, is inherently more challenging due to the complexity of living organisms in their environment”.11 Fang and Casadevall11 also cited Richard Dawkins, who said that “reductionism is one of those things, like sin, that is only mentioned by people who are against it.” As demonstrated here, reductionism and holism coexist in the history of the indoor air sciences. Indoor air is an environmental system, and studies of this system must consider many aspects, including physical, chemical, biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and architectural. Indoor air also interacts with the human body, thereby influencing human wellbeing. Effective studies in the indoor air sciences require both reductionism and holism. Currently, we are facing the challenges of the 21st century, and both holistic and reductionist approaches toward diseases and health, and specifically for the indoor air environment and health, are needed more than ever. There is an apparent need for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in the field, consistent with the background against which the Indoor Air journal was first established. A combined consideration of holism and reductionism can be powerful and synergistic. I recently read a paper by Wildner and Hofman,13 who further explained the dramatic germ swallowing event by Pettenkofer. Below, I have reproduced some interesting excerpts from that paper: This story led me to imagine the germ swallowing event as a nonverbal “debate” about the holistic and reductionist approaches. Although this may be an overstatement, it appears that Pettenkofer indeed preferred “broader epidemiologic considerations” and refused to accept “Robert Koch's exclusive focus on bacteriology.” I consider this to be a major difference between the two theories, or at least between the approaches and philosophies underlying the theories. As we revisit the history of indoor air science while standing on the shoulders of giants in the field, we will hopefully be able to see further, wider and deeper into the roles of indoor air environment for human health. Indoor air sciences require both breadth and depth. That we collectively incorporate both holistic and reductionist perspectives is consistent with the wisdom of the founders of the Indoor Air journal in its multidisciplinary and scientific nature. None.

Observing the environment and recoganizing patterns for the purpose of decision making are fundamental to any scientific enquiry. Pattern recognition is a scientific discipline so much so that it enables perception in machines and also it has applications in diverse technology areas. Among the scientific community, statistical pattern recognition has received considerable attention in recent years. The statistical pattern recognition challenges are mostly approached by Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a probabilistic mathematical discrete structure with the state emission probabilities apart from consisting the components of a probabilistic finite state automaton (PFA). Over the years, researches have been carried out to study the relations between HMM and PFA. Probabilistic finite state automata are mathematical models constructed to generate distributions over a set of strings. The computation of the probability of generating a string as a total, and a string with given prefix or suffix have important applications in the field of parsing. In this attempt, the Semi Probabilistic Finite State Automata (Semi-PA), the most general class of Probabilistic Automata is discussed in detail. AMS Classification: 68Q10 and 68Q45.

Objectives: This article explores the historical roots of interethnic harmony and tolerance in Uzbekistan, a country situated in Central Asia. Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, with a long history of different ethnic groups coexisting and interacting within its borders. The paper examines key historical periods and events that have shaped the foundations of interethnic harmony in the region. Methods: The article begins by delving into the ancient history of Uzbekistan, highlighting the influence of various civilizations and empires, such as the Persian, Greek, and Arab empires. These interactions fostered cultural exchange, religious pluralism, and linguistic diversity, laying the groundwork for a society that embraced differences and valued coexistence. Furthermore, the paper explores the legacy of the Silk Road, which played a pivotal role in connecting different regions and facilitating trade and cultural exchange. The Silk Road brought together merchants, scholars, and artisans from diverse backgrounds, fostering cross-cultural understanding and tolerance. Results: The article also examines the impact of Islam on interethnic relations in Uzbekistan. Islam arrived in the region during the 8th century and became a unifying force, transcending ethnic boundaries. The spread of Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, further promoted a spirit of harmony and acceptance, emphasizing the importance of spirituality over divisions based on ethnicity or social status. Moreover, the article discusses the Soviet era and its effect on interethnic relations. During this period, the Soviet government implemented policies aimed at promoting equality and unity among different ethnic groups. Education and employment opportunities were made accessible to all, fostering a sense of shared identity and promoting social cohesion. Finally, the article examines contemporary Uzbekistan, highlighting the efforts of the government in promoting interethnic harmony and tolerance. The country has adopted policies that protect minority rights, encourage cultural diversity, and foster dialogue among different ethnic groups. Initiatives such as language and cultural festivals, interethnic marriages, and inclusive education programs contribute to a society where diversity is celebrated and valued. Conclusion: In conclusion, Uzbekistan's historical roots of interethnic harmony and tolerance can be traced back to its ancient civilizations, the Silk Road, the influence of Islam, and the policies implemented during the Soviet era. These factors have shaped a society that embraces diversity and promotes peaceful coexistence among its various ethnic groups. Understanding and appreciating these historical foundations are crucial for fostering continued harmony and tolerance in Uzbekistan and beyond.

