COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF HUMAN MEMORY

Drugs and human memory (part 2). Clinical, theoretical, and methodologic issues.

Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are imaging techniques providing the foundation for the study of neurochemical, functional, and structural abnormalities associated with the pathology of movement disorders. The availability of several PET radioligands for imaging the monoaminergic systems in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related disorders has provided the opportunity to apply different tools to support the diagnosis of degenerative parkinsonism and to examine the link between dopaminergic or serotoninergic dysfunction and motor symptoms, cognitive function, behavior, and depression. FDG-PET is at present acknowledged as imaging tool to support the differential diagnosis between PD and atypical parkinsonian disorders, and D2 receptor imaging with PET can also represent a useful imaging tool in this context. MRI techniques have also a major role in the diagnostic workup of patients with parkinsonism. Structural MRI is a cornerstone for the assessment of patients with atypical parkinsonism and to rule out possible secondary causes of parkinsonism. Diffusion-weighted MRI has gained increasing attention because of the possibility to examine the diffusivity of water molecules in relation of neurodegenerative processes at the level of the basal ganglia or other subcortical structures. Functional MRI, although mostly a research tool, can provide valuable information to examine patterns of functional activation and brain connectivity that can be associated to specific motor, cognitive, or behavioral symptoms of different parkinsonian disorders. PET and MRI have so far been used separately or in a complementary fashion, but the recent development of hybrid PET/MR systems possesses a relevant question about the advantages of combined imaging in the area of movement disorders. In this chapter the role of each imaging modality will be summarized with regard to clinical and research applications in PD patients and in patients with related parkinsonian disorders. The chapter will focus on PD and atypical parkinsonian disorders, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Potential synergies between the two imaging modalities will be discussed to identify potential advantages of combined or simultaneous PET/MRI and future applications.

Benefits of intensive speech treatment have been documented for a range of speech signs in English speakers with Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, the answer to a critical question that whether the same treatment benefits speech variables including intelligibility in Mandarin speakers is still unclear. In order to develop a targeted speech treatment for Mandarin speakers with PD, we reviewed the efficacy of intensive speech treatment to improve vocal loudness and functional communication and discuss possible explanations for efficacy on Mandarin speakers with PD. Literatures about intensive speech treatment for Mandarin speakers with PD were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and Weipu Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP) Database. Search strategy was (voice therapy OR speech therapy OR voice treatment OR speech treatment OR voice training OR speech training OR voice rehabilitation OR speech rehabilitation OR Lee Silverman voice treatment OR intensive speech treatment) and (Parkinson's disease) and (Mandarin speakers OR Chinese OR Chinese people). Five randomized controlled trials were selected and possible explanations for efficacy on individuals with PD are discussed. Further research directions are suggested. The existing evidence from treatment efficacy studies of intensive speech treatment provides support for improving vocal loudness, speech intelligibility, pitch and rate in Mandarin speakers with PD. Our future research will continue to work to conduct a large sample multicenter randomized controlled trial to provide high quality evidence and understand the basic mechanisms accompanying treatment-related change.

