Co-teaching: a faculty development strategy.

BackgroundThe role of clinician educators has expanded to encompass diverse responsibilities alongside providing competent care and engaging in scholarly activities. Faculty development (FD) programs have emerged as vital tools for equipping educators with teaching skills and career advancement opportunities. However, assessing faculty development programs’ impact on organizational culture remains challenging due to their multifaceted nature. This study explores this gap to understand how faculty development influences organizational culture.MethodsThis qualitative study used a constructivist approach to explore faculty perspectives on the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) Faculty Development Program’s influence on organizational culture. Forty-three faculty members participated in nine semi-structured focus groups, selected for diversity across roles and locations. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and anonymized to ensure accuracy and participant confidentiality.Data analysisTranscripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. A multidisciplinary team independently reviewed transcripts, identified preliminary codes, and refined themes through iterative consensus building. Coding was organized using memos and grouped into themes. Using information power principles, the team determined that nine focus groups provided sufficient data richness to meet the study’s aims.ResultsThe research team identified and refined four central themes: professionalization, legitimization, the value of community, and leadership impact. The participants reported a greater sense of professionalization through enhanced teaching skills, increased awareness of educational literature, and heightened confidence in their educator roles. The faculty development program fostered a strong community, promoting collaboration, knowledge sharing, and mutual support across specialties and locations. Leadership impact was evident at individual and institutional levels, increasing confidence, mentorship, and organizational support.ConclusionsThis study provides valuable insights into the organizational impact of faculty development programs, shedding light on how such initiatives influence faculty experiences and organizational culture. Future research should explore leadership values, faculty retention, burnout prevention, and the broader value of education within academic institutions.

A key challenge for faculty development is ensuring that learning is transferred to the workplace. An effective program fosters the development of a particular blend of knowledge, dispositions, and behaviors that are applied and sustained over time. The role of expert clinician aside, faculty in academic institutions may not be formally prepared for the evolving range of roles and tasks they are asked to fulfill. Designing an effective faculty development program poses formidable challenges. While the literature offers ample guidance on designing faculty development episodes, perspectives on organized and comprehensive faculty development programs based on the principles of transfer of training are lacking. In this perspective, we highlight 11 key considerations for effective faculty development in an institutional context (TABLE). Our aim is to guide individuals responsible for designing and implementing a development program with the goal of enhancing the transfer of learning into workplace practice.

Community-based doctors are increasingly utilised for the clinical education of medical students. Faculty development programmes are frequently provided. However, data about the community faculty-student teaching interaction and the longterm impact of such programmes are limited. This study observes community faculty-student teaching interactions and assesses the use of clinical teaching methods taught during faculty development workshops. Between March and August 2002, 13 rural, urban and suburban community-based faculty who completed at least 1 faculty development workshop were observed during faculty-student-patient encounters and interviewed. Observer-interviewers utilised a checklist to record teaching styles, methods and skills, and administered a questionnaire to obtain community faculty's self-perceptions. On observation, the assertive precepting style and didactic teaching predominated in 90% and 86% of teaching encounters, respectively. Interactive discussion and direct observation occurred less often, in 71% and 18% of encounters, respectively. Feedback was provided in 25% of encounters. On interview, community faculty reported that faculty development workshops resulted in improved precepting effectiveness and professional satisfaction with moderate to considerable improvement in feedback, interactive teaching and use of multiple precepting styles for 100%, 77% and 77% of community faculty, respectively. Community faculty reported that their skills in addressing problem students, direct observation and didactic teaching improved moderately. There was little statistical correlation between self-assessed and observed skills. Community-based faculty rate their teaching skills as improved following faculty development. Observation reveals that interactive discussion, direct observation, feedback and problem management skills are still lacking.