Modernist literature was introduced to Japan in the early 20th century, and some of it took root. While modernism, a new movement in art and literature, was first developed in Europe, American poets, especially Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, played a major role in its development. Both of these poets were expatriates, living in Europe after they left the United States. As this fact indicates, there was an international, cosmopolitan nature to modernism, which was also seen in other modernist writers and poets, such as James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Hilda “H. D.” Doolittle, Mina Loy, Djuna Barnes, and Eugene Jolas, to name just a few; this internationalist appeal was also an important factor in the early reception of modernism by the Japanese. In literature in English, Noguchi Yonejirō (Yone Noguchi) and Nishiwaki Junzaburō, for example, had contact with modernist writers abroad, published their own works in English, and introduced foreign poets they knew to Japanese readers. Takahashi Shinkichi, Kitasono Katue (Kitazono Katsue), and other poets also had correspondence with poets and writers of foreign countries and exchanged their works. Following the initial encounter between Japanese poets and modernist American poets at the beginning of the 20th century, their works were introduced to Japanese readers of literature in English in the late 1920s. At the time, within academia, American literature was still considered part of English literature. Although mass-market literature series included many American literature titles, especially novels, the curricula in the English departments at major universities rarely included American literature. Besides, even in English literature studies, the focus was mainly on 19th-century (and earlier) authors, and modernist poetry was still not getting much attention. Thus, the reception of modernist American poetry in Japanese academia was generally slow. Instead, it was literary magazines such as Shi to shiron that actively introduced modernist poetry (including Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot, and Ezra Pound) to Japanese readers. Modernist poetry in English was often seen as “intellectualist” in Japan. As the control of freedom of speech and publication tightened in the late 1930s and the 1940s, in keeping with Japan’s militarization and totalitarianism, it became difficult to read and write about foreign literature. In this situation, adhering to modernist and intellectualist literature assumed its symbolic meaning of resistance. While under totalitarian rule, older Japanese modernists converted themselves into collaborationists, and younger poets such as Ayukawa Nobuo, who started a magazine called Arechi (The waste land), tried their best to maintain their literary independence. They became leading figures in postwar Japanese poetry.

Although known to the medical community in some form since the 19th century, acupuncture is only recently receiving concerted research attention from the conventional medical and scientific community. The overall amount of scientific acupuncture research has doubled since the mid 1960's. Employing the approaches of the science, history, sociology and social relations of science, this article explores factors which explain why the present time is conducive to acupuncture research by the scientific and medical community. Perhaps this study of scientific acupuncture research will provide the basis for a later theory of scientific development.

This two-part essay illuminates the difficult relationship between astrology and science from different perspectives. While the first part provides a historical review of developments in the 20th century in German-speaking countries, the second part (in the next issue) concerns theoretical and methodological considerations for empirical investigations of the validity of astrology. During the 20th century, astrology in the German-speaking world was influenced by a few people who pursued a special quest for connectivity with scientific findings and models as well as a natural philosophical foundation. The astrologer Thomas Ring developed an elaborate astrological anthropology, the "revised astrology", which claimed to be compatible to other scientific disciplines like biology and psychology. Hans Bender, who was willing to carry out experiments in order to test astrology, became an interested counterpart to Ring. This openness to scientific scrutiny combined with the desire to replace old concepts based on magical-analogical thinking with concepts more compatible with scientific models, met the criticism of several astrologers in the 1990s. The critics found the psychological-scientific aspiration represented too restrictive. This led, besides general socio-cultural developments, to a change in the "astrology scene", which is described, among other things, on the basis of some expert interviews at the end of the first part.

