Cloud-Integrated WOBAN: An offloading-enabled architecture for service-oriented access networks

Today's access networks are increasingly shaped by the that they provide to the end users. In a hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN), to access any service, the corresponding requests for the and responses require multi-hop communication over the wireless mesh network (WMN) and Passive Optical Network (PON) subsequently over the Internet to some server in the application service provider's domain. This may cause bottlenecks in the WMN and may result in degraded performance. In this paper, we propose a design for WOBAN that integrates a over WOBAN (CoW) that provides different cloud services from within the access network. This has multiple benefits: 1) it offloads traffic over wireless links, 2) it reduces bottleneck from the gateways of WOBAN, 3) it reduces delays, and 4) it allows providers to facilitate different with their access network. In this paper, we study the issue of determining how the components providing the should be placed in WOBAN in order to optimize the resources while providing better service. We formulate this problem as a Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) and solve it on a realistic study case. We show that, by integrating with WOBAN, we can obtain significant performance improvement.

Cost-efficient design for higher capacity hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN)

The hybrid wireless-optical broadband-access network (WOBAN) is a promising architecture for future access networks. Recently, the wireless part of WOBAN has been gaining increasing attention, and early versions are being deployed as municipal access solutions to eliminate the wired drop to every wireless router at customer premises. This architecture saves on network deployment cost because the fiber need not penetrate each end-user, and it extends the reach of emerging optical-access solutions, such as passive optical networks. This paper first presents an architecture and a vision for the WOBAN and articulates why the combination of wireless and optical presents a compelling solution that optimizes the best of both worlds. While this discussion briefly touches upon the business drivers, the main arguments are based on technical and deployment considerations. Consequently, the rest of this paper reviews a variety of relevant research challenges, namely, network setup, network connectivity, and fault-tolerant behavior of the WOBAN. In the network setup, we review the design of a WOBAN where the back end is a wired optical network, the front end is managed by a wireless connectivity, and, in between, the tail ends of the optical part [known as optical network unit (ONU)] communicate directly with wireless base stations (known as ldquogateway routersrdquo). We outline algorithms to optimize the placement of ONUs in a WOBAN and report on a survey that we conducted on the distribution and types of wireless routers in the Wildhorse residential neighborhood of North Davis, CA. Then, we examine the WOBAN's routing properties (network connectivity), discuss the pros and cons of various routing algorithms, and summarize the idea behind fault-tolerant design of such hybrid networks.

SummaryThe hybrid wireless optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is a combination of an optical backhaul and a wireless front‐end, which combine the huge amount of available bandwidth of optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless access networks with the objective of reducing their cost and complexity. Survivability is one of the most important issues in WOBAN. In this paper, the survivability schemes in WOBAN are addressed from a particular point of view of the quality of recovery (QoR) method. The QoR is a comprehensive measure to evaluate the survivability schemes in terms of availability, recovery time, redundancy, and bandwidth of backup path. The specific procedures to set up the analytical models for the survivability schemes in WOBAN are given based on the QoR concept, including abstract, normalization, and application. Besides, the weights assignment is provided to calculate the QoR value for the operators, home users, or business users with different requirements, which in turn offers the user‐perceptive quality of service. To verify the performance of the survivability schemes by the QoR method, extensive simulations are made under different WOBAN configurations. Numerical results show that for the intra‐domain survivability schemes, the wireless and optical mixed protection scheme is the best choice for failure recovery in WOBAN. The wireless scheme is the second choice for the solution, which emphasizes cost control, while for the solution that emphasizes the network performance, the 1:1 scheme is the second choice. The 1:N scheme obtains the worst QoR value as the splitter ratios increase. For the inter‐domain survivability schemes, optimizing backup optical networking units selection and backup fibers deployment scheme outperforms maximum protection with minimum cost scheme from the point of view of QoR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The concept of a hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is a very attractive one. This is because it may be costly in several situations to run fiber to every home (or equivalent end-user premises) from the telecom central office (CO); also, providing wireless access from the CO to every end user may not be possible because of limited spectrum. Thus, running fiber as far as possible from the CO toward the end user and then having wireless access technologies take over may be an excellent compromise. How far should fiber penetrate before wireless takes over is an interesting engineering design and optimization problem, which we address in this paper. We propose and investigate the characteristics of an analytical model for network planning, namely optimum placements of base stations (BSs) and optical network units (ONUs) in a WOBAN (called the primal model, or PM). We develop several constraints to be satisfied: BS and ONU installation constraints, user assignment constraints, channel assignment constraints, capacity constraints, and signal-quality and interference constraints. To solve this PM with reasonable accuracy, we use ldquoLagrangean relaxationrdquo to obtain the corresponding ldquoLagrangean dualrdquo model. We solve this dual problem to obtain a lower bound (LB) of the primal problem. We also develop an algorithm (called the primal algorithm) to solve the PM to obtain an upper bound (UB). Via simulation, we compare this PM to a placement heuristic (called the cellular heuristic) and verify that the placement problem is quite sensitive to a set of chosen metrics.

Wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is regarded as a promising broadband access network technology for meeting the challenges of the exponential increase in Internet traffic. WOBAN combines the reliability and capacity of the passive optical network (PON) with the ubiquity and mobility of the wireless network to cost efficiently deliver services to the end user. In common with other next generation communication networks, WOBAN faces the challenge of delivering very high data rates without sacrificing the quality of service (QoS) and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new resource management technique for improving the energy efficiency of the integrated optical-wireless unit in WOBAN. The concept is based on increasing the idle time of the wireless and optical parts without sacrificing the QoS of end applications, and exploiting idle durations to enable sleep, which ultimately boosts power savings. We use the interoperability for resource management in the wireless and optical parts to maintain the QoS. Our results reveal that extending the idle time and making the resource management in both optical and wireless adapt to the daily traffic fluctuations guarantee the QoS requirements for different traffic and boost energy savings in WOBAN.

Access network infrastructures are being heavily tested by the advent of new multimedia services. Wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is being developed to address such demands. In a WOBAN, service requests migrate from the wireless front end to the optical backend to reach distant cloud servers, creating wireless network bottlenecks that could degrade performance. Thus, Cloud Integrated WOBAN (CIW) is a popular method for combining cloudlets with WOBAN to provide resource-intensive and delay-sensitive applications. Data packets go through a number of intermediary nodes in CIW from the source node to a wireless frontend cloudlet. However, it is a problem to figure out how to schedule these packets throughout the many cloudlets. The proposed work examines the priority-based scheduling method with the packet deadline constraint. The outcome examines a parametric evaluation of the algorithm in terms of the packet drop for the highest priority applications.

In this paper, we investigate mechanisms for improving the quality of communications in wireless-optical broadband access networks (WOBAN), which present a promising solution to meet the growing needs for capacity of access networks. This is achieved by using multiple gateways and multi-channel operation along with a routing protocol that effectively reduces the effect of radio interference. We present a joint route and channel assignment scheme with the objective of maximizing the end-to-end probability of success and minimizing the end-to-end delay for all active upstream traffic in the WOBAN. Performance evaluations of the proposed scheme are presented using ns-2 simulations, which show that the proposed scheme improves the network throughput up to three times and reduces the traffic delay by six times in presence of 12 channels and four network interface cards (NICs), compared to a single channel scenario.

Next-generation access/mobile networks have set high standards in terms of providing wireless services at high data rates in order to keep up with the vast demands for other mobility and multiple services. Wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) technology, also known as fibre-wireless (FiWi), has uncovered incredible opportunities for the future of next-generation networks because it gets the best of both domains: huge bandwidth provided by the optical fibre and high ubiquity of the wireless domain. The objective of FiWi networks is to integrate the high data rate and long reach provided by optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless networks, with the target to decrease their expense and complexity. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) is an inevitable technique for most of the new mobile/wireless networks that are driven by the huge data rates required by today’s users. Consequently, to construct any FiWi system for next-generation (NG) access/broadband networks, an MIMO technique has to be considered. This article presents a comprehensive, contemporary review of the latest subsystems, architectures and integrated technologies of MIMO wireless signals backhauling using optical fibre or fibre access networks, such as passive optical networks (PONs). An overview for FiWi, PONs and MIMO wireless systems is provided. In addition, advanced techniques of accommodating the MIMO wireless signals over optical fibre are explained and compared. Different types of wireless MIMO signals over fibre, such as 5G, WiFi and related transport technologies, are reviewed. Moreover, future research trends are also discussed.

Exponential growth in the volume of wireless data, boosted by the growing popularity of mobile devices, such as smartphone and tablets, has forced the telecommunication industries to rethink the way networks are currently designed, and to focus on the development of high-capacity mobile broadband networks. In response to this challenge, researchers have been working toward the development of an integrated wireless optical broadband access network. Two major candidate technologies, which are currently known for their high capacity as well as quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic, are passive optical networks (PON), and fourth generation (4G) wireless networks. PON is a wired access technology, well known for its cost efficiency and high capacity; whereas 4G is a wireless broadband access technology, which has achieved broad market acceptance because of its ease of deployment, ability to offer mobility, and its cost efficiency. Integration of PON and 4G technologies in the form of wireless-optical broadband access networks, offers advantages, such as extension of networks in rural areas, support for mobile broadband services, and quick deployment of broadband networks. These two technologies however, have different design architectures for handling broadband services that require quality of service. For example, 4G networks use traffic classification for supporting different QoS demands, whereas the PON architecture has no such mechanism to differentiate between types of traffic. These two technologies also differ in their power saving mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a service class mapping for the integrated PON-4G network, which is based on the M/G/1 queuing model. We also propose a class-based power saving mechanism which significantly improves the sleep period for the integrated optical wireless unit, without compromising support for QoS. Results indicate that our proposed class-based power saving scheme reduces power consumption by up to 80%, and maintains the QoS within the requirements of the service level agreement.

