Co-occurrence Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence

Using a cohort of 544 postpartum mothers, 6 weeks to 12 months post-delivery in the largely rural Makueni County in Kenya, we aimed to determine: (1) the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and the prevalence of each of the four domains of intimate partner violence (IPV), that is physical violence, sexual violence, emotional violence, and controlling behavior; (2) the co-occurrence of PPD and IPV; (3) risk factors and associations between sociodemographic variables and IPV, PPD and IPV and PPD co-occurring. We concurrently administered a researcher-designed sociodemographic ad hoc questionnaire, the WHO Intimate Partner Violence questionnaire and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for adults (MINI Plus) for DSM-IV/ICD10 depression. The prevalence of PPD was 14.5%; Emotional violence 80.3%; Controlling behavior 74.4% (a form of emotional violence); Physical violence 40.3%; Sexual violence 28.9%. We found the following overlaps: 39% of participants reported both physical and emotional violence; 39% had both sexual and emotional violence; 15% experienced physical and sexual violence; and 15% of participants reported physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Postpartum depression was associated with physical violence during pregnancy, self-employed status, history of mood disorders and medical problems in the child. Further, we report associations between various types of IPV and history of depression, physical violence during pregnancy, low education level, marital status, and current depression diagnosis. IPV and PPD were highly prevalent in our population of postpartum mothers. Various types of IPV were significantly associated with various sociodemographic indicators while only sexual violence was significantly associated with PPD. Based on our results, we provide suggestions for potential interventions in the Kenyan setting.

To estimate the prevalence in Australia of intimate partner violence, each intimate partner violence type, and multitype intimate partner violence, overall and by gender, age group, and sexual orientation. National survey; Composite Abuse Scale (Revised)-Short Form administered in mobile telephone interviews, as a component of the Australian Child Maltreatment Study. Australia, 9 April - 11 October 2021. 8503 people aged 16 years or older: 3500 aged 16-24 years and about 1000 each aged 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, or 65 years or older. Proportions of participants who had ever been in an intimate partner relationship since the age of 16 years (overall, and by gender, age group, and sexual orientation) who reported ever experiencing intimate partner physical, sexual, or psychological violence. Survey data were available for 8503 eligible participants (14% of eligible persons contacted), of whom 7022 had been in intimate relationships. The prevalence of experiencing any intimate partner violence was 44.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.3-46.2%); physical violence was reported by 29.1% (95% CI, 27.7-30.4%) of participants, sexual violence by 11.7% (95% CI, 10.8-12.7%), and psychological violence by 41.2% (95% CI, 39.8-42.6%). The prevalence of experiencing intimate partner violence was significantly higher among women (48.4%; 95% CI, 46.3-50.4%) than men (40.4%; 95% CI, 38.3-42.5%); the prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychological violence were also higher for women. The proportion of participants of diverse genders who reported experiencing intimate partner violence was high (62 of 88 participants; 69%; 95% CI, 55-83%). The proportion of non-heterosexual participants who reported experiencing intimate partner violence (70.2%; 95% CI, 65.7-74.7%) was larger than for those of heterosexual orientation (43.1%; 95% CI, 41.6-44.6%). More women (33.7%; 95% CI, 31.7-35.6%) than men (22.7%; 95% CI, 20.9-24.5%) reported multitype intimate partner violence. Larger proportions of participants aged 25-44 years (51.4%; 95% CI, 48.9-53.9%) or 16-24 years (48.4%, 95% CI, 46.1-50.6%) reported experiencing intimate partner violence than of participants aged 45 years or older (39.9%; 95% CI, 37.9-41.9%). Intimate partner violence is widespread in Australia. Women are significantly more likely than men to experience any intimate partner violence, each type of violence, and multitype intimate partner violence. A comprehensive national prevention policy is needed, and clinicians should be helped with recognising and responding to intimate partner violence.

Purpose The present study described associations between profile membership, based on lifetime experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and three conceptually relevant groups of variables hypothesized to facilitate vulnerability to IPV among emerging adults: Risky substance use, lifetime experiences of adversity, and dysfunctional relationship characteristics. Methods An ethnically and racially diverse sample of U.S. transgender adults ( N = 248, age M = 22.61 years) were surveyed using the CloudResearch participant recruitment platform. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to model the optimum number of underlying groups of participants, based on their self-reported lifetime experiences of psychological control, physical violence, and sexual violence by romantic or sexual partners. Results Four profiles were identified: High All IPV Scales, Low All IPV Scales, High Psychological/Physical IPV, and High Sexual IPV. Significant between-profile differences in dependent variables varied by variable domain. However, members of the small High All IPV Scales profile reported the highest mean scores for all indicators of risky substance use and lifetime adversity and very high mean scores for relational aggression and relational victimization. Conclusions There was substantial heterogeneity in transgender emerging adults’ experiences of IPV. More complex patterns of lifetime IPV were significantly associated with more severe patterns of risky substance use, lifetime adversity and forms of conflict in intimate relationships. The information generated in this descriptive study may be used to inform tailored counseling interventions for transgender emerging adults by integrating into IPV risk reduction initiatives detailed information regarding factors that facilitate client vulnerability to IPV.

