Codeswitches in Caesar and Catullus

REVIEWS 3I9 going on to an account of the moment of truth for Belarusiansovereignty in summer 2002 when AleksandrLukashenka,finallyrejectedby an exasperated Putin, declared 'Belarus will never become the goth subject of the Russian Federation'(p. I40), something thatearnedhim ironicpraisein theBelarusian liberal press. The article begins by noting the narrowing in the use of Belarusianafterthe referendumin 1995 and the increasinglysymbolic rather than informational use of the contemporary language. The competition between the old, repressed, orthography (taras'evica) and the Sovietized (Russified)narkomaulka. The mixing of language takesmany forms:sometimes in a Russian article Belarusianwords are used to express the central idea; in politicalspeech Belarusianwordsmayindicatea nationallyaware,renaissance orientation; Belarusian can be a marker of 'solidity' in small business; Belarusian is sometimes used to mock traditional Belarusian culture; in the Belarusianoppositional pressmacaronic language (knownas trasianka) is used to mock russophone Belarusians;and distorted or exaggerated Russian may be introduced as a sign of rejection of Russificationand 'Sovietness'.The last article ends on a highly ironic note with the abandonment of the mooted unification of Belarus and Russia by a prime exponent of trasianka, the BelarusianPresidenthimself,who hadfamouslyrejectedhiscountry'snational language as a poor tongue in which nothing greatcould be expressed(p. I27). This outstandingcollection of thoughtful,lucid and thoroughlyresearched articleswill fascinateallwith an interestin questionsof bilingualism,linguistic politics, and the problems of language as a marker and basis of national identity. The firstsix were all firstpublished outside Belarus,and the last was written for this volume. It must be hoped, perhaps piously, that before long thisexcellent book may be republishedandfindthe wider audience it deserves in Belarusitself. School ofSlavonic andEastEuropean Studies ARNOLD MCMILLIN University College London Leeming, Henry. Historical and Comparative Lexicology of theSlavonic Languages. Prace Komisji Slowianoznawstwa, 52. Wydawnictwo Oddzialu Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Krakow, 2001. 422 pp. Notes. Tables. Bibliographical Notes. Price unknown. THE twenty-seven papers presented here give some idea of the breadth of Leeming's interests and his publications in English over thirty-five years (i966-2001).The papers are arranged in four sections: Common Slavonic and OCS, EastSlavonic, Polishand Slovene, preceded by a shortintroduction thatclearlyshowsLeeming'spreoccupationwith culturaldevelopmentbacked up by historical and linguistic fact. In the firstpaper (pub. I979) he takes us through the etymology of *zelezo and supportsV. Georgiev's interpretation as 'yellowish copper' (p. 20) so much for the 'iron' age in Europe. The second paper offersa theoryto explain why Altaic gave the Slavsthe word for book though it had no books until Cyriland Methodius. Leeming's suggestion is an Altaic agentive 'kinTiga' meaning 'helmsman', i.e. the one who kept the straightline. In paper three Altaic appears again, providing a possible set of 320 SEER, 82, 2, 2004 names for the Pleiades. Section two gives us two papers listing Russian words from Englishsourcesfollowed by a paper on Iranianflowernames in Russian. Then there are fourpaperslabelled East Slav:the New Testament and Psalter of I652 which is in Belorusian Church Slavonic, followed by the lexical analysisof this same text that had been firstpublished in Jev'je in I6Ii . The thirdof this group is the storyof Alexander (theGreat)writtenat the very end of the seventeenth century by one Mianzyfiski,in a language which Leeming described as 'basically East Slavonic, in many respects sharing common features with Russian and to a greater extent with Ukrainian, but in some particularsreflectinghis Belorussianbackground' (p. 222).The fourth of this East Slav section shows the struggles of Dilecki, a Polish music teacher, to inculcate the Western system. The papers of the third section are under the heading Polish though an unusual one is a short reminder about marsupials. The final section is classed as Slovene on the basis of nine pages of discussion of some of the Freisingmanuscripts.In fact three of the papers deal with the writingsof the Czech, Komensky. That means that only the BalkanSlavs are missing. This volume is a storehouse of unusual Slavonic matters philological. It is for dipping into and as such would have been much enhanced by an index. But the scholarlywork that is contained within its pages is impressiveand the editors and publishersof the PolishAcademy deserve high praise. They have done HarryLeeming proud. Leamington Spa VERONICA Du FEU Cooper, Brian. Of Cabbages - andKings.Lexicological andEtymological Studies on RussianPlantNomenclature. Astra...

Recently, the critical relationship between ideology and discourse becomes one of the main issues discussed in a wide range of disciplines. Language ideology is described as a dynamic and inconsistent process that must be studied in its given context. This paper aimed to explore the sociolinguistic aspects of language ideology embedded in online interaction of Arabic speakers. The ideology of language purism was the focus of this study. Critical Discourse Analysis was employed as a theoretical framework to analyze the data. The study showed the dynamic nature of discourse and asserted interdiscursive indexing of linguistic purism ideology among Arabic speakers on Twitter. Three key ideological dimensions namely nationalism, modernity and humanity have been recognized from the data corpus. The data asserted considerable influence of people’s cultural ideologies related to Islamic and Arabic identities on their language use and attitude. Modernity was also indicated to be one of the central factors influencing speakers’ perception about their languages and language use. English was described as a global language to be used to fulfill various integrative, communicative, and affective functions in modern life. Speakers’ comments about normality and personality in language use asserted the role those ideological perceptions play in their attitudes towards language purism. The intertextual analysis of the discourse revealed several linguistic features of texts under study including reporting speech, voicing, and shifting. These features served various pragmatic and social functions in this context.

