Clear and accurate terminology.

Humankind is in the midst of largescale transition marked by telling differences but profound similarities. Throughout this world, political systems are becoming more participatory and less authoritarian. For want of better or more accurate terminology, this worldwide phenomenon generally is termed the process of “democratization,” which may be defined as the process of moving from an authoritarian to a democratic political system.We political scientists in the United States have taken U.S. democracy for granted. We have also observed the difficulties and many failed attempts over time in achieving democracy in other parts of the world. Now, given the worldwide democratization movement, we are increasingly being asked—rightly or wrongly—for our advice. And so we are called upon to be reflective, analytical, and introspective about democracy.

This study focuses on how scientifically accurate information is disseminated through social media, and how misinformation can be corrected. We have identified examples on Twitter where scientific terms that have been widely misused have been rectified and replaced by scientifically accurate terms through the interaction of users. The results show that the percentage of accurate terms (“variant” or “COVID-19 variant”) being used instead of the inaccurate terms (“strain”) on Twitter has already increased since the end of December 2020. This was about a month before the release of an official statement by the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases regarding the accurate terminology, and the use of terms on social media was faster than it was in television. Some Twitter users who quickly started using the accurate term were more likely to retweet messages sent by leading influencers on Twitter, rather than messages sent by traditional media or portal sites. However, a few Twitter users continued to use wrong terms even after March 2021, even though the use of the accurate terms was widespread. This study empirically verified that self-correction occurs even on Twitter, and also suggested that influencers with expertise can influence the direction of public opinion on social media.

Qiyās, or “correlational inference” (often glossed as “analogy”), comprises a primary set of methodological tools recognized by a majority of premodern Sunnī jurists. Its elements, valid modes, and proper applications were the focus of continual argument and refinement. A particular area of debate was the methodology of determining or justifying the ʿilla: the legal cause (or occasioning factor, or ratio legis) giving rise to a ruling in God’s Law. This was most often discussed (and disputed) under the rubric of “the modes of causal justification” (masālik al-taʿlīl). Among these modes was the much debated test of dawarān (concomitance of presumed cause and effect). In brief, proponents of dawarān employed it to justify claims that a property (waṣf) occasioned the ruling (ḥukm) in an authoritative source-case (aṣl). In concert with other considerations, the demonstrated co-presence (ṭard) and co-absence (ʿaks) of property and ruling—that is, their concomitance “in existence” (wujūdan) and “in nonexistence” (ʿadaman)— was taken as an indication that the property was the ruling’s ʿilla. Delving further into dawarān and causation (ʿilliyya), the current study interprets “in existence” and “in nonexistence” not as a kind of metaphor for true and false (within the framework of a classical truth-functional formal semantics), but as an accurate terminology vis-à-vis the meaning of causality statements, fully compatible with dominant Islamicate views on causal agency. In brief, a deeper logical and linguistic analysis of the different existential modes of dawarān strongly suggests that we should distinguish property (or phenomenon) and ruling (or effect) as types (concepts or propositions linguistically expressed by a sentence) as opposed to tokens (instantiations of the type; the real, ontological events that verify the proposition). Our reading of dawarān as shaped by a finer-grained structure not only allows us to identify the efficient occasioning process as a function which takes some particular token of the ʿilla (arguably, the property or properties which provide the ruling’s material cause) and renders a token of the general ruling type, but it allows us to elucidate the role of taʿlīl (causal justification) in shaping an epistemological theory of argument to the best explanation: a sophisticated, premodern manifestation of abductive reasoning.

Digital health (DH) and artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare are rapidly evolving but were addressed synonymously by many healthcare authorities and practitioners. A deep understanding and clarification of these concepts are fundamental and a prerequisite for developing robust frameworks and practical guidelines to ensure the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of DH solutions and AI-embedded technologies. Categorizing DH into technologies (DHTs) and services (DHSs) enables regulatory, HTA, and reimbursement bodies to develop category-specific frameworks and guidelines for evaluating these solutions effectively. DH is the key in generating real-world data, which is increasingly important in decision-making processes. The potential benefits of DHTs in improving health outcomes and reducing health system costs can position them alongside traditional health technologies in certain medical conditions. AI, one of the potential tools for DH, can be embedded in technologies, such as medical devices or applications, to enhance functionality and performance. AI excels at handling numerical and perceptual data. In the context of numerical data, machine learning algorithms enable prediction, classification, and clustering. In managing perceptual data, AI recognizes image/video, voice, and text. In recent years, generative AI, a form of AI that generates new content by employing a combination of a wide range of learning approaches, has become prominent in research and influences the health sector. A thorough understanding of DH and AI, along with accurate terminology use, would facilitate the timely generation of regulatory and HTA-grade evidence that helps improve health outcomes and decision-making certainty.