A Systematic Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Epidemiology and Health Outcomes in Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals

BackgroundA substantial proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa occur within serodiscordant cohabiting heterosexual couples. Intimate partner violence is a major concern for couple-oriented HIV preventive approaches. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected and -uninfected women in Togo. We also described the severity and consequences of this violence as well as care-seeking behaviors of women exposed to intimate partner violence.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and July 2011 within Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital in Lomé. HIV-infected women attending HIV care and uninfected women attending postnatal care and/or children immunization visits were interviewed. Intimate partner physical and sexual violence and controlling behaviors were assessed using an adapted version of the WHO Multi-country study on Women's Health and Life Events questionnaire.ResultsOverall, 150 HIV-uninfected and 304 HIV-infected women accepted to be interviewed. The prevalence rates of lifetime physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected women were significantly higher than among uninfected women (63.1 vs. 39.3%, p<0.01 and 69.7 vs. 35.3%, p<0.01, respectively). Forty-two percent of the women reported having ever had physical injuries as a consequence of intimate partner violence. Among injured women, only one-third had ever disclosed real causes of injuries to medical staff and none of them had been referred to local organizations to receive appropriate psychological support. Regardless of HIV status and after adjustment on potential confounders, the risk of intimate partner physical and sexual violence was strongly and significantly associated with male partner multi-partnership and early start of sexual life. Among uninfected women, physical violence was significantly associated with gender submissive attitudes.Discussion and conclusionsThe prevalence rates of both lifetime physical and sexual violence were very high among HIV-uninfected women and even higher among HIV-infected women recruited in health facilities in this West African country. Screening for intimate partner violence should be systematic in health-care settings, and specifically within HIV care services. At a time of increased investments in couple-oriented HIV prevention interventions, further longitudinal research to better understanding of HIV-serodiscordant couple dynamics in terms of intimate partner violence is needed.

Associations between intimate partner violence, violence-related policies, and HIV diagnosis rate among women in the United States

ABSTRACTObjective.To determine predictors associated with physical violence during pregnancy, and to determine the relationship between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and women’s health and suicide ideation in Guyana.Methods.A secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional household survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to the data to estimate the association between physical violence during pregnancy, controlling partner behavior, and other predictors. Ordered logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association between physical violence during pregnancy and women’s health, and lifetime physical partner violence and overall health. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate associations between physical violence during pregnancy and lifetime physical partner violence and overall health and suicide ideation.Results.The prevalence of lifetime physical/sexual intimate partner violence was 38.8%, current physical/sexual intimate partner violence 11.1%, and violence during pregnancy 9.2%. Controlling partner behavior was significantly and positively associated with maternal experience of physical violence during pregnancy. Experiencing physical partner violence during pregnancy, but not lifetime physical partner violence, was associated with significantly increased odds of poor overall health. Physical violence during pregnancy and lifetime physical violence were both significantly associated with increased odds of suicide ideation.Conclusions.The prevalence of violence during pregnancy in Guyana is high and is associated with adverse health outcomes. These findings suggest the need for intimate partner violence prevention, and for integrating intimate partner violence screening and treatment into antenatal care, reproductive health services, and maternal and child health programs and services to identify and treat at-risk women.

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV), a subtype of domestic violence, is a pervasive global problem with life-long impacts. Among U.S. older adults, the prevalence of psychological IPV (PAIPV) is 2.1%, and physical IPV (PVIPV) is 0.8%. Sadly, underrepresented individuals, including immigrants, have less access to resources that can serve as IPV protective factors. Due to the growing immigrant and older population in the U.S., it is essential to identify their unique IPV characteristics. Objective and Method: This study used and analyzed the latest publicly available cross-sectional data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2016/17 (n=10,957) of a selected national sample of English and Spanish-speaking immigrants (n=1,121) to identify their odds of experiencing PAIPV or PVIPV-based on identified demographic characteristics, including age. Additionally, of interest and identified was the prevalence of PAIPV and PVIPV among older immigrants 65+ years (n=124). Results Contrary to the literature, among older immigrants aged 65+ years, PVIPV (10.7%) was more prevalent than PAIPV (9.1%). In an adjusted regression model for PAIPV at 95% CI, Spanish and/or English-speaking immigrants aged 65+ years were 3.147 [1.065, 9.299] significantly more likely to experience PAIPV than younger immigrants. However, age was not significantly associated with PVIPV. To conclude, IPV presents itself in unique etiologies among older immigrants. This study is an initial step toward using national data to understand IPV better for a combined male and female sample of older immigrants in the U.S. Further discussed will be the distinct differences in the study findings.