Bu çalışmanın amacı öğrencilerin manevi sağlık ve hayata yönelimi belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla Fisher’ın (2010) geliştirdiği Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM) envanteri Türkçe’ye uyarlanmıştır. Uyarlama çalışması Ankara ve Muş illerinde öğrenim gören üç çalışma grubu kapsamındaki 1591 lise öğrencisi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Özgün formu dört boyut ve yirmi maddeden oluşan ve dili İngilizce olan envanter, Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve örneklem verileri üzerinde faktör analizleri ve geçerlik ile güvenirlik çalışması uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Türkçeye uyarlanan envanter, özgün formu ile benzerlik gösteren dört boyuttan (kişisel, toplumsal, çevresel ve aşkın) oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca envanter boyutlarının iç tutarlık katsayılarının özgün envanter ile mükemmel uyumda olduğu ve ölçeğin amacına hizmet ettiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, öğrencilerinin ruh sağlığı ve hayata yönelimlerinin ölçülmesinde Türkçeye uyarlanan Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim Envanterinin, psikoloji, eğitim bilimleri ve sosyal bilimlerin farklı disiplinlerinde kullanılabileceği anlaşılmaktadır. Özet: Toplumsal alanın önemli bir dinamiği ve taşıyıcısı olan din kavramı, 18. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren ikili bir ayrıma gitmiş; din kavramı içerisinden, maneviyat kavramı rafine edilmeye başlanmıştır. Din ve maneviyat kavramlarını tanımlamak çok zordur; din, ideoloji ve inanç kurallarına odaklanırken; maneviyat, din ötesine uzanan bireysel deneyim ve karşılıklı ilişkileri merkeze almaktadır. Bu nedenle, farklı maneviyat ve din tanımları farklı bakış açılarından yapılmış ve bu çerçevede geliştirilen ölçeklerle maneviyatı ölçmek amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, farklı maneviyat ölçekleri ile yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar birbirinden önemli ölçüde farklı olmuştur; bu ise maneviyatın kullanılan ölçeğe bağlı olarak tanımlandığı ve kavramsallaştırıldığı anlamına gelir. Maneviyat üzerine yapılan erken dönem çalışmalarda çoğunlukla din, sağlık, psikoloji ve çalışma hayatı üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda, maneviyat kavramı tanımlandıktan sonra; kavramın sağlık, din, psikoloji ve iş hayatı ile ilişkisi veya insan hayatı için gerekliliği tartışılmaktadır. Batı'da, 1950'lere kadar, din ve maneviyat kavramları birbirleri ile ilişkili biçimde kullanılmıştır. Ancak bugün bu iki kavram neredeyse tamamen birbirinden ayrılmıştır. Literatürde, maneviyatı ölçmek için çok sayıda envanter geliştirme çalışması bulunmaktadır. Envanterin farklı kavramsal temellere dayanarak çalışması gerçeği, ruh sağlığı ve yaşam yönelimi hakkında genel, anlamlı ve tutarlı bir sonuç çıkarmayı zorlaştırır. Ayrıca, maneviyat ölçümlerinin yabancı bir kültürün dinini ve değerlerini yansıttığı gerçeğinden hareketle kapsamlı veya evrensel ölçüm söz konusu olamaz. Bu noktada, Fisher, maneviyatı ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilen ölçme araçlarını "din ile maneviyatı karıştırdıkları", "değerler dünyasına bağlı olmak", "kültürel farklılıkları hesaba katmamak", "ve sadece mistik / manevi tecrübe " noktasında eleştirir. Sonuç olarak, Batı'nın kavramsal yapısında geliştirilen hiçbir ölçümün kültürel esnekliği hesaba katmadığı ve manevi değerlerini evrensel ya da yaygın olarak kabul etmediği söylenebilir.Bu çalışma ile Türk kültürüne adapte edilmesi planlanan, Fisher tarafından geliştirilen SHALOM envanteri, kişilerarası ilişki dünyasını oluşturan dört temel (bireysel, sosyal, çevresel ve aşkın) alana dayanan modele dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Fisher'ın çalışmalarında olduğu gibi, maneviyat kavramı, dinden bağımsız ve dinlerin