Oscillations in the Basal Ganglia: The Good, the Bad, and the Unexpected.- Participation of Striatal Neurons in Large-Scale Oscillatory Networks.- Do Local Field Potentials Reflect Synchronized Spiking Activity of Neuronal Populations in the Basal Ganglia? Studies in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease.- A Partial Spectra Method for Predicting Spike Correlations from Local Field Potentials: Application to MPTP Induced Synchronization.- Propagation of Cortical Paroxysms in Basal Ganglia Circuits During Absence Seizures.- Limitations of the Isolated GP-STN Network.- Convergence and Plasticity of Inputs to Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons: The Generation of Synchronised Pauses.- Short and Long-Term Modulation of Synaptic Activity in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons.- Striatal Acetylcholine Control of Reward-Related Dopamine Signalling.- Changes of Glutamatergic Control of Striatal Acetylcholine Release in Experimental Parkinsonism.- Peptidergic Regulation of Cholinergic Transmission in the Dorsal Striatum: Peptides and Acetylcholine in the Striatum.- Localization and Functions of Kainate Receptors in the Rat Globus Pallidus.- Oligomerization of Dopamine D1 and Glutamate NMDA Receptors: A New Mechanism Regulating Striatal Function.- Modulatory Role of NK1 Receptors in the Basal Ganglia. Studies in NK1-/- Mice.- Trace Amines Cause More than One Effect on Dopaminergic Neurons.- Regulation of Dopamine Release and Dopamine Cell Activity by Endogenous H2O2: Implications for Basal Ganglia Function.- Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Modulates Neurotransmitter Release in the Substantia Nigra: Biochemical and Behavioural Outcome.- Motor Learning-Related Gene Regulation in the Striatum: Effects of Cocaine.- Opposing Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Amphetamine Sensitization on Operant Responding For a Food Reinforcer.- Anterograde Trophic Mechanisms Participate in Pattern Formation in the Striatum: A Role For BDNF in Glutamatergic Afferents.- Developmental Assembly of GABA Receptors in the Rat Substantia Nigra.- High Frequency Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus: Electrophysiological and Neurochemical Aspects.- Downregulation of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor in Parkinsonian Basal Ganglia.- Pitx3 is Necessary for Survival of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Subsets Relevant to Parkinson's Disease.- D1-Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity in the Dopamine-Depleted Striatum Involves a Novel Activation of Erk1/2.- Do Systemically Administered Glutamate Antagonists Affect Subthalamic Nucleus Activity? Relevance to Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's Disease.- Striatopallidal Changes in Early Parkinson's Disease: Partial Dopamine Depletions.- Dynamic Models of Basal Ganglia Function and Parkinson's Disease.- Striatal Grafts and Synaptic Plasticity.- Spontaneous Formation of Lewy Bodies in a Rodent.- Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei are Main Regulators of Basal Ganglia Possible Involvement in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease.- Activated Microglia Persist in the Substantia Nigra of a Chronic MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.- Early Behavioral Phenotypes in Mouse Models of Huntington's and Parkinson's Diseases.- Synaptic Alterations in Genetic Mouse Models of Huntington's and Parkinson's Diseases: Is there a Common Thread?.- Changes in the Expression of Tonic and Phasic Neurochemical Markers of Activity in a Rat Model of L-DOPA Induced Dyskinesia.- Bilateral Somatosensory Responses of Pallidal Neurons in Humans Studied with Microrecording.- Alterations in Globus Pallidus Internus Firing Patterns are Associated with Different Movement Disorders.- Biochemical Markers of DBS-Induced Transition from Off to On State in Parkinsonian Patients.- Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Tremor.- Thalamic and Cortical Changes in Parkinsonian Disorders.- Neurogenesis in the Basal Ganglia in Huntington's Disease in the Human Brain and in an Animal Model.- The Ventral/Dorsal Divide: To Integrate or Separate.- Feedforward and Feedback Inhibition in the Neostriatum.- Dopaminergic Modulation of Cortical and Striatal Up States.- Integration of Cortical Activity by Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons.- Activation of NOS Interneurones in Striatum after Excitotoxic Lesions of Rat Globus Pallidus.- Electrical Synapses between Output Neurones of the Striatum and Between Neurones of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta.- Nitric Oxide Signaling Modulates the Responsiveness of Striatal.- Medium Spiny Neurons to Electrical Stimulation of the Substantia Nigra: Striatal Nitrergic Signaling.- Chandelier Neuron Cartridges in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex Contact Pyramidal Neurons Which Project to the Nucleus Accumbens.- The Pedunculopontine and Reinforcement.- The Pedunculopontine Nucleus: Towards a Functional Integration with the Basal Ganglia.- Glutamatergic and GABAergic Control of Pallidal Activity in Monkeys.- Combined Modeling and Extracellular Recording Studies of Up and Down Transitions of Neurons in Awake or Behaving Monkeys.- Sequential Motor Behavior and the Basal Ganglia: Evidence from a Serial Reaction Time Task in Monkeys.- GABAergic and Dopaminergic Modulation of Basal Ganglia Output in Primates.- The Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Circuit Originating in the Ventral Premotor Area (PMv) of the Macaque Monkey.- The Subthalamic Region of the Sheep.- Differential Localization of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters 1 and 2 in the Rat Striatum.- Local Connectivity Between Neurons of the Rat Globus Pallidus.- AUTHOR INDEX.- SUBJECT INDEX

Hybrid PET-MRI Applications in Movement Disorders.