BackgroundWorkshops are the most common models to enhance knowledge and skills in a specific subject area with an intent to explore, solve a problem and/or innovate new things. The most important aspect of a workshop is the transfer of knowledge in a safe learning environment as a faculty development activity (FDA). At International Medical University (IMU), Malaysia’s first private medical university which was established in 1992, Faculty Development Programmes (FDPs) are run throughout the year in order to enhance the knowledge and skills in teaching and assessment. In order to sustain this faculty development, IMU has a dedicated medical education unit called the IMU Centre of Education (ICE) with dedicated staff and respected faculty developers who are academic role models to the faculty of the institution. However, FDA are collaboratively run by ICE and IMU Centre for lifelong learning (ICL).ObjectivesTo determine the immediate impact of faculty development workshops for health professionals in teaching schools of IMU to enhance the teaching and assessment abilities of the faculty.MethodologyA retrospective quantitative research design was developed to collect data from multiple standard setting workshops using a 3-point Likert scale. A 20 items questionnaire as a pretest from the participants with and without the prior reading of online posted reading materials. An interventional hands-on workshop and a post-test score, using the same 20 items questionnaire, followed the workshop intervention. A collated quantitative data were gathered from a sample of 139 participants attending the standard setting workshops. Data were analysed using paired t test, one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA with effect size in SPSS version 24.ResultsA mean difference between pretest and post-test score was significant at t (138) = 92.24, p < 0.01. A barely significant difference of mean scores between pre-read, partially read and not-read participants was found at F (1, 136) = 9.402, p = < 0.05 and η2 = 0.121 by one-way ANOVA. A post-test difference of the mean scores across those read, partially read and not-read for reading materials on a controlled pretest score determined by one-way ANCOVA remained non-significant at F (1, 136) = 0.240, p = 0.787 associated with a practical effect size = 0.4% only.ConclusionA significant difference of the mean pretest and post-test score within the group was also significant between the groups. A post-test score, controlling on pretest score, was found not significant and is suggestive of an effectively delivered workshop for all participants. As a practical guide, a 7-step plan is recommended to ensure immediate impact of FDP. Majority of the participants rated the workshop as good in terms of content, organisation, delivery and usefulness. A high percentage of survey respondents reported that similar workshops to be offered in future.

Supporting Change in Entrepreneurship Education: Creating a Faculty Development Program Grounded in Results from a Literature ReviewEpicenter, an NSF-funded STEP Center, is creating a team-based program to supportinstitutional change and faculty development, the Pathways to Innovation Program, with the goalof integrating entrepreneurship and innovation education into formal and informal engineeringcurriculums in higher education. To guide the design and implementation of the facultydevelopment program, a literature review was conducted during June-August 2013 to identifyeffective models and promising practices from the complementary topic areas of facultydevelopment and change in higher education. During the review and selection process, relevantarticles were expected to address the following parameters:1. Scale: the faculty development program should be regional or national;2. Topic: the program should support engineering faculty in adopting or adapting curricula;3. Context: engineering faculty should integrate entrepreneurship and innovation curricula;4. Sustainability: successful changes would be institutionalized at all levels;5. Evaluation: faculty development programs would demonstrate changed attitudes, knowledge, and practices in engineering faculty and students.Although articles that definitively addressed all of these parameters were not found, we wereable to identify articles that reported promising practices or models around Scale, Context, and tosome extent, Evaluation. We synthesized these results into findings about the components ofeffective faculty development and change programs.Components of Meaningful Faculty Development Programs:• The combination of duration, experiential learning opportunities, and peer interaction are factors that contribute to meaningful faculty development programs.• The content and activity of faculty development programs should be constructed around a learning theory and principles of instructional design.• Evaluation, beyond satisfaction, is not conducted programmatically in faculty development programs; but it should be incorporated into every stage of a faculty development program, including pre-planning activities.Components of Fostering Change in Higher Education• Curriculum change must be viewed systemically. It is not merely a matter of ‘adding-on’ or ‘adding-in’ missing or new curriculum components.• Theories of change must guide the work of making change in order to evaluate the success of particular approaches or the impact of the change effort.• External facilitators are essential to managing group change processes and to creating a less stressful learning environment when faculty members begin to question their approaches.Our paper will present detailed results about promising faculty development models andinstitutional and curricular change management processes. It will discuss implications of thefindings and recommendations for the design of the Pathways to Innovation Program. And it willreport on the progress of the program launch (planned for Spring 2014) and integration intoentrepreneurship and innovation curriculums at participating institutions of higher education.