Language ideologies are morally and politically loaded representations of the structure and use of languages in a social world. They link language to identities, institutions, and values in all societies. Such ideologies actively mediate between and shape linguistic forms and social processes. Three research streams that joined in the early 1990s to bring language ideologies into focus are discussed. Theoretical tools of semiotic and social analysis are surveyed, including indexicality, indexical order and field, enregisterment, iconization, erasure, and recursivity. Focal topics of linguistic ideology explored are sociolinguistic differentiation and linguistic authority, including ideologies of anonymity, authenticity, and sacred origins. Critiques of expert and activist language ideologies, and unintended consequences of ideologies such as linguistic purism, are discussed. Emergent ideologies are seen in linguistic commodification, appropriation, and globalization, as well as in changing forms of linguistic authority produced in contentions over ritual language in colonial encounters.

This article explores the pragmatic characteristics of English loanwords (anglicisms) and the factors contributing to their adoption and use in various languages. The study of foreign language vocabulary has always been a subject of interest, given its dynamic nature. Anglicisms have deeply integrated into the lexicon of numerous languages, with their prevalence observed across contemporary linguistic landscapes. The inclusion of anglicisms in speech serves to convey a distinctive and «special» message, with speakers opting for these loanwords to demonstrate their alignment with modernity, trends, and fashion. Several additional motives for borrowing anglicisms are identified, including the absence of equivalent terms in the target language, linguistic efficiency, more precise definitions, the necessity for novel linguistic forms, a diverse range of linguistic resources, and overall convenience. The extensive usage of anglicisms is not limited to everyday vocabulary but extends to professional communication domains. The article also delves into the concepts of «linguistic purism» and «language ecology», which have gained prominence within linguistic circles due to the widespread adoption of anglicisms. This influx compromises the uniqueness, authenticity, and originality of languages themselves. The study draws its materials from media discourse, as the media space serves as the primary source for the dissemination of anglicisms. Keywords: anglicism, pragmatic features, linguistic purism, media discourse, media text.

The year 1577 was a watershed for linguistic politics in Mexico. After more than five decades in Mexico, the Spanish crown signaled a break from its previous tolerance of the use of indigenous language in catechesis and doctrinal publications. The landmark case is the crown's confiscation of Bernardino de Sahagún's Historia General in 1577. Simultaneously, the Mexican Inquisition pursued an assault on vernacular Scripture, confiscating dozens of Spanish scriptural editions, and culminating in the Inquisition's prohibition of Nahuatl and other indigenous-language translations of Scripture, in particular Ecclesiastes and the Epístolas y Evangelios (Epistles and Gospels). Also central was the second trial of a noted Erasmian, Alonso Cabello, who had spent much of the same year in house arrest in Tlatelolco. All this came on the heels of the establishment of the Holy Office in Mexico in November 1571 and its first full-scale purge of prohibited books, including well over 200 editions of Scripture—dozens of them in Spanish and a few in Nahuatl—that had circulated freely in Mexico. Prior to the 1570s exico had witnessed intense debates about the role of language in missionary projects, in catechesis, and in the education of indigenous Mexicans, alongside those regarding the proper language for Scripture and devotional works.

Explores how knowledge of French helped shape Russian identities and their views on the Russian language This is the second of two companion volumes which examine language use and language attitudes in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Russia, focusing on the transitional period from the Enlightenment to the age of Pushkin. Set against the background of the rapid transformation of Russia into a major European power, the two volumes of French and Russian in Imperial Russia consider the functions of multilingualism and the use of French as a prestige language among the elite, as well as the benefits of Franco-Russian bilingualism and the anxieties to which it gave rise. This second volume, Language Attitudes and Identity , explores the impact of French on Russian language attitudes, especially among the literary community. It examines the ways in which perceptions of Russian francophonie helped to shape social, political and cultural identity as Russia began to seek space of its own in the European cultural landscape. In the process, it investigates approaches to translation, journalistic debate about language, literary representation of devotees of French social practice and fashion, and manifestations of linguistic purism and patriotism. A comprehensive and original contribution to the multidisciplinary study of language, the two volumes address, from a historical viewpoint, subjects of relevance to sociolinguists (especially bilingualism and multilingualism), social and cultural historians (social and national identity, linguistic and cultural borrowing), Slavists (the relationship of Russian and western culture) and students of the European Enlightenment, Neo-Classicism, Romanticism and cultural nationalism.

The aim of the research is to determine the characteristics of the language of a digital actor, using the French linguoculture (the website of the newspaper "Le Figaro") as an example. The article provides definitions of key terms that form the theoretical basis of the issue under consideration. In the course of the analysis of empirical material, specific linguistic characteristics of French-speaking digital actors are identified and described in comparison with traditional forms of verbal interaction in a real communicative space. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the following: the terminological contamination of the concepts of "digital reality" and "virtual reality" is revealed, as well as the asymmetry in the development of the concepts of "linguistic personality" and "digital personality"; a custom definition of the concept of "digital reality" is proposed; the features of the use of the French language in the digital environment based on authentic material are established. As a result of the analysis, certain specific characteristics of digital communication at the morphological, lexico-semantic, syntactic, punctuation, and graphic levels are identified and described for the first time, and the attitude of native speakers of French to the problems of linguistic purity and the preservation of cultural identity in the era of globalization is revealed.