Chicken Meat Freshness Identification using Colors and Textures Feature

Biometrics is the study of unique characteristics present in the human body such as fingerprint, palm-print, retina, iris, footprint, etc. While other traits have been explored widely, only a few people have been considered the foot-palm region, despite having unique properties. Prior work has explored the foot shape features using length, width, major axis, minor axis, centroid, etc. but they are not reliable for personal verification due to similarity in the physical composition of two persons. It increases the demand for more unique features based on the footprint. Footprint texture features coming from creases of foot palm are unique and permanent like palmprint texture features. Hence the main objective of the paper is to investigate various kinds of texture feature techniques. These techniques will be further used in correct extraction of footprint features. After extraction of footprint features a detailed experimental analysis is performed to discover the uniqueness in foot texture. It is further utilized to test its viability as a human recognition trait. We describe a detailed feature extraction and classification technique applied to a collected footprint data-set. For feature extraction, we use three techniques: Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Histogram Oriented Gradient (HOG), and Local Binary Patterns (LBP). Feature classification is performed using four techniques: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Ensemble Subspace Discriminant (ESD). GLCM provides less accuracy, while HOG generates a big feature vector which takes more execution time. LBP provides a trade-off between the accuracy and the execution time. Detailed quantitative experiments show: GLCM with LDA provides an accuracy of $$88.5\%$$ , HOG with Fine-KNN achieves $$86.5\%$$ accuracy and LBP with LDA achieves the accuracy of $$97.9\%$$ .

Image retrieval is the process of finding images in the database that are similar to the query image by measuring how close the feature values of the query image are to other images. Image retrieval is currently dominated by approaches that combine several different representations or features. The optimal weight of each feature is needed in combining the image features such as color features, texture features, and shape features. In this study, we use a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP) method to obtain feature weights automatically and simultaneously look for optimal weights. The color moment is used to find nine color features, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to find four texture features, and Hu Moment to find seven shape features totaling 20 neurons and all of these features become the input layer in our MLP network. Three neurons in output layers become the automatic weight of each feature. These weights are used to combine each feature's role in obtaining the relevant image. Euclidean Distance is used to measure similarity. The average precision values obtained using automatic feature weights are 93.94% for the synthetic dataset, 91.19% for the Coil-100 dataset, and 54.31% for the Wang dataset. These results have an average difference of 5.06% with the target so automatic feature weighting works well. This value is obtained at a hidden layer size of 11 and a learning rate of 0.1. In addition, the use of automatic feature weighting gives more accurate results compared to manual feature weighting.

Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) allows to automatically extracting target images according to objective visual contents of the image itself. Representation of visual features and similarity match are important issues in CBIR. Color, texture and shape information have been the primitive image descriptors in content-based image retrieval systems. This paper presents a fast and efficient image indexing and search system based on color and texture features. The color features are represented by combines 2-D histogram and statistical moments and texture features are represented by combines the direction measure and a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The detailed experimental analysis is carried out using precision and recall ondataset Wang. The time analysis is also performed to compare processing speeds of the proposed method with the existing similar best. The experimental results demonstrated that proposed method achieved a better image recognition, and the accuracy of classification based on this method has been significantly improved. The performance is measured in terms of recall and precision; also the obtained performances are compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms and showed that our algorithm is simple, fast, and efficient in terms of results and memory. Keywords: Co-occurrence Matrix, Direction Measure, 2-D Histogram, Statistical Moments, CBIR, GLCM

Pipeline right-of-way (ROW) monitoring and safety pre-warning is an important way to guarantee a safe operation of oil/gas transportation. Any construction equipment or heavy vehicle intrusion is a potential safety hazard to the pipeline infrastructure. Therefore, we propose a novel technique that can detect and classify an intrusion on oil/gas pipeline ROW. The detection part has been done based on our previous work, where we built a robust feature set using a pyramid histogram of oriented gradients in the Fourier domain with corresponding weights. Then a support vector machine (SVM) with radial basis kernel is used to distinguish threat objects from background. For the classification part, the object can be represented by an integrated color, shape and texture (ICST) feature set, which is a combination of three different feature extraction techniques viz. the color histogram of HSV (hue, saturation, value), histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and local binary pattern (LBP). Then two decision making models based on K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and SVM classifier are utilized for automatic object identification. Using real-world dataset, it is observed that the proposed method provides promising results in identifying the objects that are present on the oil/gas pipeline ROW.

