Coexistence among Device-to-Device communications in TV white space based on geolocation database

TV white spaces (TVWS) can be used by secondary users as long as they do not cause harmful interference to primary users (PUs). Regulatory authorities worldwide have mandated the use of geo-location database (GLDB) for protection of incumbent users. In a wireless TVWS network, interference could be due to either co-channel interference or adjacent channel interference. Recent studies have shown that aggregate adjacent channel interference from a high density of mobile users using low power in multiple adjacent channels is as harmful as co-channel interference even if each single adjacent channel interference stays below the GLDB D/U (desired to undesired) ratio constraint. When there is a high density secondary users (SUs) in a TVWS network, there will high interference among SUs and a possibility of harmful interference to primary users (PUs). Power control is therefore necessary to protect PUs against harmful interference and to reduce the level of interference among SUs. In this paper we propose a firefly algorithm based power control algorithm for a GLDB based wireless TVWS network that take into consideration interference constraints at the primary user (PU) and SU. The algorithm also takes into consideration both co-channel and adjacent channel interference. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm protects TV receivers against harmful interference and results in an improvement of signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) for SUs.

Since the use of wireless devices in the already overcrowded ISM bands had been further growing recently. Realization of wireless communications in TV white space is one of the most urgent research and development issues to accommodate rapidly increasing wireless access. In order to ensure avoidance of interference from secondary users to primary users, adoption of White Space Database (WSDB) is one of the important strategies. In this paper, we introduce the concept of IETF Protocol to Access White Space Database (PAWS), and use it to connect a WSDB and dynamic allocating spectrum resources and monitoring the use of those resources in the IEEE 802.11af (White-Fi) networks. We have implemented the PAWS API and WSDB for spectrum allocation and show that mechanism operations with an experimental IEEE 802af network, which enables White-Fi Access Point (AP) to share the TVWS in a fine geolocation and timescale.

TV White Spaces technology is a means of allowing wireless devices to opportunistically use locally-available TV channels (TV White Spaces), enabled by a geolocation database. The geolocation database informs the device of which channels can be used at a given location, and in the UK/EU case, which transmission powers (EIRPs) can be used on each channel based on the technical characteristics of the device, given an assumed interference limit and protection margin at the edge of the primary service coverage area(s). The UK regulator, Ofcom, has initiated a large-scale Pilot of TV White Spaces technology and devices. The ICT-ACROPOLIS Network of Excellence, teaming up with the ICT-SOLDER project and others, is running an extensive series of trials under this effort. The purpose of these trials is to test a number of aspects of white space technology, including the white space device and geolocation database interactions, the validity of the channel availability/powers calculations by the database and associated interference effects on primary services., and the performances of the white spaces devices, among others. An additional key purpose is to undertake a number of research investigations such as into aggregation of TV White Space resources with conventional (licensed/unlicensed) resources, secondary coexistence issues and means to mitigate such issues, and primary coexistence issues under challenging deployment geometries, among others. This paper describes our trials, their intentions and characteristics, objectives, and some early observations.

This paper considers a device-to-device (D2D) underlaying cellular network where an uplink cellular user communicates with the base station while multiple direct D2D links share the uplink spectrum. This paper proposes a random network model based on stochastic geometry and develops centralized power control algorithm. The goal of the proposed power control algorithm is two-fold: ensure the cellular users have sufficient coverage probability by limiting the interference created by underlaid D2D users, while also attempting to support as many D2D links as possible. This paper adopts the two level control strategy: Cellular link SINR(signal-to-interference-plus noise ratio) and sum rate maximization, to ensure the cellular communication and improve the coverage probability of D2D and cellular links. Numerical results show the gains of the proposed power control algorithm and accuracy of the analysis.KeywordsPower controlStochastic geometryPoisson point processCoverage probability

To better utilize TV white space, the paper considers deploying secondary users (SUs) on vacant channels inside TV coverage. In this heterogeneous case, TV and SU receivers suffer not only mutual adjacent channel interference (ACI) from each other, but also co-channel interference (CCI) from cellular network (CN) outside TV coverage. Therefore SU access opportunity is formulated as the maximal capacity of available SU channels under both TV and SU receiver outage probability constraints. To facilitate the maximization, the analytical interference from both CN and SUs is deduced using Poisson Point Process model. Since the exact interference distribution is too complex to analyze, we approximate it as Gaussian and prove the accuracy of our approximation with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Main results include that SU access opportunity follows a volcano-shaped distribution geographically and optimal network-status-aware SU transmit power exists to maximize the access opportunity, which can contribute to the practical deployment of secondary system and the utilization improvement of white space.