üzerinde olduğu düşünülen farklı yoğunluktaki kavramlarla etkileşimini vurgulamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, maneviyat kavramı, kişinin kişisel alanı, sosyal konumu, doğası ve aşkın gücü ile iletişim içindedir. Bu uyarlama çalışması, öğrencilerin ruhsal sağlık düzeyleri hakkında faydalı bilgiler ve yorumlar sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca kültürel esnekliğe sahip olduğu vurgulanan ve farklı dillere de uyarlanan SHALOM envanterinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması ile din psikolojisi literatürüne yeni ve farklı bir ölçme aracı sunularak maneviyat kavramının doğasının anlaşılması çalışmaları kolaylaşacaktır.Bu araştırma, öğrenciler için geliştirilen ruhsal sağlık ve yaşam yönelimi ölçeğinin envanterini Türk kültürüne uyarlamak için yapılmıştır. Bu envanter uyarlama çalışması Ankara ve Muş illerindeki üç çalışma grubundan ve 1591 lise öğrencisinden toplanan verilerle yapılmıştır. İlk çalışma grubu 414, ikinci çalışma grubu 788, üçüncü grup ise 389 lise öğrencisinden oluşmuştur. 414 öğrenciden toplanan veriler Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) analizi için, 788 öğrenciden toplanan veriler Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, envanterin ölçüt geçerliliğini belirlemek için 389 öğrenci kullanılmıştır. Türkçe'ye uyarlanması amaçlanan SHALOM envanterinin asıl dili İngilizce'dir ve çeviri çalışmaları, her iki dilin de dilbilgisi ve anlamsal özelliklerini bilen üç dil uzmanı tarafından ayrı ayrı yürütülmüştür. Çeviri çalışmalarından sonra ölçek örnekleme grubuna uygulanmış ve örneklem veriler üzerinde AFA uygulanmıştır. AFA sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, orijinal envantere benzeyen bir faktör çatısının oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Belirleyici faktörlere, SHALOM'un orijinal formundaki teorik ve boyut isimleri dikkate alınarak uygun isimler (kişisel, çevresel, sosyal ve aşkın) verilmiştir. Yapı geçerliği Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile teyit edilmiş ve DFA'nın bir sonucu olarak, X2/sd (1.72) oranı ve IFI (0.96) uyum göstergesinin test edilen modele uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.Sonuç olarak, Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim Envanterinin, orijinal envanterde olduğu gibi dört boyuttan oluştuğu, envanter boyutlarının iç tutarlılık katsayılarının asıl envanterle mükemmel uyum içinde olduğu ve ölçeğin amacına hizmet ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında, Türkçe'ye uyarlanmış olan Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim Envanterinin, din psikolojisi, eğitim bilimleri ve sosyal bilimlerin farklı disiplinlerinde kullanılabileceği anlaşılmaktadır. Maneviyat, sadece Batılı kuramlar çerçevesinde tanımlanmamalı, İslamın öngördüğü maneviyatın niteliği ve olabilirliği tartışılmalıdır. Dahası İslam maneviyatının tipleri ve boyutları, İslami bir karakterde kültürel öznellik dikkate alınarak belirlenmelidir. Maneviyatı ölçme çalışmalarında, modernitenin evrensel olarak sunduğu insan modeli tek hakikat olarak kabul edilmemelidir. İslam kültür ve tarihi içerisinden süzülerek gelen, bize özgü ve bizi tanımlayan insan modelleri geliştirilmeye çalışılmalıdır. Bu husus, sadece ruh sağlığı/din çalışmalarında değil, genel anlamda din psikolojisi calışmalarında dikkate alınmalıdır. Bunun yanında kültüre özgülük önemsenmeli, Türk medeniyetinin İslam doktrini ile geliştirdiği kültürel birikimden edinilen tecrübeyle maneviyat çalışmalarına yön verilmelidir. Bu açıdan, bu çalışma farklı bir kültüre ait değer ve manevi yönelimi, Türk kültürüne uyarlama amacını gütse de kavramın Batı değerleri ile kurgulanması sorunludur. Ayrıca Batı değerlerinin, İslam değer ve ilkeleri ile benzeşmesine rağmen, uygulamada maneviyat kavramını tam olarak ölçmekte zorlanabileceği öngörülmektedir.

