Child labour and inequality

The world has accomplished progress in human right and child education under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the goal that comprises end modern slavery and human trafficking and secures the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms, nevertheless, child labor issues are continuing to spread to many countries in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the issue of child labor and factor that help to eliminate child labor issues in Malaysia. Data were collected through an online survey; the participants included twenty-nine (29) Malaysian civil services. The finding of this research indicated that, although the cost for hiring the children is low compare to the adult as highlighted in supply and demand side, few factors preventing community to use the child as a laborer like religion, awareness/knowledge, humanity, ethic, and culture, therefore, there must be a child labor policy that eliminates all forms of child labor in Malaysia. This research is carried values to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in enhancing the policy to end child labor, reduce poverty and hunger, and improves the quality of education; thus, this research carries values to the minister of labor and social affairs in enhancing the policy on human resources development.

Until a few decades ago, ethical issues were defined in terms of fraudulent behavior and workplace working conditions, but the concept itself has now expanded. Child labor, considered cheap and easily manageable labor in the globalizing world, is one of the chronic problems of many developing and developed countries, including Turkey. Recent studies show that child’s work areas are increasingly diversified, and child labor has become an important factor in the global cheap labor market. For whatever reason, it is a universal ethical issue that children work as young adults in many different sectors, from mining to textiles and agriculture to the automotive industry. In this context, the issue of child labor in Turkey has been discussed in the context of business ethics principles. In the study, three main factors were determined as demographic, educational life, and business life variables as the determinants of the reasons for the involvement of children in work life. The multinomial logit model was used to test the relationships between the variables. The research used data from 1128 children in employment obtained from the Child Labor Force Research Micro Data Set carried out by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2019. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that the variables related to the education life (educational status of the child, family education status, apprenticeship education status) and the variables related to the business life (working sector, working time, income and family working status) affect the working reasons of children. As a result, in an environment of increasing cooperation and competition between countries with the effect of globalization, each country’s reflection of a common definition of child labor in its own national legislation is one of the most important steps to be taken in preventing child labor. In addition, in underdeveloped and developing countries, eliminating poverty, expanding school attendance conditions, and raising awareness about the existence of children’s rights as individuals will be important steps. It must be admitted that it will not be possible to end child labor in all its aspects without developing a society, and public and private sector management that acts with a sense of ethical responsibility.

Child Labour has become devilishly ubiquitous with negative implications on Nigerian child’s development. Unfortunately, most researches concentrated on child labour issues at national level while little exists in literature at state level particularly Katsina. The study investigated effect of child labour on children’s education in Katsina State using descriptive survey design. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 216 child labourers from three senatorial districts of Katsina States. Structured interview schedule was used to collect data on respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, involvement in child labour, causes and effect. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analysing data. Level of child labour in the State was high. Poverty, lack of uniform, books and problem of transportation fare were push factors. Majority perceived effect of child labour on education to be unfavourable. Being too fatigued for school work and to read, constrained enrolment in school, inability to recall learned experience and dropped out, lack of appraisal ability and disruption of school attendance were major effects. Significant correlation existed between level of involvement in child labour, causes and perceived effects on education. Family type and mother’s occupation showed significant relationship with effect. Causes of child labour involvement were major determinants of effect. Result provided support to show that level of child labour involvement was worrisomely high. Total free and compulsory primary and secondary education in the state should be taken serious and sanctions mated to parents who may attempt to deny their children schooling opportunity.

Child labor may be linked to criminal activities. This is particularly the case with child pornography, prostitution and the use of children in the drug trade. The use of child labor in these activities involves the type of abuse that understandably led to the inclusion of sexual and criminal exploitation of children as one of the worst forms of child labor. In examining sexual and criminal exploitation and trafficking of children, one can see both the rationale for connecting child labor with the broader human rights agenda and the controversial nature of such a link. The inclusion of sexual and criminal exploitation in C 182 has been criticized on the grounds that these are not child labor issues, but rather issues of international criminal law. International standards on trafficking are an essential part of eliminating the sexual and criminal exploitation of children.Keywords: child labor; criminal exploitation; international criminal law; sexual exploitation; trafficking

The purpose of this thesis was to address the issue of non-compliance with international child labor standards in the Indian case. In order to do this I took a social constructivist approach to analyzing and explaining human behavior, utilizing methods of process tracing and secondary case study analysis. I first looked at why states ratifY treaties embodying international child labor standards but fail to comply with them. I then evaluated the viability of the popular legal positivist proposal to bring about compliance by linking non-compliance with economic sanctions. My findings demonstrated that the reason for non-compliance is that there are strong norms within the Indian social structure which support the practice of child labor, in direct contrast to the international treaties prohibiting child labor. Thus, I concluded that the linkage of non-compliance and economic sanctions would be ineffective because sanctions would do little to address the cause of the non-compliance.