Background Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and vascular and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are characterized by progressive cognitive and motor decline. So, timely detection, especially early in the disease process, is crucial. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) are advanced neuroimaging techniques that have shown promise for early diagnosis. Objective This review evaluates the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of PET, fMRI, and DTI in the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases. Methods A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on phase 2 and 3 clinical trials involving adult patients with AD, PD, and FTD. Studies were assessed for diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and identification of early biomarkers using PET, fMRI, and DTI. Data were extracted and analyzed from 14 selected studies. Results PET imaging with tracers like 18F‐flortaucipir provided visualization of amyloid and tau aggregates in AD and dopaminergic changes in PD. PET showed a strong association with amyloid and tau pathology in AD, with up to 95% diagnostic performance. Another useful technique in identifying early changes in the brain networks was resting‐state fMRI (rs‐fMRI), with a diagnostic accuracy of 80%–95%. DTI offered essential data on white matter connectivity and showed microstructural alterations that pointed to early neurodegenerative processes. Integrating these neuroimaging modalities with machine learning models further enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion PET, fMRI, and DTI are valuable tools for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. These techniques can identify structural and functional changes in the brain before the onset of clinical signs. Integrating these imaging techniques with machine learning improves diagnostic outcomes. Further large‐scale studies with standardized methodologies are needed to validate these findings and implement these techniques in clinical practice.

Functional Neurobiology of Aging

Small-animal positron emission tomography as a tool for neuropharmacology

Reversal Learning as a Neuropsychological Indicator for the Neuropathology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A Behavioral Study

Common and unique responses to dopamine agonist therapy and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: An H215O PET study

Event Abstract Back to Event The role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in early Parkinson’s disease in motor timing prediction task: behavioral and fMRI study Martin Bareš1*, I. Husárová1, O.V Lungu2, R. Mareček1, M. Mikl1, T. Gescheidt1 and P. Krupa1 1 Masaryk University, Czechia 2 University of Montreal, Canada Objectives: Recently published studies demonstrated that the cerebellum and basal ganglia participate in motor timing tasks related to prediction. However, there is a debate as to the role played by these structures. To answer the question about exact role of the basal ganglia in predictive motor timing we studied patients with early Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a model of basal ganglia disorder. Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested the role of the cerebellum and BG in a dynamic timing prediction task that involved mediated interception of a moving target. The sample consisting of 20 patients with early PD (PD subjects) and 20 healthy age-matched healthy subjects (controls) performed a task in which they had to press a button to intercept a moving target on a computer screen. FMRI data were processed using SPM2. We considered three basic results for further evaluation – effect of hits, early errors, late errors – and their contrasts. The contrast hits minus all errors design was utilized to establish the comparison between PD subjects and controls. Results: The behavioral performance of the two sample groups on the timing prediction task was not found to be statistically significant. The fMRI analysis did not show the statistical significant difference in the activation in studied subcortical regions (PD subjects minus controls, hits minus all errors, p<0.05 FWE, corrected). Nevertheless, fMRI showed variability in regard to the location of brain activation during the task. While strong activity was found in the bilateral cerebellar lobes and the basal ganglia in controls, PD subjects showed increased activity in the basal ganglia only. Conclusion: These results stressed out the essential role of the cerebellum in motor timing prediction. The PD subjects seem to utilize different strategies and alternative functional circuits to maintain the same successful performance ratio. The basal ganglia involvement in predictive motor timing is inferior to the cerebellum. Supported by Research Project MSM0021622404. Conference: 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience, Bodrum, Turkey, 1 Sep - 5 Sep, 2008. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Neuropsychiatric Disorders Citation: Bareš M, Husárová I, Lungu O, Mareček R, Mikl M, Gescheidt T and Krupa P (2008). The role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in early Parkinson’s disease in motor timing prediction task: behavioral and fMRI study. Conference Abstract: 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.01.392 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 17 Dec 2008; Published Online: 17 Dec 2008. * Correspondence: Martin Bareš, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia, martin.bares@fnusa.cz Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Martin Bareš I. Husárová O.V Lungu R. Mareček M. Mikl T. Gescheidt P. Krupa Google Martin Bareš I. Husárová O.V Lungu R. Mareček M. Mikl T. Gescheidt P. Krupa Google Scholar Martin Bareš I. Husárová O.V Lungu R. Mareček M. Mikl T. Gescheidt P. Krupa PubMed Martin Bareš I. Husárová O.V Lungu R. Mareček M. Mikl T. Gescheidt P. Krupa Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function