Chapter 4 - TV White Space Developments in the European Union

The TV white spaces (TVWS) enabled infostation has received significant attention due to its wide area coverage for cost-effective and media-rich content dissemination. In this paper, we engineer WhiteFi infostation, which is dedicated for Internet-based vehicular media streaming by leveraging geolocation database. After demonstrating the empirical observations of unique TVWS features and analyzing the real-world TVWS data collected from geolocation database, we first propose an optimal TVWS network planning to deploy WhiteFi infostation with the objective of maximizing network-wide throughput. The proposed TVWS network planning jointly considers the multi-radio configuration and the channel-power tradeoff, which can be realized by decentralized Markov approximation. Furthermore, we introduce a location-aware contention-free multi-polling access scheduling scheme for vehicular media streaming, which considered both the realistic vehicular applications and dynamics of wireless channel conditions. Through extensive simulations with real-world empirical TVWS data and urban vehicular traces, we demonstrate that our WhiteFi infostation solution can well support both the delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant vehicular media streaming services.

The secondary usage of TV white spaces by cognitive devices is a widely concerned topic in recent years. Both the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in USA and the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) in Europe have proposed rules to enable the secondary spectrum access in TV white spaces by geolocation database method. Geolocation database in cognitive network maintains records of all authorized services in the TV frequency bands and has the capability of providing a list of available frequencies and power levels for each geographical pixel based on the interference protection requirements. Since the data in geolocation database are defined for each geographical pixel, the complexity and cost of the database is highly correlate with the size of the pixel. In this paper, a novel method to reduce the complexity and cost is proposed and explained, which compress some compressible geographic pixels and use non-uniform dimensions of pixels in populating the database. With simulation and performance evaluations, we concluded that this method can significantly reduce the computational complexity and implement cost of geolocation database.

To maximize spectrum access opportunities for white space devices, incorporating real-time spectrum sensing with geolocation database is a promising approach to enhance detection resolution with reduced computation complexity. Advanced spectrum sensing techniques are needed to quickly and accurately identify spectrum occupancy over a wide frequency range. However, the stringent requirements from wideband signal acquisition and processing pose a major implementation challenge in compact devices with limited energy storage and computation capabilities. In this paper, a hybrid scheme of sub-Nyquist wideband spectrum sensing with geolocation database is proposed to achieve accurate detection of the surrounding spectrum with reduced number of required measurements and computation complexity. Two iterative algorithms are modified to incorporate a priori information from geolocation database, therefore enabling spectrum sensing to be performed only on a limited number of potentially vacant channels over TV white space. Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that the proposed joint scheme speeds up the sensing process with enhanced detection performance and smaller required sampling rate, whereas the updated channel information from wideband spectrum sensing reduces the risk of interferences to the dynamic incumbent users.

Growing demand of reliable and affordable wireless connectivity requires alternative solutions and television white space (TVWS) provides that opportunity. However, the biggest challenge in TV spectrum re-use is to allocate best channels for secondary user while maintaining good Quality of Service (QoS). Allocation of Secondary User (SU) channels with less interference to Primary User (PU) is still a challenge not only to academia research communities but to industry as well. We studied the spectrum selection method of geo-location database (GLDB) that provides certainty in selecting available white space spectrum in the geographical area of request. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed a standard communication protocol between the GLDB and white space devices (WSD) in order to establish reliable communication method for WSD. In this paper, a protocol to access white space (PAWS) method combined with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed for best channel selection from the GLDB. MATLAB simulation platform was used to test the performance of the proposed technique. The results show that the algorithm using proposed AHP based method (with deterministic queuing model within WSD) selects the best operating channel based on a better global priority vector (GPV). The numerical results show that the proposed selection technique is capable of selecting the best channels that satisfy the QoS for SUs profiles as compared to existing techniques.