Objectives: To make automatic classification of diseased potato and grape leaf from normal potato and grape leaf. Methods: Experimental sample size of 3000 and 4270 Potato and Grape leaf images were used respectively. The diseased and healthy leaf image samples were taken from PlantVillage dataset. The color features viz., average Red, Green, Blue and Hue intensities of Lesion region were calculated. Features namely Contrast, Dissimilarity, Homogeneity, Energy, Correlation, ASM, and Entropy were extracted from hue lesion region. Also, histogram features such as mean and standard deviation were extracted from hue infected region. Then, data normalization was done on feature set to bring all features into a common scale. Finally, Naïve Bayes, K Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine Classifiers were applied on the above said feature sets. Findings: The Dataset was split in the ratio of 80% and 20% for training and test sets. The classifiers NB, KNN and SVM classified Potato leaves with an accuracy of 88.67%, 94.00% and 96.83% respectively and Grape leaves with an accuracy of 81.87%, 93.10% and 96.02% respectively. For both the species, SVM classifier gave the highest accuracy. Also, it was found that the proposed method performs well as compared with the related works in the literature. Novelty/Applications: An effective feature extraction method to classify grape and potato diseases was proposed in this research work. Also, it was found that the proposed method performs well as compared with the related works in the literature. Keywords: RGB color space; HSV color space; histogram; color features; grey-level co-occurrence matrix; texture features

This paper presents an assessment method for the corrosion evaluation of carbon steel. The digital image processing technology is used to extract the texture and color characteristics of rusted carbon steel images. First, Q235 carbon steel images with different degrees of corrosion were collected by digital camera and microscope. Second, the texture features of rusted carbon steel surface are extracted based on Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, the color features are extracted using color moments. Third, the extracted features are combined and normalized as the inputs of Support Vector Machine (SVM) for training and classification. We use Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the SVM classifier. The accuracy of the classification is up to 97.5%.

The field of machine learning is growing in modern times, computational models are able to go beyond the performance of previous forms of artificial intelligence. The use of evaluation model ,selection of model and algorithm selecting techniques play an major role in machine learning study and also in field of industries. In this work, we made evaluation of various supervised, unsupervised machine learning classifiers for flower datasets. We made use of local features such as Histogram of gradient , Kaze, Local binary pattern(LBP) ,Oriented Fast and Rotated Brief( ORB), global features like Color Histograms, Haralick Textures , Hu Moments , fusion of both and Bag of visual words(BOVW) using Vocabulary builder K-Means clustering which represents color ,texture, shape features of image. Experiment is carried out on 20 classes of flower datasets with 100 images each. .Flower datasets have many characteristic in common like sunflower will be similar to daffodil in terms of color and texture .Hence to quantify the image we need to combine different feature descriptors like color, texture and shape features. We develop a Content based classification system to find efficiency comparison of different machine learning algorithms for classification and retrieval problems. Eleven classifiers mainly Support Vector Machine, K Nearest Neighbor, Gaussian Naive Bayes , CART, Kmeans, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Adaboost ,Logistic Regression, MLP, Random Forest, CNN are analyzed on the shape, color ,texture features. Experimentation are carried out and results are recorded using CPU as well as GPU on google cobalatory platform.

Plants are an inevitable part of ecosystem. Tulsi leaves play a major role in plant species. There exists different varieties of tulsi leaves mainly Rama tulsi, Krishna tulsi, Vana tulsi, Kapoor tulsi etc. This paper proposes a system for identifying and classifying different types of tulsi from its leaf images by analyzing color and texture. Rama tulsi, Krishna tulsi and ordinary tulsi are the three varieties of tulsi leaves used for classification. Initially, a dataset is formed from the images of leaves. The feature values of these images are computed and it becomes the training data for the system. When a test image is scanned its color and texture features are extracted. Using K nearest neighborhood algorithm the extracted features are compared with the training data to display category of the leaf. Texture features are obtained using Gray Level Co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) whereas color features are acquired using color moments. Fusions of these techniques are used in this paper.