According to the Centers for Disease Control on National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence in 2010, more than 1 in 3 women (35.6%) and more than 1 in 4 men (28.5%) in the United States have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime. Throughout history, someone they knew has most often victimized women. Over the past thirty years, feminist organizers of the domestic violence (DV) movement powered public awareness regarding the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) dominantly. This led to the development of a network of shelters and other support services for victims, and altered the criminal justice system’s response to survivors (Goodman & Epstein, 2008). Homelessness in the lives of intimate partner victims cannot be underestimated as violence in the homes of women is one of the factors leading to their homelessness (Bassuk, Buckner, Weinreb, Browne, Bassuk, Dawson & Perlojf, 1997). This study presents a qualitative study of the subjective experiences of women who have survived intimate partner violence and are staying at shelters. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four survivors. The interviews highlighted the forms of support the women received as shelter residents, and their perceptions on improvement strategies to make their stay in shelters more successful. Findings portrayed that women appreciated the assistance they received to meet their physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological needs. However, residents emphasized emotional and physical needs as paramount in the forms of support they received. Suggestions to make shelter stay of residents more successful included encouraging support groups for survivors and children, as well as a reduction in restrictions that governed shared spaces of shelter residents. KEYWORDS: Intimate partner violence, women, survivors, shelters, subjective experiences

PurposeThis study was conducted to identify the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with four forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) among HIV-positive women attending the Comprehensive Care Centre at the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 600 sexually active HIV-positive women aged 18–69 years from May to August of 2012. A structured questionnaire including questions pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, health care decisions, and forms of IPV (controlling behavior, emotional abuse, physical violence, and sexual violence) was administered to each woman.ResultsAll women reported experiencing emotional abuse; 20%, 17%, and 15% experienced controlling behavior, physical violence, and sexual violence, respectively. Women who reported low/below average socioeconomic status (SES) had a greater likelihood of experiencing controlling behavior than women with high/average SES (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] =1.62, 95% CI 1.05–2.51). Women who were unemployed had greater odds of experiencing physical violence than those who were employed (aOR =2.35, 95% CI 1.31–4.23). Non-Christian women had higher odds of experiencing controlling behavior, physical violence, and sexual violence than Christian women (aOR =4.41, 95% CI 1.81–10.76 and aOR =3.33, 95% CI 1.43–7.80).ConclusionBased on the prevalence of IPV and the sociodemographic factors identified to be associated with IPV among women in this study it may be beneficial to include IPV screening as part of routine clinic visits for HIV-positive and other women. Furthermore, women who report emotional abuse or controlling behavior from spouse should not be overlooked, as these two forms of IPV may precede or accompany physical and sexual IPV. Women who report experiencing IPV during clinic visits may be referred to organizations and resources available to battered women in Kenya. Increased funding for anti-IPV programs and changes in policy may also contribute to a reduction in IPV among HIV-positive and other women in Kenya.

BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health problem with serious consequences. This study was conducted to assess the magnitude of IPV in Southwest Ethiopia in predominantly rural community.MethodsThis community based cross-sectional study was conducted in May, 2009 in Southwest Ethiopia using the World Health Organization core questionnaire to measure violence against women. Trained data collectors interviewed 851 ever-married women. Stata version 10.1 software and SPSS version 12.0.1 for windows were used for data analysis.ResultIn this study the life time prevalence of sexual or physical partner violence, or both was 64.7% (95%CI: 61.4%–67.9%). The lifetime sexual violence [50.1% (95% CI: 46.7%–53.4%)] was considerably more prevalent than physical violence [41.1% (95%:37.8–44.5)]. A sizable proportion [41.5%(95%CI: 38.2%–44.8%)] of women reported physical or sexual violence, or both, in the past year. Men who were controlling were more likely to be violent against their partner.ConclusionPhysical and sexual violence is common among ever-married women in Southwest Ethiopia. Interventions targeting controlling men might help in reducing IPV. Further prospective longitudinal studies among ever-married women are important to identify predictors and to study the dynamics of violence over time.