Ergodic capacity analysis and transmission power optimization in D2D underlaying cellular communication

Localization is the enabling technology of geolocation database assisted Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) in TV White Space (TVWS), as the location is required in the implementation of geolocation database approach by regulators such as FCC and Ofcom. This paper proposes a novel Sensing enAbled Localization and Tracking (SALT) system, which locates Secondary Users (SUs) and tracks their movements. In particular, the system localize SUs based on their measurement of Primary User (PU) signals in the TV spectrum. SALT also uses the SU movement information to dynamically manage the available spectrum with an optimal spectrum allocation algorithm based on the location estimation, so as to maximize the uplink throughput of the entire network. The performance of the proposed localization and tracking algorithm is verified with field measurement data from complex environment through extensive experimentation.

An error-probability upper-bound is developed for coherent phase-shift keying (CPSK) considering the combined effects of Gaussian noise, intersymbol interference (ISI), and several peak-limited circular-symmetric (CS) components such as adjacent-channel interference (ACI) and cochannel interference (CCI). In an earlier paper [1], an upper bound was introduced, based on the maximizing probability density function concept, for CPSK with Gaussian noise and a single CS interference. The natural extension of this type of bound to multiple mixed interferences-such as are encountered in practice-is given in this sequel. This multiple interferer bound, which is computationally simple to use, requires only the peak and mean-square values of the several interferences involved, and is optimal in the sense that no other bound, based solely on the same information, will be lower than it. Through examples we draw comparisons with previously available results, which show that the multiple-interference limited-peak bound, when applied to composite interference situations, can be an effective tool for system design and analysis.

The regulatory framework for secondary utilization of TV white spaces (TVWS) is well underway in the United Kingdom, while important steps in this direction are taken within the European Union and elsewhere. Mobile network operators are interested in the use of TVWS for cellular extension and rural access, where TVWS is seen as a significant new opportunity for operators to provide new wireless services. The government's plan to close the digital divide between the urban and rural communities has motivated the efforts to develop Wi-Fi like operation in TVWS for better coverage in rural areas. The IEEE currently has a working group developing 802.11af amendment which will allow for WLAN operations in the TVWS. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of downlink throughput performance of IEEE802.11af, also known as White-Fi in a rural environment while taking into account realistic modelling of TV channel availability, wireless channel, AP density, and the effect of co-channel interference caused by secondary APs and DVB-T transmitters. The paper shows that the low operating frequency of White-Fi offers a wide coverage in a rural environment, where there is limited cellular coverage due to the cost-inefficiency of base stations deployment. The presented results also show that there are more available TVWS channels and less co-channel interferers in a rural environment, resulting in a significant throughput performance even in high mobility if suitable channel estimation is considered, making it ideal for vehicular communications with White-Fi.

This paper presents analysis and performance evaluation results for several neural-net based receiver structures which effectively combat additive channel interference, such as co-channel interference (CCI) and adjacent channel interference (ACI). Although the idea of employing neural net based receivers for interference channels is not new, the novel technical contributions of the authors' paper can be summarized as follows. (i) Propose, analyze and evaluate a training algorithm for Nyquist filtered single- and multi-amplitude signals which is based upon a novel non-uniform signal sampling technique. (ii) Propose and evaluate neural net structures employing a novel non-linear activation function for the detection of multi-amplitude signals. (iii) Present novel bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results for coherent and noncoherent single- and multi-amplitude signals, including binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), operated in generalized CCI and ACI channels. The authors' research has demonstrated that, as compared to more conventional detection techniques, the proposed neural net receivers provide significant performance improvements in CCI and/or ACI channels. Their tolerance for inaccuracies in symbol timing synchronization also makes them good candidates for practical modem implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>