Background Medical education is a continuously evolving field that requires faculty members to engage in ongoing professional development to maintain high-quality instructions. Faculty development programs at medical education department of medical colleges play a critical role in equipping educators with the necessary skills to address the dynamic challenges of medical education. However, the effectiveness of such programs is contingent upon accurately identifying faculty training needs. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive need assessment survey to determine the specific areas where faculty members require further development in order to improvise their teaching skills. Methods The study was conducted at College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. A structured google survey was designed and developed to assess faculty training needs across various competencies, including teaching methodologies, clinical instruction, curriculum development, and educational research. Faculty members were asked to rate the importance of each competency and indicate their need for additional training. The survey was distributed to all faculty members of college of medicine, King Faisal University, Al-ahsa by email. 41 faculty members across different departments, including Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Neurosciences, and Obstetrics and Gynecology responded to the survey. Data collection was conducted over one month, and responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results The survey yielded responses from 41 faculty members, with Assistant Professors constituting 70% of the participants. The highest departmental representation was from Biomedical Sciences (35%) and Surgery (25%). Teaching in large and small groups received the highest mean importance rating (4.5), followed by facilitating and managing learning (4.3). The most frequently reported areas requiring additional training included large group teaching (65%), assessment and learning (60%), and educational research (55%). Faculty members recommended regular workshops on teaching methodologies, educational research, and statistical analysis, with an emphasis on accreditation of training sessions through relevant health authorities. Discussion The findings highlight the critical need for faculty development in large group teaching, student assessment, and educational research. The increasing role of technology in medical education was also evident, as faculty members expressed a need for training in e-learning platforms. Need assessment surveys provide valuable insights for tailoring faculty development initiatives; however, their limitations must be acknowledged. Surveys may not capture all faculty challenges due to reliance on self-reported data, potentially leading to a narrow focus on training programs. To address these limitations, institutions should integrate qualitative methods such as focus groups and peer mentoring to supplement survey findings. The integration of interdisciplinary faculty development initiatives has the potential to augment collaborative efforts and elevate the quality of educational experiences. Conclusion: This need assessment survey provides essential insights into the training needs of faculty members, emphasizing the importance of structured and targeted faculty development programs. While need assessment surveys serve as a foundational tool for shaping faculty training initiatives by the Faculty Development Committee, Medical institutions must adopt a multifaceted approach that includes qualitative insights and collaborative strategies to ensure comprehensive professional development of faculty members and other staff. By fostering an inclusive and dynamic faculty development culture, medical institutions can enhance teaching effectiveness and improve overall educational outcomes. The study helped a lot in development of annual faculty training need for the college of medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 01 January’26 Page : 297-304

Faculty development programs (FDPs) have proven to be successful for improving teaching skills in higher education. This review article summarizes literature reviews and resource books on faculty development. It tackled why FDP is important, history of FDP in the past years, and questioned whether FDP produced any positive effect on students' academic achievement as well as the different methods to assess FDPs effectiveness. The review also discussed how to establish FDP, presented its ideal structure, features that make FDP effective, and outlined the barriers to its successful implementation as well as the future vision. This report also highlighted the situation of FDP in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the review concluded that professional FDPs produce promising outcomes in the learning and teaching practices and recommended that teachers in higher education should attend FDP training activities on regular basis and that the scope of planned FDPs should extend beyond the health professions discipline, to include social skills necessary for collaboration, professional growth as well as management, and leadership abilities.