The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is the first and largest cancer research organization dedicated to accelerating the conquest of cancer. The stated purpose of the organization when it was founded 115 years ago was “to further the investigation and spread the knowledge of cancer.” Since that time, the AACR has been the driving force to eradicate cancer. Publication of research findings has always been critical to this endeavor, with the 11 founders recognizing the importance of “sharing observations” and the need for a journal to “collect under one cover such contributions as bear in any way upon the general problems of oncology.”The AACR launched its first peer-reviewed scientific journal, The Journal of Cancer Research, in 1916. At the time, it was the only English-language cancer journal in the world. Since then, the AACR portfolio of journals has grown to 10. These journals cover the full spectrum of cancer science and medicine and together, over the years, have published over 100,000 articles and over 130,000 meeting abstracts. This is an immense contribution to the body of knowledge on cancer and has ignited communication among cancer scientists and physicians, helping to catalyze a revolution in the field.We are honored to serve as the current Editors-in-Chief of the AACR journals. Each of the 10 journals was launched by the AACR to meet the scientific information needs of its membership and all those engaged in cancer research. Under our leadership, the journals engage closely and collaboratively with the community to facilitate the presentation and wide dissemination of research findings. Importantly, the AACR is a not-for-profit publisher. This means that any surplus from the AACR journals program is used to help support the cancer research community and the mission of the AACR to prevent and cure all cancers by contributing to funding for AACR grants, scientific conferences, and science policy and advocacy efforts. Here, we highlight the unique roles of our journals within the family of AACR journals and how they serve to advance the mission of the AACR.At the inception of the AACR, there was a clear need for journals focused on cancer research to assemble key studies to help guide the field. Cancer Research was launched in 1941 as the flagship journal of the AACR from a rich ancestry that started with its predecessors: The Journal of Cancer Research (1916–1930) and The American Journal of Cancer Research (1931–1940). From the very beginning, Cancer Research has published landmark papers (https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/pages/landmark_articles) that have enriched our knowledge of cancer biology and treatment and have provided the foundation upon which major breakthroughs have been built. In the first year of publication, Cancer Research featured seminal studies on the effect of castration on prostate cancer and the mechanism of carcinogenesis that shaped the field (https://www.aacr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CancerResearch_75Anniversary_1941-2016.pdf). Cancer Research has continued to publish articles that cover the full range of research, spanning from investigations on drug discovery, cancer molecular mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment to clinical and population studies. As cancer research has evolved over the past century, new AACR journals have emerged to embrace and support expanding fields, providing specialized venues for studies that deepen our understanding of areas that were historically covered by Cancer Research. In this regard, the “pedigree” of AACR journals stemmed from the principles set by Cancer Research, which remains a venue for publishing fundamental studies in all areas of cancer research, including emerging areas such as cancer data science and mathematics. As a society journal, Cancer Research serves the community through its editorial process that is guided by the judgment of international academic editors who provide rich expertise in various areas as practicing researchers. Further, the Journal embraces early career investigators and has recognized these researchers with the prestigious Cancer Research Early Career Award. Guided by its extensive history, Cancer Research hopes to motivate and support the next generation of scientists to lessen the burden of cancer through their innovative research.As cancer science and medicine entered the molecular biology era, it became clear that a communication channel was needed to emphasize basic science studies in oncology—studies that report significant mechanistic findings at the molecular or cellular level. Originally published under the title Cell Growth & Differentiation from 1990 to 2002, Molecular Cancer Research (MCR) was launched as the AACR was beginning to build its now-renowned focus on molecular biology and genetics. The Journal served to help emphasize this focus and attract more scientists into the AACR's membership. As part of this mission, MCR features studies exploring the molecular underpinnings of each of the hallmarks of cancer, with a particular emphasis on studies elucidating oncogenic alterations in metabolism. Cancer metabolism is increasingly recognized as a key vulnerability of tumor biology. MCR is committed to recruiting and disseminating studies featuring novel metabolomic analyses, mass spectrometry, metabolic imaging and tracing, and other approaches that clarify links between metabolism and cancer, with the goal of identifying metabolic vulnerabilities and adding to the armamentarium of anticancer interventions. In addition to publishing impactful basic cancer research studies, the Journal aims to promote diversity of thought and perspective within the basic cancer research community. To achieve this goal, MCR has launched an initiative in which senior investigators are paired with rising stars in their fields to write and edit review articles jointly. This initiative encourages collaboration among researchers by integrating historical perspectives with new directions to provide novel, actionable insights for the field.Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (CEBP) is the leading subspecialty journal for fundamental and applied population science research describing the burden of cancer; uncovering possible causes of cancer and its progression; and informing and evaluating strategies for cancer prevention, early detection, cancer survivorship, and closing the cancer disparities gap. CEBP is unique among AACR journals in focusing on populations at risk for cancer, with cancer, and surviving cancer, especially U.S. and global populations who experience health inequities. Among its many contributions, the Journal has advanced the field of molecular epidemiology of cancer by providing expert peer review and a highly regarded publications forum and has helped launch the careers of many investigators who conduct population science research on cancer. CEBP plays an active role in informing public health practice, policy, and recommendations by publishing articles that are cited as part of the evidence base, including by the FDA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and the World Health Organization. Recognizing the societal need to enhance the translation of population science evidence for cancer prevention and control today and in the future, the Journal recently expanded its scope to include cancer care delivery and implementation science research. Like the other AACR journals, CEBP serves the research community well through its editorial rigor and publication of innovative and impactful research addressing contemporary and emerging cancer problems.As biologic insights into cancer rapidly accelerated in the decades after the discovery of the structure of DNA and the armamenta­rium of anticancer agents began to expand, the AACR identified the need for a communication outlet focused on the clinical applications of these discoveries; Clinical Cancer Research was launched to provide this much-needed outlet. Early therapeutic development has since transitioned from rigidly divided trial phases into an adaptive process that encompasses investigation of safety, pharmacokinetics, proof of mechanism, and first evidence of clinical activity. These same trials now frequently serve as the basis for first regulatory approval. The Journal bridges the transition from late preclinical development, when a new therapy is being paired with insights into the molecular features that predict responsiveness to therapy, to clinical validation of those hypotheses, and the Journal has evolved into a premier venue for phase I/II trials. As the only AACR journal with clinical research of all types, including clinical trials, as its sole purview, Clinical Cancer Research has taken the charge of being the journal that accounts for what happens to the discoveries described in basic and translational cancer research when they are tested prospectively for their potential impact on the outcomes of patients with cancer. Since its launch, Clinical Cancer Research has also played a distinct educational role among clinical oncology journals, with a robust collection of review articles to benefit basic scientists with clinical interests and clinical investigators studying new agents with unique biologic mechanisms of action. Clinical Cancer Research has also become an important forum for critical discussions in clinical oncology. Field-leading experts are invited to deliberate on the progress made in a given therapeutic area, focusing on the lessons to be learned from recent successes and failures. Authors from the FDA provide detailed insights into the data that drive regulatory decision-making for each successful therapy. Clinical Cancer Research continues to demonstrate the AACR's long-standing commitment to accelerating research that leads to potential interventions for prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer and particularly to showcasing clinical trials.Improving and expanding the arsenal of anticancer therapies is an essential goal in our shared mission to prevent and cure all cancers. From before the humble beginnings of nitrogen mustards and vinca alkaloids to the advent of immuno-oncology and rationally designed targeted therapy, the last 115 years have seen quantum leaps in therapeutic strategies and clinical options to combat cancer. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics has been at the forefront of this effort for more than 20 years, publishing top-tier science in the design, synthesis, discovery, and preclinical study of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of cancer. The Journal's scope covers anticancer therapeutics broadly, including precision medicine therapies of all types: cell therapies, gene therapies, RNA therapeutics, oncolytic viruses, and vaccines in addition to established regimens such as mole­cular and biologic agents, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Among these efforts, the Journal provides a specialized venue for the first disclosure of experimental therapeutics advancing toward clinical trials, providing a platform with international reach to authors. The crucial role of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics among the AACR journals—and, indeed, among all oncology journals—cannot be overstated. The Journal's laser focus on disseminating rigorously vetted research with near-term clinical benefit has enormous potential to impact the entire cancer research community and to improve, extend, and defend the lives of patients with cancer. To that end, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics continues to provide a vital forum for the communication of important discoveries in cancer therapeutics research to the global research community.Effective global cancer control must emphasize efforts to reduce cancer incidence rather than concentrating solely on cancer treatment. To help catalyze such efforts, the AACR launched Cancer Prevention Research (CaPR) in 2008 to be devoted excl­usively to cancer prevention research. From its inception, CaPR has endeavored to be a primary resource for original articles, scholarly reviews, and timely perspectives regarding basic, translational, clinical, and population science investigations related to cancer risk reduction. Five years ago, CaPR published the landmark perspective, “Transforming Cancer Prevention through Precision Medicine and Immune-oncology,” which proposed a Pre-Cancer Atlas and recognized unprecedented opportunities to interrogate the biology of premalignancy (1). The subsequent development of the Pre-Cancer Atlas, together with other advances, represents a “moonshot” opportunity for the field of cancer prevention. CaPR will continue to cultivate high-caliber content from pioneers in fields such as carcinogenesis, the biology of premalignancy, cancer risk assessment, screening, and policy implementation that will transform the way we detect and, ultimately, intercept and prevent cancer. The Journal's mission to reflect the current state of cancer prevention and to catalyze the development of the field supports the AACR mission to prevent and cure all cancers. The community of researchers, educators, advocates, and funders that works together under the umbrella of the AACR and its family of journals is a critical part of the cancer prevention ecosystem. Together, we are publishing research that defines the field of cancer prevention, building a translational bridge between bench and community, and developing the next generation of cancer prevention researchers.In 2011, recognizing the cancer research community's need for a journal that published the most impactful research while placing a premium on streamlined editorial processes and service to authors, the AACR launched Cancer Discovery. Bringing together basic scientists with detailed knowledge of cancer biology and physicians at the vanguard of science-driven clinical trial design, Cancer Discovery immediately changed the landscape of scientific publishing in the field, with many other journals now trying to emulate the unique mix of basic, translational, and clinical research that the Journal pioneered. Cancer Discovery has been at the forefront of the most important developments in cancer over the past decade, from targeted therapy and immunotherapy to technological advances in single-cell sequencing and liquid biopsy that have fundamentally changed our understanding of cancer biology and response to treatment. Preclinical and clinical studies published in Cancer Discovery have laid the foundation for numerous FDA approvals within a short period, and influential commentaries and reviews have galvanized the field and guided policy decisions. The unique editorial team consisting of leading researchers and experienced professional editors works collaboratively with the community to quickly publish and disseminate the strongest, immediately impactful science to support the AACR mission to prevent and cure all cancers.The first cancer immunotherapeutic is famously considered to have been administered in 1891 by William B. Coley, one of the 11 founders of the AACR, when he used a mixture of heat-killed bacteria (subsequently known as Coley's toxins) to create an inflammatory response that could treat a patient with sarcoma. However, it took more than 100 years before the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy research gained meaningful traction among those working in the broader discipline of cancer science and medicine. The rapid expansion of the field began in the early 2000s as a result of increasing evidence linking the immune system with cancer development and demonstrations that the immune system might be harnessed to treat cancer, and it has continued at an even more remarkable pace since the FDA approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor, the CTLA4-specific blocking antibody ipilimumab, in 2011. Recognizing the need to further enhance interactions between researchers in the realm of cancer immunology and immunotherapy and those in all other areas of the cancer research community, and to provide a forum for the presentation of advances in the rapidly evolving field of cancer immunology science, the AACR collaborated with the Cancer Research Institute to launch Cancer Immunology Research in 2013. Since its inaugural issue, the Journal has disseminated exciting discoveries and developments in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy, and successfully introduced the central principles of immunology to cancer biologists and clinical investigators. As a journal devoted to the science underlying some of the most transformative therapeutics to have entered the clinic for the treatment of cancer in recent years, Cancer Immunology Research has played a unique role in advancing the mission of the AACR.Unprecedented progress in understanding the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies and in translating these insights into improved clinical outcomes has created a demand for a high-profile outlet for publishing these discoveries. To address this need and to emphasize the AACR's commitment to the prevention and cure of all types of cancer, Blood Cancer Discovery was launched in 2020 to inspire, facilitate, and broadly disseminate important discoveries about hematologic malignancies. The Journal's model of operation replicates Cancer Discovery's success in creating synergies between the expertise of leaders in the field and the dedication of in-house editorial and publishing teams, enabling rigorous, rapid, and transparent editorial processes. Blood Cancer Discovery has published cutting-edge research articles on a broad spectrum of topics encompassing leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and other blood cancer subtypes that also have profound implications for our understanding of solid tumors. The Journal has also published all the phases of clinical research: drug development in preclinical disease models, clinical trials, molecular events underlying clinical responses and resistance to therapies, and real-world epidemiology. As a forum for diverse ideas shaping future research directions, Blood Cancer Discovery has published incisive commentaries and has partnered with the AACR's hematologic malignancy-focused Special Conferences, quickly emerging as a thought leader in blood cancer research.The landscape of cancer science and medicine continues to change and accelerate, becoming ever more multifaceted. Launched in October 2021, Cancer Research Communications was designed with these considerations in mind. Most crucially, the Journal is fully open access and boasts the broadest and most flexible scope of any AACR title to date, providing a pathway to publication for authors working within funder mandates or whose work falls outside the scope of other titles in the AACR portfolio. The Journal's nine sections offer a comprehensive view of the spectrum of oncology research. With an editorial ethos centered on