This study examines the changing patterns of child labour at the Hereke Factory during the late years of the Ottoman Empire and the early years of the Turkish Republic. In the Ottoman era, the factory's management initiated its first housing projects for workers' families and built dormitories for single employees and child labourers, many of whom were orphans. These housing initiatives for civil servants and workers continued after the Republic was founded, especially following the factory’s transfer to Sümerbank, with orphaned children still working there. The issue of child labour and orphans played a significant role in the early days of the Turkish Republic, which saw a major shift in the workforce, particularly among the proletariat. The period from the 1910s to the 1950s marked a gradual transition from forced labour to voluntary employment, which notably influenced the dynamics of the labour force.

This paper examines the issue of global child labor. The treatment is grounded in the classical economics of Adam smith and the more recent writings of human capital theorists. Using this framework, the universal problem of child labor in newly industrializing countries is investigated. Child labor is placed in its historical context with a brief review of practices in the United States and Great Britain at the time those countries were industrializing. Then, child labor is examined in its contemporary global context. We argue that, as countries industrialize, they tend to follow predictable patterns of development – including use of and eventual abandonment of child labor. We argue that this convergence under the logic of industrial capitalism supports a universalist approach to human rights (that would condemn child labor) over a more tolerant cultural relativist approach.

Currently in Indonesia child labor is not a new issue because in almost all regions in Indonesia there are still many underage children working. but not in accordance with the regulations that have been made by the government, labor issues and child labor are problems that need serious attention, regulation and supervision from the government. This study aims to analyze the considerations that must be made by the government in overcoming the problem of child labor. The problems studied in this study are about how the form of government supervision of child labor and government supervision procedures for child labor. so that how the function of government supervision of child labor and how the government's responsibility for this and has the aim of examining and analyzing how government policies in protecting child labor are in accordance with the supervisory function, what factors influence the government's responsibility to increase efforts to protect child labor.The method used in analyzing and discussing the problem of Government Supervision of Child Labor is Normative Juridical. This type of research is descriptive-analytical, the sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. research techniques are carried out through literature review followed by descriptive analysis using qualitative methods.The results show that the government has an important responsibility to protect child labor. What the government must consider is ensuring that there is effective supervision to protect child labor. The government also needs to implement clear policies and regulations to protect child labor. This includes developing regulations that provide protection and limit child laborers' access to hazardous industries, as well as providing protection and access to education and health..

Undoubtedly, the issue of child labor constitutes a form of severe violation of human rights due to its detrimental effects on the mental, physical, and social development of children, as well as the restriction of their freedoms and the deprivation of their right to education. It also contributes to supporting and encouraging school dropout. Despite the fact that all constitutions and international agreements emphasize the protection of human rights in general, and the right to education in particular, as a fundamental pillar for societal growth and development, studies and reports indicate that a large number of children have been forced to leave school and work under exploitative conditions, where they have been subjected to various human rights violations, without receiving the legal protection needed to safeguard their rights or to deter and punish those responsible for these serious violations. Thus, the research problem arises from the legislative deficiencies in addressing the issue of child labor and its contribution to the phenomenon of school dropout, in addition to the lack of effective monitoring mechanisms to control this phenomenon. Moreover, there is a failure to impose strict penalties on those involved in it. Therefore, the research is divided into two sections: the first section discusses the legal framework for child labor and its consequences, while the second section addresses the implications of child labor on school dropout. The conclusion will include several findings and recommendations, including ignorance, backwardness, and the lack of intellectual awareness among parents regarding the importance of education and its role in preventing the exploitation of children and shaping their personalities, which in turn impacts the growth and development of society. Furthermore, the laws fail to address the seriousness of the consequences of child labor and school dropout, including the inadequacy of legal provisions and the lack of regulatory mechanisms that ensure the right to education for all children, while also preventing their exploitation in any form and protecting them from human rights violations.