Introduction It is my intent in this article to apply recent theoretical developments in adult education to instructional development practice. More specifically, I will use the process of self-directed learning and the theory of transformative learning to reframe the roles that instructional developers adopt in working with faculty. Background Colleges and universities across North America as well as government departments responsible for higher education are increasingly paying attention to the quality of teaching [28]. This growing concern has led to renewed attention to faculty growth and development: how new faculty acquire their teaching skills [4], what higher education administrators can do to foster good teaching [31], the role of evaluation in enhancing effectiveness [12], and practical strategies for the instructional developer [39]. What is particularly encouraging are recent attempts to view instructional development from new perspectives that treat faculty as adult co-learners; for example, Zuber-Skerritt's [41] interest in collaborative research between developers and faculty; Amundsen, Gryspeerdt and Moxness's [1] work with faculty discussion groups; and Lunde and Hartung's [25] Cooperative Program for the Professional Renewal of Faculty. However, Levinson-Rose and Menges's [24] concern of a dozen years ago is still a concern of writers and researchers in faculty development. Upon reviewing the literature from the inception of faculty development programs in the late 1960s until 1980, Levinson-Rose and Menges concluded that most programs provided superficial experiences. They tended to focus on the teaching of specific techniques (constructing tests, preparing course outlines) in a prescriptive format and without consideration of the context of the faculty member's teaching or his or her prior knowledge and experience. The primary evidence of the effectiveness of such strategies was participants' ratings of their satisfaction with the session [24]. It became clear that one fundamental limitation of both practice and research in instructional development was the lack of a coherent and comprehensive theoretical foundation for the field. Institutions interested in the quality of teaching naturally enough followed the common model of establishing a center to support and enhance teaching. Such a center would then be staffed by developers (academic or staff positions) and support personnel. Generally, little formal training was available to such individuals [6]; therefore they relied on available guides and resources emphasizing practical techniques. Their research interests then focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of their practice. This is not to say that promising theoretical work was not done, but it did tend to be somewhat fragmented, related to single aspects of the field. The intent here is not to provide a comprehensive review of these works; some illustrations should suffice to underline the point being made. Faculty development was linked with career development, drawing on stage theories [7], and with organizational development [21] models. Smith [35] and Smith and Schwartz [36] drew on Argyris and Schon's [2] action theory to devise strategies for helping faculty identify their assumptions about teaching. Brinko [6] used Vygotsky's [38] theory of cognitive development to describe communication between the instructional developer and the faculty member. Several researchers have used cognitive theory as a means of understanding faculty members' knowledge of their subject matter and of their instruction [29, 34]. Each of these aspects of instructional development are important, and the work being done to understand them by drawing on various theories can only be applauded. Yet one is still left with the sense that a more comprehensive theoretical framework would serve to enhance these efforts as well as the work of practitioners in the field. Rationale Faculty are adult learners. …

PurposeThe faculties are crucial to education. They should have enough training facilities and be encouraged to actively contribute to high-quality education and successful learning. Faculty engagement and development activities should be explored and included in learning organizations and employee engagement in India. This paper aims to describe higher education as a learning organization. The research will also assess how faculty development programs affect faculty engagement behaviors in these institutions and if professional development mediates this effect, which has not been previously examined.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted with quantitative data collected from 267 faculties through reliable and validated adapted questionnaires. Semistructured interviews were conducted with heads and professor-level faculties to gain insights into faculty development and engagement. Partial least squares structural equation modeling technique (PLS-SEM 3.3.6 version) was used to test the conceptually drafted model.FindingsFaculty professional development programs shown to improve higher education faculty engagement and professional progress. The studies also showed that higher education institutions must prioritize faculty development to become learning organizations. Professional development reduced the direct effects of faculty development program (FDP) on faculty engagement. This suggests that professional growth mediates the research.Practical implicationsThis research emphasizes and professional development to boost teacher involvement in B-Schools. Management must design faculty development programs to construct professional development and learning organizations, according to the results. Developing and writing rules that encourage faculty engagement in such internal and external programs would also enhance their academic and administrative abilities and assist higher education institutions become learning organizations.Originality/valueThe study is one of the few to examine the impact of faculty development programs and professional development on faculty engagement in higher education institutions, particularly B-Schools, and its competitive mediating role.