accessibility, reproducibility, and value to the field, the Journal is inclusive of a wide variety of important research findings that may be beyond the scope of other journals in the program. Cancer Research Communications is committed to catalyzing the rapid dissemination of rigorously peer-reviewed scientific findings in diversified areas of study, including but not limited to physics, engineering, mathematics, and computational biology. This interdisciplinary approach stimulates the cross-pollination of insight and innovation among cancer researchers. Moreover, the Journal emphasizes flourishing areas of research—such as precision medicine, immuno-oncology, and disparities in cancer health outcomes—that will be foundational to the next 115 years of progress against cancer. As a thoroughly modern platform designed to meet the needs of our authors and readers while complementing the other AACR journals, Cancer Research Communications is poised to stimulate the efficient and dynamic exchange of knowledge, actively sparking new ideas and discoveries to prevent and cure all cancers.Since the very first issue of The Journal of Cancer Research was published in 1916, the AACR journals have been a critical resource for cancer researchers and physicians, providing a forum for disseminating groundbreaking discoveries in cancer science and medicine. As the current Editors-in-Chief of the AACR journals, we are proud that this tradition of publishing seminal, rigorously vetted research that can change the trajectory of the field has established the AACR journals as a trusted partner of the research community. Importantly, we would like to take this opportunity to thank our authors, editorial teams, reviewers, and readers for their invaluable contributions to this endeavor. The tireless efforts of this community provide a beacon of hope to patients and their loved ones.As we look to the future, we continue to collaborate with the research community to ensure that the journals operate with a forward-thinking mentality that adapts to the evolving needs of all stakeholders. In recent years, we have seen critical scientific and technological innovations propel extraordinary progress against cancer. We are confident that this progress will continue, and we remain dedicated to ensuring that the AACR journals continue to provide a platform for the communication of impactful research and support the AACR mission to prevent and cure all cancers.L. Cantley consulted for Petra Pharmaceuticals, Agios Pharmaceuticals, EIP Pharmaceuticals, Volastra, Larkspur, and Cell Signaling Technologies over the past year. He also received grant support from the NIH/NCI, Gray Foundation, The Mark Foundation, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and Stand Up To Cancer/American Association for Cancer Research over the past year, and is a stockholder in Agios Pharmaceuticals, EIP Pharmaceuticals, Cell Signaling Technologies, Volastra, and Larkspur. R. Dalla-Favera is a consultant for NeoGenomics and AstraZeneca and receives research funds from AstraZeneca. L.A. Diaz is a member of the board of directors of Jounce Therapeutics and Epitope and is a compensated consultant to PetDx, Innovatus CP, Se'er, Delfi, Blackstone, Kinnate, and Neophore. He is an inventor of multiple licensed patents related to technology for circulating tumor DNA analyses and mismatch repair deficiency for diagnosis and therapy; some of these licenses and relationships are associated with equity or royalty payments directly to the inventors. He holds equity in Epitope, Jounce Therapeutics, PetDx, Se'er, Delfi, Kinnate, and Neophore; he divested his equity in Personal Genome Diagnostics to LabCorp in February 2022 and he divested his equity in Thrive Earlier Detection to Exact Biosciences in January 2021. His spouse holds equity in Amgen. The terms of all these arrangements are being managed by Memorial Sloan Kettering in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. K.T. Flaherty reports personal fees from Clovis Oncology, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, Strata Oncology, Kinnate Biopharma, Scorpion Therapeutics, PIC Therapeutics, Apricity, Tvardi, ALX Oncology, xCures, Monopteros, Vibliome, Soley Therapeutics, Quanta Therapeutics, Nextech, Takeda, Novartis, OMRx, and Transcode Therapeutics and other support from Roche/Genentech outside the submitted work. P.D. Greenberg reports grants and personal fees from Juno Therapeutics; grants from Lonza; personal fees and other support from Earli, Metagenomi, Elpiscience, Rapt Therapeutics, and and grants, personal and other support from outside the submitted work. reports personal fees from reports personal fees from Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer The Institute for AACR, and Cancer Research grants, personal and support from and grants and personal fees from and Jounce Therapeutics; and personal fees and support from outside the submitted work. reports personal fees from and Therapeutics; grants from Novartis, Therapeutics, and and personal fees and grants from and outside the submitted work. were by the other authors.

To fully harness the potential of data, the creation of machine-readable data and utilization of the FAIR Data Principles is vital for successful data-driven science. Ontologies serve as the foundation for generating semantically rich, FAIR data that machines can understand, enabling seamless data integration and exchange across scientific disciplines. In this paper, we introduce a versatile Terminology Service that supports various tasks, including discovery, provision, as well as ontology design and curation. This service offers unified access to a vast array of ontologies across scientific disciplines, encouraging their reuse, improvement, and maturation. We present a user-driven service development approach, along with a use case involving a collaborative ontology design process, engaging domain experts, knowledge workers, and ontology engineers. This collaboration incorporates the application and evaluation of the Terminology Service, as well as supplementary tools, workflows, and collaboration models. We demonstrate the feasibility, prerequisites, and ongoing challenges related to developing Terminology Services that address numerous aspects of ontology utilization for producing FAIR, machine-actionable data.