Neuropsychological and perceptual defects in Parkinson's disease

Free AccessAdvances in neurodegenerative and psychiatric imaging special feature: EditorialAdvances in neurodegenerative and psychiatric imaging: introductory editorialAmy L. Kotsenas, Meike W. Vernooij and John D. PortAmy L. KotsenasDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USASearch for more papers by this author, Meike W. VernooijErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author and John D. PortDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USASearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:19 Aug 2019https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20199003SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail AboutThis BJR special feature focuses on advances in neurodegenerative and psychiatric imaging, both leading causes of disability around the world. This special feature explores the neurobiologic basis of these diseases, describes challenges as we move into an era of precision medicine, reviews cutting-edge preclinical research on neuroimaging in these fields and presents new clinical imaging information of interest to readers of BJR.Psychiatric illness remains one of the most prevalent disease categories in the world. The most recent Global Burden of Disease report published by the World Health Organization showed that 1 in 4 people will suffer through an episode of major depression in their lifetime, and 1 in 17 people are currently suffering with a major psychiatric disorder.1 Approximately 816,000 suicides were committed in 2016,2 many of which were associated with an underlying psychiatric disorder. There is a clear clinical and ethical need to help diagnose and treat people with psychiatric illness.Despite decades of research including numerous imaging studies of psychiatric disease, we still have little understanding of the underlying neurobiology of these disorders. In this special feature, we will explore the reasons why this is so, and touch on the state-of-the-art research currently being performed in an attempt to move the field forward.The first article by Anderson et al3 nicely reviews the limitations of past psychiatric imaging studies, explaining why there is a relative lack of psychiatric imaging biomarkers. They then present a number of strategies for future psychiatric imaging studies, including more advanced scanning methods, longitudinal studies and big data.The next article by Yi et al4 explores the preclinical world of psychiatric imaging, describing several current animal and molecular models of psychiatric illness. They explain how confounding factors are controlled in these animal models, generating imaging findings that can serve as a crucial experimental bridge for understanding the genetic and environmental basis of human psychiatric illness.The article by Sugrue and Desikan5 bridges the preclinical to the clinical realm of psychiatric imaging, reviewing recent developments in behavioral genetics and neuroscience that help to lay the foundation for present/future human “precision” psychiatric imaging. Their review provides a detailed look at some of the functional networks and circuitry underlying psychiatric illness.The next three reviews focus on some of the most recent studies of psychiatric functional imaging. The first article by Tanabe et al6 extensively details the structural and neurotransmitter components of the human reward system, with evidence acquired from both functional MRI and positron emission tomography (PET). Fatima et al7 next explore how those reward circuits are disrupted in the setting of cannabis use disorder. Finally, the article by Port et al8 explores a more subtle theory of how a neurotransmitter imbalance may explain the clinical behaviors observed in autism spectrum disorder.The final article on psychiatric imaging by Huang et al9 provides an inspiring look at the future of psychoradiology, i.e. the clinical application of psychiatric neuroimaging. This paper gives examples of where neuroimaging is being used in clinical practice to help with the diagnosis and management of psychiatric disease in a patient population. The paper provides some thoughts on how psychoradiology can be integrated into the radiology community.The section on imaging of neurodegeneration in this special feature starts with an overview from Dumba and colleagues of the role in current clinical practice of PET in the evaluation of cognitive impairment.10 Clinical indication, acquisition and interpretation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and amyloid PET/CT are discussed, as well as common pitfalls. This review is complemented by two research articles, one by Fakhry-Darian et al11 and one by Curry and colleagues.12 Both illustrate how the use of quantification of 18F-florbetapir PET/CT (either by using thresholds as in Fakhry-Darian et al11 or by using quantitative software packages for automated evaluation in Curry et al12) may assist physicians in their reporting, and potentially increase diagnostic accuracy.Extracting quantitative information from imaging studies is developing at high pace, and Goodkin and colleagues describe a comprehensive model framework (the Quantitative Neuroimaging Initiative) for the technical and clinical validation of such quantitative information into the clinical neuroradiology workflow, using as an example the diagnostic evaluation of dementia.13The next two reviews in this special feature describe how advanced image acquisition and/or image processing techniques may impact our ability to diagnose neurodegenerative disease (e.g. nigrosome-1 imaging for idiopathic Parkinson’s disease by Kim et al,14) or as presented by Nackaerts and colleagues help us better understand the neural correlates of therapeutic interventions such as neurorehabilitation, or even predict the outcome of such therapies in patients with neurodegeneration.15 These concepts are further supported by a full paper by Rubbert et al,16 describing how imaging-derived network connectivity measures may be helpful to discriminate Parkinson’s disease patients from healthy controls, thus illustrating how data-driven new imaging markers may ultimately prove useful in clinical practice.The final review paper describes a relatively new root to the tree of neurodegenerative diseases: chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which appears to have taken epidemic proportions in contact sports athletes. Dallmeier et al17 describe how (advanced) neuroimaging techniques have promise to aid in the early detection of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.It is clear that neurodegenerative and psychiatric imaging provide both challenges and new opportunities for the neuroimaging community. This special feature presents state of the art reviews as well as cutting-edge research in these emerging neuroimaging fields. We hope this collection will assist readers of BJR in their own clinical care of these patients as well as inspire ongoing and innovative new research in this rapidly evolving arena.REFERENCES1. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1211–59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2 Crossref Medline ISI, Google Scholar2. GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1151–210. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 Crossref Medline ISI, Google Scholar3. Anderson AN, , King JB, , Anderson JS. Neuroimaging in psychiatry and neurodevelopment: why the emperor has no clothes. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180910. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180910 Link ISI, Google Scholar4. Yi SY, , Barnett BR, , Yu J-PJ. Preclinical neuroimaging of gene-environment interactions in psychiatric disease. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180885. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180885 Link ISI, Google Scholar5. Sugrue LP, , Desikan RS. Precision neuroradiology: mapping the nodes and networks that link genes to behaviour. Br J Radiol 2019; 20190093. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190093 Link ISI, Google Scholar6. Tanabe J, , Regner M, , Sakai J, , Martinez D, , Gowin J. Neuroimaging reward, craving, learning, and cognitive control in substance use disorders: review and implications for treatment. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180942. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180942 Link ISI, Google Scholar7. Fatima H, , Howlett AC, , Whitlow CT, , et al.. Reward, control & decision-making in cannabis use disorder: insights from functional MRI. Br J Radiol 2019; 20190165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190165 Link ISI, Google Scholar8. Port RG, , Oberman LM, , Roberts TP. Revisiting the excitation/inhibition imbalance hypothesis of ASD through a clinical lens. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180944. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180944 Link ISI, Google Scholar9. Huang X, , Gong Q, , Sweeney JA, , Biswal BB. Progress in psychoradiology, the clinical application of psychiatric neuroimaging. Br J Radiol 2019; 20181000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20181000 Link ISI, Google Scholar10. Dumba M, , Khan S, , Patel N, , Perry L, , Malhotra P, , Perry R, , et al.. Clinical 18F-FDG and amyloid brain positron emission tomography/CT in the investigation of cognitive impairment: where are we now? Br J Radiol 2019; 20181027. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20181027 Link ISI, Google Scholar11. Fakhry-Darian D, , Patel NH, , Khan S, , Barwick T, , Svensson W, , Khan S, , et al.. Optimisation and usefulness of quantitative analysis of 18F-florbetapir PET. Br J Radiol 2019; 20181020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20181020 Link ISI, Google Scholar12. Curry S, , Patel N, , Fakhry-Darian D, , Khan S, , Perry RJ, , Malhotra PA, , et al.. Quantitative evaluation of beta-amyloid brain PET imaging in dementia: a comparison between two commercial software packages and the clinical report. Br J Radiol 2019; 20181025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20181025 Link ISI, Google Scholar13. Goodkin O, , Pemberton H, , Vos SB, , Prados F, , Sudre CH, , Moggridge J, , et al.. The quantitative neuroradiology initiative framework: application to dementia. Br J Radiol 2019; 20190365. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190365 Link ISI, Google Scholar14. Kim EY, , Sung YH, , Lee J. Nigrosome 1 imaging: technical considerations and clinical applications. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180842. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180842 Link ISI, Google Scholar15. Nackaerts E, , D'Cruz N, , Dijkstra BW, , Gilat M, , Kramer T, , Nieuwboer A, , et al.. Towards understanding neural network signatures of motor skill learning in Parkinson's disease and healthy aging. Br J Radiol 2019; 20190071. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190071 Link ISI, Google Scholar16. Rubbert C, , Mathys C, , Jockwitz C, , Hartmann CJ, , Eickhoff SB, , Hoffstaedter F, , et al.. Machine-learning identifies Parkinson's disease patients based on resting-state between-network functional connectivity. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180886. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180886 Link ISI, Google Scholar17. Dallmeier JD, , Meysami S, , Merrill DA, , Raji CA. Emerging advances of in vivo detection of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury. Br J Radiol 2019; 20180925. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180925 Link ISI, Google Scholar Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 92, Issue 1101September 2019 © 2019 The Authors. Published by the British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineAugust 19,2019 Metrics Download PDF

Aim: Individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD) and Parkinson disease (PD) have impaired balance, and comparing these deficits could improve management of neurological diseases.Methods: Scores on the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) were compared across three groups, consisting of individuals with AD, HD and PD in early stages of their respective disease.Results: Individuals with PD had significantly higher scores on the BESTest than individuals with AD (95% CI [4.30, 21.37], p<0.01) or HD (95% CI [6.53, 24.18], p<0.001). Individuals with AD and HD were not significantly different on the overall BESTest or any of its subsections.Conclusion: AD and HD may have overlapping pathologies resulting in early and similar balance impairments in these groups.