Evolving as Nurse Educators in Problem-Based Learning Through a Community of Faculty Development

ABSTRACTProblem: Clinical reasoning is a necessary skill for medical students to acquire in the course of their education, and there is evidence that they can start this process at the undergraduate level. However, physician educators who are experts in their given fields may have difficulty conveying their complex thought processes to students. Providing faculty development that equips educators with tools to teach clinical reasoning may support skill development in early medical students. Intervention: We provided faculty development on a modified Bayesian method of teaching clinical reasoning to clinician educators who facilitated small-group, case-based workshops with 2nd-year medical students. We interviewed them before and after the module regarding their perceptions on teaching clinical reasoning. We solicited feedback from the students about the effectiveness of the method in developing their clinical reasoning skills. Context: We carried out this project during an institutional curriculum rebuild where clinical reasoning was a defined goal. At the time of the intervention, there was also increased involvement of the Teaching and Learning Center in elevating the status of teaching and learning. Outcome: There was high overall satisfaction with the faculty development program. Both the faculty and the students described the modified Bayesian approach as effective in fostering the development of clinical reasoning skills. Lessons Learned: Through this work, we learned how to form a beneficial partnership between a clinician educator and Teaching and Learning Center to promote faculty development on a clinical reasoning teaching method for early medical students. We uncovered challenges faced by both faculty and early learners in this study. We observed that our faculty chose to utilize the method of teaching clinical reasoning in a variety of manners in the classroom. Despite obstacles and differing approaches utilized, we believe that this model can be emulated at other institutions to foster the development of clinical reasoning skills in preclerkship students.

Collaborative case studies and Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) play an important role in education now. Researchers find that Computer Assisted Collaboration Engineering (CACE) and Process Support Systems (PSS) can support the collaborative process well. There is little research indicates that what kind of CACE is useful to support the group case studies in the CSCL settings. In this paper, we design an easy and simple PSS to support college students' collaborative group case studies and find out whether the system can work well. We basically do the system analysis with the Seven-Layer Model of Collaboration (SLMC) model and CACE/PSS. Then the Discussion Platform for student case studies is developed with the agile method on the WAMP platform (Windows/Linux+ Apache+ Mysql+ Php). Finally, the PSS has been tested in a case study of a China university course throughout one semester by 9 student groups. Survey data has been collected to evaluate the system and generate conclusions.

The current investigation aimed to assess the level of participation and recognition received by faculty members from State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the Province of Iloilo as part of their faculty development programs. The obtained results will be utilized to develop an improved five-year faculty development plan. This study employed a quantitative research design, utilizing a descriptive method to determine the degree of engagement with various components of the faculty development program, which would serve as the basis for the faculty development model. A total of 848 respondents were randomly selected through simple random sampling and completed a survey questionnaire. Frequency count, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were employed to provide a descriptive analysis of the data. Furthermore, Chi-Square, Mann Whitney U Test, and Kruskal Wallis Test were utilized to examine significant differences in the extent of faculty development program utilization. The findings indicate that the majority of faculty members from SUCs expressed "very satisfied" levels of satisfaction regarding their engagement in scholarships, seminars, training, conferences, and symposia. They also reported being "satisfied" with their involvement in other faculty development programs, with the exception of fellowships. Moreover, the study revealed that there was no significant relationship between the extent of satisfaction with the faculty development program components and demographic profiles, except for the plantilla position. Post hoc analysis indicated significant differences among respondents holding the positions of instructors and associate professors, as well as assistant professors and associate professors.

AAIM Recommendations to Promote Equity in the Clerkship Clinical Learning Environment

Introduction: Medical students develop professional identity through structured activities and impromptu interactions in various settings. We explored if contributing to an Objective Structured Teaching Exercise (OSTE) influenced students’ professional identity development.Methods: University clinical faculty members participated in a faculty development program on clinical supervision. Medical students who participated in OSTEs as simulated residents were interviewed in focus groups about what they learnt from the experience and how the experience influenced their vision of learning and teaching. Transcripts were analyzed using the Goldie’s personality and social structure perspective model.Results: Twenty-five medical students out of 32 students involved in OSTEs participated. On an institutional level, students developed a feeling of belonging to the institution. At an interactional level, students realized they could influence the teaching interaction by actively seeking or giving feedback. On the personal level, students realized that errors could become sources of learning and felt better prepared to receive faculty feedback.Conclusion: Taking part in OSTEs as a simulated resident has a positive impact on students’ vision regarding the institution as a learning environment and their own role by actively seeking or giving feedback. OSTEs support their professional identity development regarding learning and teaching while sustaining faculty development.