The issue of child labor and exploitation as it relates to the fashion design industry is about discovering tense interrelationships between modes and agencies of production and ethical responsibility. This survey of the various factors affecting child labor and exploitation acknowledges the tremendous pressure placed on individuals by the convergence of economic need and cultural imperatives. The focus is on locating a constellation of issues, which influence the decision to work in unhealthy environments; as opposed to prescriptive ethical responses to the kind of work people do. This distinction has the potential to realign ethical action and shift the burden of progress from the employee to the parent industry, which should already be in a position of high accountability for creating and enforcing fair labor standards. The intent was not to produce a schema for determining the boundary between fair labor practices and blatant abuse, but to examine the complex nature of work and economic realities across the globe.

Child labour deprives children of their childhood and is harmful for their physical and mental development. In order to identify, prosecute and stop child labour the government has made numerous efforts. In 1986, Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was passed which prohibited the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 83 hazardous occupations. In July 2016 the parliament passed the Child Labour(Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act 2016. This act amends the Child Labour( Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 by widening its scope against child labour and provides for stricter punishment for violations. This act calls for a complete ban on child labour, so that children can obtain compulsory primary education under RTE. In this paper an attempt has been made to critically analyze the various aspects of Child Labour(Prohibition and Regulation) Act.

Does child labour increase unemployment and reduce labour force participation? Empirical evidence from Jordan

Child labor remains a critical issue in Bangladesh, where millions of children are deprived of their basic rights to education, safety, and a childhood free from exploitation. This paper aims to comprehensively examine the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to child labor in Bangladesh, with a particular focus on its socioeconomic impact. The primary objectives of this research are to identify the underlying factors contributing to child labor, analyze its effects on the lives of children, and propose actionable policy interventions to address the issue. This study adopts a qualitative research approach using secondary data analysis to examine the issue of child labour in Bangladesh. Data is collected from a variety of sources, including government reports, international organizations, academic articles, media reports, and NGO publications. A qualitative content analysis method is then used to identify key themes, conduct comparative analysis with global case studies, and evaluate policy effectiveness. The findings demonstrated culturally relevant socioeconomic effects of child labour measuring the physical & mental health impact to this group of child labourers as well as providing limited human capital ensuring they remain in a dark wheel of never being able to better their situation, rarely having the opportunity to attend any school and existing in a perpetual process of poverty. Child labor also contributes to the economic problem of the wider nation, including inequality and economic inefficiency. Thus, it is concluded that to break the history of child labor in Bangladesh we need a multidimensional remedy starting with tighter enforcement of laws, better access to education and interdisciplinary poverty mitigation programs which should be taken place along with the International agencies and Organizations driving the need to protect the political economy of child labor.

Children are a mandate as well as a gift that must be maintained because in them are inherent dignity, dignity, and rights as human beings that must be upheld. Until now, the issue of child labor and child exploitation are two things that are still a serious problem in Indonesia. Indonesia has ratified two ILO conventions related to child labor, namely ILO Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Work and ILO Convention No. 182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Law No. 13 of 2013 concerning Manpower in several articles has regulated the existence of working children. In its implementation, the policy of law formation is still inconsistently applied, as evidenced by the still high number of children working in Indonesia. From the description above, the problems to be studied in this paper are: First, how is the form of child labor protection according to the Labor Law number 13 of 2003 related to Law No. 20 of 1999 concerning the ratification of ILO Convention 138 and Law No. 1 of 2000 concerning the ratification of ILO Convention 182? And second, how are the Government's efforts to implement positive laws related to the protection of working children?

The chapter explored public and stakeholder perceptions of media coverage of child labour in Nigeria. It has been observed that most studies are deficient in information on the interplay between media coverage of children issues and public perception of such coverage. This study therefore adopted the convergent mixed method design to elicit responses from audiences. Respondents were drawn from Babcock University on the assumption that individuals are literate enough to understand newspaper reports. Civil society organizations across Nigeria that deal specifically with children issues and some State Ministries of Women Affairs were sampled. The survey showed that people have knowledge of child labour issues from newspapers which in turn affect their attitude; however, their reactions to the reports are moderately favourable to the cause of abused children. It was recommended that newspapers give more coverage to child labour issues so that the public will have more knowledge and in turn make informed decisions.