Radiomics has shown potential in disease diagnosis, but its feasibility for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) subtype classification is unclear. This study aims to explore the diagnosis value of texture and colour features from positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) images in differentiation of NSCLC subtypes: adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). Two patient cohorts were retrospectively collected into a dataset of 341 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2fluoro-d-glucose ([18F] FDG) PET-CT images of NSCLC tumours (125 ADC, 174 SqCC, and 42 cases with unknown subtype). Quantification of texture and colour features was performed using freehand regions of interest. The relation between extracted features and commonly used parameters such as age, gender, tumour size, and standard uptake value (SUVmax) was explored. To classify NSCLC subtypes, support vector machine algorithm was applied on these features and the classification performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. There was a significant difference between ADC and SqCC subtypes in texture and colour features (P < 0.05); this showed that imaging features were significantly correlated to both SUVmax and tumour diameter (P < 0.05). When evaluating classification performance, features combining texture and colour showed an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.78–1.00), colour features showed an AUC of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.71–0.99), and texture features showed an AUC of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.48–0.88). DeLong’s test showed that AUC was higher for features combining texture and colour than that for texture features only (P = 0.010), but not significantly different from that for colour features only (P = 0.328). HSV colour features showed a similar performance to RGB colour features (P = 0.473). The colour features are promising in the refinement of NSCLC subtype differentiation, and features combining texture and colour of PET-CT images could result in better classification performance.

Optical image provides a unique spectral and textural opportunity to acquire data free of charge in cloud-free weather conditions. However, textural information from recent Sentinel-2A data has not been sufficiently recognized. Several researches have shown that texture features are essential for extracting crop information. This study presents a new scheme that integrates spectral bands and textural features for mapping maize fields and other land cover types (i.e., build-up, trees, others, and water) and evaluates the effectiveness of random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with different kernel functions based on Sentinel 2A (S-2A) data. The textural features were derived from multiple bands of S-2A image using a grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm. To normalize the analysis of these features, Random Forest feature selection was employed. The outcomes show that S-2A images are appropriate for mapping maize fields and other land covers when the image is accessible during the growing season. The SVM classifier with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel is superior to a polynomial (P), linear (L), and sigmoid (S) kernel functions, and the RF classifiers. For the SVM_RBF, the highest overall accuracy was obtained from the integration of spectral bands and textural features at scenario 2 SVM_RBF (87.40%), followed by the combination of spectral and textural features at scenario 2 SVM_P kernel (86.56%). However, scenario 5 SVM_P kernel (85.54%), scenario 4 SVM_P kernel function (85.30%), the spectral features alone, and the SVM_P kernel function, have the highest O/A (83.90%) than that of the SVM_RBF (83.66%). The inclusion of textural features contributed significantly in mapping the smallholder’s maize field in the study area. This demonstrated the value of S-2A in agricultural research.

South Central Timor (TTS) is one of the districts that has a weaving culture and also produces woven cloth in East Nusa Tenggara. The many types of woven fabric from each TTS tribe makes outsiders and even native TTS people do not recognize the typical TTS woven fabric, therefore we need a system that can help facilitate the community in recognizing the type and motif of woven fabric. In this study, digital image processing is used to identify the type of woven fabric in the TTS district using the HSV color feature extraction method, and the GLCM texture feature, and to measure the similarity of woven fabric using the Euclidean distance method. The image data of the woven fabric used is the image of woven fabric from 3 tribes of TTS district, namely the Amanatun, Amanuban, and Mollo tribes. Identification of woven fabric motifs using the K-fold cross validation test with two stages, namely the training and testing stages. The results of testing variants using 10 fold get an accuracy rate for GLCM texture features of 55%, for HSV color features of 62.5% and a combination of color and texture features of 91.67%.