The antithesis of “what is” and “what ought to be” is widely used in ethical studies, through the interrelation of these concepts, important for the moral philosophy theoretical and applied problems are formulated. However, the historically formed polysemy of concepts of “what is” and “what ought to be”, the variety of the interpretation of their world outlook and methodological paradigms, within the framework of which this problematic is developed (given that the terms “is” and “ought to be” in their combination remain unchanged) – all that leads to the confusion of discussed problems, decreases the theoretical level of their statement and solution, and provokes poor productive discussions. In the article, an attempt is made, through the meta-ethical analysis of the above mentioned antithesis, to delimit and to review by terms the problem contexts of “what is” and “what ought to be”, herewith separating principal (conceptual) disagreements and disputes from unnecessary mistakes and confusions created by not accurate terminology and varying interpretations of the subject matter of polemics itself. Also, the author’s point of view in respect of a number of traditional conceptual approaches to the solution of the studied problems is stated, in particular, arguments against transcendentalist interpretation of the moral duty and against the concept about the principal possibility (and necessity) of the justification of ought-judgments is given, by way of their logical eduction from being-judgments.

There has been a significant increase in submissions to scientific journals addressing a broad spectrum of medical and surgical conditions in subjects grouped under the classification of "Skin of Color." Authors, reviewers, and editors have struggled with accurate terminology. To update the Fitzpatrick scale to make it more accurate in stratifying various shades of skin color. A thorough literature review was performed using PubMed and Embase to assess existing skin color scales, and an extensive internet search was conducted using makeup foundation ranges as a starting point for skin tone matching. The research resulted in a consensus that Fitzpatrick types 4 and 5 ratings were the most confusing in that these included a broad range of skin types with different responses to solar radiation, lasers, surgery, and cosmetic products. The authors reached a consensus that subdividing skin types 4 and 5 into "A" and "B" better defined them. The new scale that resulted was labeled the SCE scale (for Skin Color Ethnicity). This new updated SCE scale should assist authors in better reporting scientific data in skin of color.

Rapid technological advances in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have changed the landscape of child maltreatment worldwide. Whereas historically a child was most likely to be maltreated within the family or community systems, now children can be abused by thousands of unknown and unidentified persons from anywhere on the planet. Trafficking in child sexual abuse material (CSAM), luring, grooming, and other predatory behaviors existed before the Internet. However, modern technologies have changed abusers’ points of access to children and the number of abusers who can participate in the maltreatment of a victim. New types of child maltreatment are also being invented with new technologies, such as livestreamed child sexual exploitation. In addition, the volume of certain types of child abuse has exploded exponentially such as has been documented with the trafficking in CSAM, as well as the severity of the abuse being recorded on younger and younger victims, including infants and toddlers. These changes have created challenges at all points along the child maltreatment continuum—from prevention to effective treatment leading to the full physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of victims and survivors as are mandated by international law for many survivors. Recent research into the experiences and perspectives of frontline professionals combatting technology-facilitated child maltreatment makes clear that more training and supports are needed, such as technological resources, research into effective therapeutic treatments for survivors, consistent and accurate terminology and concepts, a modernization of the legal framework in which these crimes are investigated and prosecuted, and robust mental health supports for frontline providers. As the Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect provides education and training to thousands of frontline providers worldwide each year, Kempe is uniquely situated to provide leadership in preparing frontline providers to combat child abuse effectively in these new environments.

The atypical anatomy of the C2 vertebra has led to terminological discrepancies within reports and studies in the literature regarding the location of its pedicle, pars interarticularis, and isthmus. These discrepancies not only limit the power of morphometric analyses, but they also confuse technical reports regarding operations involving C2, and thus confuse our ability to properly communicate this anatomy. Herein, we examine the variations in nomenclature regarding the pedicle, pars interarticularis, and isthmus of C2, and via an anatomical study, propose new terminology. The articular surface and underlying superior and inferior articular processes and adjacent transverse processes were removed from 15 C2 vertebrae (30 sides). Specifically, the areas regarded as the pedicle, pars interarticularis, and isthmus were evaluated. Morphometrics were performed. Our results indicate that, anatomically, C2 has no "isthmus" and that a pars interarticularis for C2, when present, is very short. Deconstruction of the attached parts allowed for visualization of a bony arch extending from the anterior most aspect of the lamina to the body of C2. The arch is composed almost entirely of trabecular bone and without its attached parts, e.g., transverse process, really has no cortical bone laterally. We propose a more accurate terminology, the pedicle, for pars/pedicle screw placement of C2. Such a term more accurately describes this unique structure of the C2 vertebra and would alleviate terminological confusion in the future literature on this topic.