The ever increasing needs in internet connectivity leads to the demands for reliable high capacity networks. The future access networks will aimed to satisfy the end user needs through its large bandwidth, higher mobility, best QoS and wide area coverage. Wireless Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN) is a compromised solution which has flexible Wireless mesh network as its front end and robust bandwidth efficient Optical network as its back end. If a network element is failed in front end then the traffic will be rerouted in another path and provides reliable unthreaded connectivity. In case of single segment failure all optical network units (ONU)will be disconnected from the Optical line terminal (OLT) results huge data losses. In existing system optimizing backup ONU deployment scheme (OBOF) supports the survivability of WOBAN. The operational efficiency of WOBAN is improved by Automated Failure Deduction and Rerouting Algorithm (AFDRR) during single segment failure based on least congested routes. Implementations of AFDRR is performed in various wireless technologies like WiFi(802.11), WiMAX(802.16) and UMTS. Data packets are send from sender node to the receiver node and QoS parameters like throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio,energy and path switching time are measured.

Passive Optical Network (PON) deployments have recently been aiming to combine the capacity of metro and access networks in the last mile of the Internet service provisioning. Deployment of PONs by running fiber to the premises introduces the advantage of huge capacity but at the same time, it calls for a robust design in order to avoid long service outage durations in case of network failures where survivable network design is mostly limited to the deployment budget. In this paper, we propose three mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models for various survivability policies to deploy reliable long-reach PONs under the budget limitations. Each MILP model aims to place the ONUs in optimal locations so that the covered area is maximized while availability requirements of the users are satisfied within the deployment budget. We solve the MILP models under the uniform and heterogeneous availability requirement scenarios and show that service availability and coverage introduce a trade-off so as the coverage and deployment cost do. Two out of the three survivability policies can guarantee 99.99% service availability while the third one is able to guarantee 99.999% by running the proposed MILP models. However, the first two schemes are able to cover larger area when compared to the third scheme which is the most reliable protection policy.

Cloud-integrated wireless-optical broadband access network (CIW) is a hybrid network which combines the advantages of wireless access network, cloud computing and optical access network. They build a new advantage which provides flexibility, scalability and easy to deployment. It is an infrastructure as a service which provides to facilitate different cloud services with their access network. In this paper, we have presented deployment of routers, cloud components and users in cloud-integrated wireless-optical broadband access network (CIW) using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Further, we have proposed cloud component connectivity routing algorithm (CCCRA), which provides connectivity between routers and cloud components, using the advantages of cloud service for the end users. Simulation results show different configurations for different number of routers and cloud components illustrating the connectivity between cloud components and routers. This work may be extended to evaluate survivability, energy utilization, etc. of the network.

Next generation access networks are leveraging on the efficiency of fiber access networks to deliver higher data rates in a sustainable manner balancing network deployment costs and the network energy footprint. Towards this direction Passive Optical Networks have been attracting a lot of interest since they can deliver an optimal balance of these two critical factors. However, the transition to next generation optical networks is still an issue under research since no mature technology has yet prevailed. Beyond the cost of the equipment that is used to develop the access systems the overall network architecture must be carefully studied and engineered in order to optimize overall system costs, taking power consumption into account. In this paper we demonstrate how a hybrid fiber access network architecture can combine mature TDM PON technologies and WDM multiplexing to exploit the benefits of an ultra long reach access network leading to a collapsed access and metro network architecture. We show that this combination can lead to lower overall power consumption mainly due to efficient traffic aggregation, node consolidation and simplification of metro and core network design.

This paper considers the problem of self-diagnosis of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) using the comparison approach. In this approach, the network consists of a collection of n independent heterogeneous mobile or stationary hosts interconnected via wireless links, and it is assumed that at most sigma of these hosts are faulty. In order to diagnose the state of the wireless mesh and ad-hoc network, tasks are assigned to pairs of hosts and the outcomes of these tasks are compared. The agreements and disagreements among hosts are the basis for identifying the faulty ones. We develop a new distributed self-diagnosis protocol, called adaptive-DSDP, for MANETs and WMNs that identifies both hard and soft faults in a finite amount of time. We analyze the time and communication complexities of our protocol and compare it to existing self-diagnosis protocols