Accurately determining the ripeness of oil palm fruit is crucial for ensuring the quality of palm oil. However, traditional manual methods are often time-consuming and less accurate. This study aimed to develop an automated system for detecting the ripeness of oil palm fruit by combining the Hue Saturation Value (HSV) model, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithms. This system utilizes K-Nearest Neighbors to classify the relationship between color features extracted using the HSV model and texture features derived from GLCM analysis to categorize fruit ripeness. The color features represent the fruit's chromatic characteristics associated with ripeness, while the texture features provide information regarding surface patterns related to ripeness. The color features represent the fruit's color characteristics associated with ripeness, whereas the texture features provide information about the surface patterns related to ripeness. The results indicate that the system can classify oil palm fruit into four distinct categories: Over-Ripe, Ripe, Half-Ripe, and Raw. The dataset was divided with an 80:20 ratio, where 80% was allocated for training data and the remaining 20% for test data. An accuracy rate of 85% was achieved. The results of this study demonstrate that the developed system effectively classifies oil palm fruit images based on ripeness levels. This system supports a sustainable automated palm oil production model through accurate ripeness detection, thereby reducing reliance on manual methods and enhancing consistency and productivity in palm oil processing. These findings indicate that the proposed hybrid method is feasible for integration into an automated classification system to support decision-making in oil palm harvesting

Plant disease is main reason of agricultural crops production losses. Leaf disease in plant occurs due to fungai, virus and bacterias. Image contains various important features which is used in classification. In this paper author initially detect disease then classify disease using extracted features. It takes five diseased leaves (Black rot, Black Measles, Leaf blight, Septoria leaf spot, Bacterial spot) and healthy leaf images then identify leaf is diseased or healthy then if leaf is diseased then classify type of disease. Color features mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis computed then Region based shape feature calculated to identify the size of spots. Texture feature calculated using gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) which identifies texture of image using distance and 45° angle variation in GLCM. Extracted features sent to trained feed forward neural network and classify diseased with color, shape and texture feature individually and combination of all features then observe that combination of color, shape and texture feature improve the performance of classification accuracy.

Abstract. Tomato yellow leaf curl disease spreads very fast and often causes huge yield losses. It does not represent obvious symptoms on leaves until the disease becomes serious. This paper investigated the possibility of discriminating tomato yellow leaf curl disease by texture and leaf vein features in fluorescence image. A fluorescence imaging system was used to collect fluorescence images of healthy and diseased tomato leaves. It includes a high-speed camera (30 frames per second), filters (center wavelength: 690 nm), and excitation LEDs (center wavelength: 430 nm). By automatic iterative threshold selection, the leaf pixels were separated from back ground. After region filling, the binary mask images were acquired. Then AND operator was used to extract leaf vein images with gray information. Sub-images were segmented into 40X40 pixels. Leaf vein images were extracted by hit-or-miss transform (HMT) from sub-images. 8 texture features and 8 leaf vein features were calculated by gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The discrimination model was evaluated by support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that the infected leaf represented a clear leaf vein in sub-images and leaf vein images, especially in the main vein. All texture features and leaf vein features had significant dispersion. The differences between infected and healthy leaves were obvious for 5 features (T_ENT_MEAN, T_ENT_DEV, T_INE_DEV, L_ASM_DEV, and L_ENT_DEV). The method obtained good classification accuracy of 82.61%.

There are many unstable factors in the working environment of electrical workers, which threaten their safety. Therefore, how to protect electrical workers is a problem worth thinking about. Safety helmet protects worker’s head from injury when they fall. This paper presents a method to detect whether electrical workers wear a safety helmet or not. This method is based on Support Vector Machine (SVM), the grids of Histograms of Oriented Gradient (HOG) features, and color features. Firstly, we get information about the worker’s work scene image. According to the acquired image, we use the Deformable Parts Model (DPM) algorithm to extract the worker’s area. In the area where the worker exists, we use the method of color space conversion and color feature matching to extract the area where the safety helmet may exist. In this area, we use the SVM trained by HOG features to detect the safety helmet and ultimately to realize the judgment of workers wearing a safety helmet. In the experimental part, the effectiveness of our method is demonstrated. Compared with the Color + CHT and Color + Number of Pixels, our method has been improved by 3 to 4 percentage points.