Complying with the harmonized standards, that is, the principally applied rule-based electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) approach, does not always ensure EMC in practice. It is also just a presumption of conformity with the Essential Requirements, as stated in the European Directive for EMC. There is a need for a robust and durable methodology that accounts for factors which are not covered by current EMC standards: the risk-based EMC approach. The term “risk-based EMC” along with the associated terminology is commonly interpreted differently by manufacturers, technicians, and users. This letter clarifies this often misused terminology. First, a comparison between the so-far implemented rule-based EMC approach and the up-and-coming risk-based EMC approach is made. Then, the application of risk-based EMC via a risk management-based methodology is proposed. The goal of this research is to provide an overview on the need of risk-based EMC, list the so-far used (or misused) terminology, and create a common platform of risk management-based methodology, which will act as a guidance tool for EMC engineers when it comes to clear and consistent communication and application of EMC engineering.

THE late Dr. Todhunter left, in an incomplete state, a valuable “History of the Mathematical Theories of Elasticity,” which the syndics of the Cambridge University Press have intrusted to me to complete and edit. In reading the great number of memoirs relating to the subject I have been much struck by the want of a clear and accurate terminology in both theoretical and practical elasticity. I have been forced to the conclusion that the great discrepancy, which is often to be found between theoretical and practical results, is in some measure due to the want of this terminology (e.g. the extreme looseness of the term “limit of elasticity”). I find it needful for the purposes of the above work to adopt such a terminology, but before doing so it would be extremely valuable to have the opinion of some of our leading elasticians on the terms I venture to propose. I should be very glad of any suggestions, through the columns of NATURE, towards a definite and uniform terminology.

This article explores the significance of employing preferred terms and inclusive language in research practices concerning diverse populations. It highlights how inappropriate terminology can lead to labeling, stereotyping, and stigma, particularly for equity-denied groups. The study aimed to identify and analyze terminology preferences for diverse communities by major international organizations. Through a systematic environmental scan methodology, data were collected from 12 prominent organizations. The results indicate a concerted effort toward adopting inclusive language, with organizations favoring respectful and accurate terminology. For instance, terms like “people made vulnerable by systemic inequities” and “migrant workers” were preferred over outdated or stigmatizing alternatives. The discussion emphasizes the importance of identifying conflicting terms and trends in terminology preferences over time. We recommend prioritizing the use of preferred terms to promote respectful and accurate discourse, with a focus on person-centered language. Ultimately, the findings underscore the critical role of language in shaping perceptions and attitudes toward diverse communities, and advocate for continued efforts to promote inclusivity and equity in research, policy, and practice.

I read this editorial1 with interest, and agree with the contents, but the authors are too lenient on the use of the term ‘non-valvular AF’, particularly in the American guidelines....

Morgellon's syndrome. Evidence of a microorganism causing an unexplained dermopathy

Chronic Lower Urinary Tract Signs in Cats: Current Understanding of Pathophysiology and Management

This paper provides a revision of the early and middle Eocene European rodents previously referred to as Ischyromyoidea, including taxa considered to be at the origin of the Theridomorpha. The use of an accurate dental terminology and a better understanding of the size and shape of their infra-orbital foramen (i.o.f.) led us to a substantial revision of this group, which allowed to better characterize them and to appreciate their variability. On these bases, phylogenetic analyses (cladistic and standard Bayesian approaches) of early Ypresian to late Priabonian European rodent species were undertaken in order to highlight the root of the early Theridomorpha and its content. The phylogeny was established based on 343 characters (338 dental) through 45 early Paleogene taxa. The ingroup included on one hand a few North American genera (Reithroparamys, Microparamys, and Acritoparamys) and European ones (Eogliravus, Ailuravus, Corbarimys, Meldimys, Euromys, Plesiarctomys, and Pseudoparamys) considered until now as being related with the North American superfamily Ischyromyoidea. On the other hand, it included genera close to the root of the Theridomorpha (Sparnacomys, Pantrogna, and Hartenbergeromys) and early Theridomyoidea (Masillamys, Protadelomys, and some Pseudosciuridae). The phylogenetic results obtained via the two distinct reconstruction approaches are consistent in virtually all relationships. The proposed systematics here derives from these phylogenetic results. This phylogenetic context led us to change the suprafamilial, familial, subfamilial or generic attribution of several species. Characters of Theridomorpha, like the obliquely developed postprotocristid allied with the occurrence of a metalophulid I, have been found in genera previously considered as Ischyromyidae (Pseudoparamys, Euromys, Sparnacomys, Meldimys, Pantrogna, and Hartenbergeromys) as well as the large i.o.f., when preserved (Pseudoparamys, Hartenbergeromys, and Masillamys). Based on these morphological observations and new phylogenetic considerations, the content of the Theridomorpha clade is here enlarged, thereby extending back the first theridomorph radiations to the early Eocene. Aside, a new taxon (Reinomys rhomboides gen. and sp. nov.) is described from Avenay. In addition, a new genus, Auroremys, is created for the species subita (Comte et al., 2012) from Chery-Chartreuve.