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem. Electronic empowerment has several positive impacts on health. No study has examined whether electronic empowerment prevents intimate partner violence. Economic empowerment has positive and negative effects on IPV victimization. The current study was conducted to investigate whether economic and electronic empowerment of women act as protective factors against IPV in India.MethodsA national representative sample of 66,013 ever-married women from 36 member states and union territories of India has been used from the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016. Emotional, physical and sexual violence against women by husbands were target variables. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of emotional violence was 13%, physical violence was 28% and sexual violence was 7%. IPV against women was as follows: The prevalence was higher among women living in rural areas, belonging to Hindu religion and those belonging to Scheduled Castes. Higher education and higher socio-economic status were found to be protective factors against IPV. The prevalence of IPV was higher among the working women, among those having knowledge of business loans for women and the recipients of such business loans. Exposure to media was found to reduce IPV. The women who used mobile phones and SMS facility experienced less violence.ConclusionEconomic independence of women was found to be a risk factor for IPV in India, whereas electronic empowerment was a protective factor. In the Indian context, policymakers should make use of mobile phones and support SMS use in the IPV awareness programs. Women empowerment, combined with gender equity, can reduce the prevalence of violence against women.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem with significant consequences on women's health. This study estimates the prevalence of intimate partner violence by type among Madrid's female population and assesses the association with socio-economic variables. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2004, 2136 women aged 18-70 years, living in the Madrid region with a partner or who had been in contact with an ex-partner in the previous year, were interviewed by telephone. The questionnaire used to measure past-year intimate partner violence, consisted of a Spanish translation of the psychological and sexual violence module of the French National Survey on Violence against Women, and the physical violence module of the Conflict Tactics Scale-1. To assess the association with socio-economic factors, logistic regression models were fitted. About 10.1% [confidence interval (CI) 8.9-11.5] of the women had suffered some type of IPV in the previous year. 8.6% (CI 7.4-9.8) experienced psychological violence, 2.4% (CI 1.8-3.1) physical violence and 1.1% (CI 0.68-1.6) sexual violence; the prevalence of psychological-only violence (non-physical/non-sexual) was 6.9% (CI 5.8-8.0). Factors associated with psychological-only violence were divorced or separated status and Group III (clerical workers; supervisors of manual workers) or V (unskilled manual workers) occupation. Unemployment and divorced or separated status were associated with physical violence. Spanish women in our study, experienced past year partner violence at a similar level as in other industrialized countries. Unemployment and low occupational status are associated with physical and psychological-only violence, respectively.

BackgroundReducing neonatal mortality is a global priority, and improvements in postnatal health (PNH) practices in India are needed to do so. Intimate partner violence (IPV) may be associated with PNH practices, but little research has assessed this relationship.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of data from a representative household sample of mothers of neonates 0–11 months old in Bihar, India was conducted. The relationship between lifetime IPV experience (physical violence only, sexual violence only, or both physical and sexual violence) and PNH practices [clean cord care, kangaroo mother care, early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), delayed bathing, receipt of a postnatal care visit, exclusive breastfeeding, and current post-partum contraceptive use] was assessed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsOver 45% of the 10,469 mothers experienced IPV in their lifetime. The three types of IPV experiences differentially related to PNH practices. Adjusted analyses revealed that compared to those who had never experienced IPV, women who experienced physical violence only (29.0%) had higher odds of skin-to-skin care (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.42, 1.96) and delayed bathing (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.37), but lower odds of EIBF (AOR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.70, 0.93) and exclusive breastfeeding (AOR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.71, 0.96). Mothers who had experienced sexual violence only (2.3%) had lower odds of practicing EIBF (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.36, 0.76). Those who had both experiences of physical and sexual violence (14.0%) had increased odds of postpartum modern contraceptive use (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.71) and lower odds of delayed bathing (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.63, 0.91).ConclusionsThe results of this study found differing patterns of vulnerability to poor PNH practices depending on the type of IPV experienced. Efforts to increase access to health services for women experiencing IPV and to integrate IPV intervention into such service may increase PNH practices, and as a result, reduce neonatal mortality.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health and employment outcomes concern around the world. The relationship between IPV and economic participation is fundamental to understand barriers to women's empowerment and achieving gender equality and the economic independence from employment income could reduce the risk of conjugal violence by predicting family bargaining theories. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the association between Intimate partner violence on the participation of women in the labour market and their access to employment in the form of being a wage worker, self-employed or unpaid family worker and using data from the Demographic and Health Data Survey carry out in 2018. Intimate partner violence is apprehended from its three dimensions (physical, emotional and sexual violence) Empirically, IPV is apprehended from its three dimensions (physical, emotional and sexual violence) and the instrumental variables method was used The estimated results of the iv probit regression model suggest that, IPV has a positive effect on women's possession of and access to paid employment, it is statistically significant after controlling for simultaneous causality between employment status and IPV. On the other hand, women participating in the labor market are exposed to IPV of 313.7 ‰, 11.0% of women's possession of a job paid in cash or in kind and 40% of working for a family member which confirms the family negotiation model. Physical violence from an intimate partner is the most widespread, around 56% for women who declared participating in the labor market and having paid employment and 61.67% of those working with a family member. The results presented reflect important information in a way that IPVs do not affect women's employment. Several motivations justify men's recourse to violence and the mechanisms involved can act either individually or simultaneously. One preventable condition is the reduction in time combined with violent confluence which can doubly reduce violence and give rise to financial autonomy.