Collaborative Spectrum Sharing

Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) has recently attracted keen interest from regulatory bodies around the world as a key strategy to overcome spectrum scarcity in beyond 5G networks. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission has adopted a three-tier DSS model for the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band managed by a spectrum access system (SAS) to share incumbents' spectrum with commercial cellular broadband applications. In this article, we first present a survey of current DSS approaches and their limitations and then discuss the benefits of using in-band full-duplex (IBFD) techniques in DSS networks. To illustrate the improvement in the performance of priority access license (PAL) and general authorized access (GAA) users in an IBFD-assisted CBRS, we consider a CBRS mobile broadband network (MBN) architecture comprising an incumbent in the form of a MIMO radar system and an IBFD MIMO MBN, consisting of PAL and GAA users. In particular, we design joint beamformers at the MBN, with constraints on transmit power at the MBN and detection probability of the radar system, and beamformers at the radar system to mitigate the interference from the radar system toward the cellular system. It is shown that the IBFD CBRS network architecture not only leads to improved performance of PAL and GAA users, but does so while producing less interference toward the radar than state-of-the-art half-duplex solutions. Finally, we present some open research challenges to invigorate research on beyond 5G IBFD DSS networks.

The Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band in the United States, particularly the 3.5 GHz frequency range, has emerged as a pivotal asset in accelerating 5G deployment. This paper explores the strategic approaches and inherent challenges associated with implementing CBRS spectrum for 5G networks. By leveraging shared access models and spectrum management frameworks, CBRS provides opportunities for both mobile network operators and private network implementers. This study reviews the current state of CBRS integration in 5G, highlights the primary deployment strategies, and discusses challenges in regulatory, technical, and economic domains.

5G emerges with ultra-dense deployments of small cell networks to serve various vertical sectors’ location specific service requirements. While the development of technical solutions for network densification is progressing, less attention is paid to the spectrum models for the new ultra-dense networks and location specific service offerings. This paper examines the problems currently faced by industry in acquiring spectrum to support the Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT). Industrial applications where such spectrum is needed were assessed and their requirements identified. The US Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) spectrum sharing model to support the IIOT needs is introduced and how it addresses the IIOT requirements were evaluated based on four different real-life use cases. This study developed a view of options for the spectrum supply side, how this could interface with demand from private networks. Results showed that the CBRS model is well suited for several IIOT use cases based on having smaller licensed areas for PALs allowing a low-cost path for acquiring exclusive use spectrum along with a no cost option of using GAA spectrum. The leasing rules defined for CBRS PALs also provides an excellent minimal overhead option for enterprises to lease spectrum to other neighboring enterprises. Furthermore, the CBRS concept was found to leverage all the three forces of the long tail framework: Democratizing the tools of production through access to affordable spectrum, cutting the costs of consumption by democratizing distribution with web-scale automatization and connecting supply and demand via marketplace via SAS.

It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to draw a distinction between the explicit knowledge appearing in an agent's memory and the implicit knowledge it represents. Many AI theories of knowledge assume this representation relation is logical, that is, that implicit knowledge is derived from explicit knowledge via a logic. Such theories, however, are limited in their ability to treat incomplete or inconsistent knowledge in useful ways. We suggest that a more illuminating theory of implicit knowledge is that it is the result of rational representation, in which the agent rationally (in the sense of decision theory) chooses interpretations of its explicit knowledge. This research was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), ARPA Order No. 4976, Amendment 20, monitored by the Air Force Avionics Laboratory under Contract F33615-87-C-1499. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author, and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Government of the United States of America.

From Rio to Iragua--sustainability versus efficiency and equity for preventive health interventions.

Abstract— The development of the "Smart City" concept has historically been limited by public cellular networks and the fragmentation of unlicensed connectivity standards. As cities transition from passive data collection to active, real-time automation, the need for deterministic latency, enhanced security, and widespread coverage has driven the adoption of a new architectural approach. This paper explores the emerging role of Private Wireless Networks (PWNs), particularly Private 5G (P5G) and Private LTE, which utilize shared-spectrum frameworks like the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) as the foundation for future urban management. Through a comprehensive technical comparison, this study demonstrates that Private 5G surpasses Wi-Fi 6 and LoRaWAN in mission-critical applications, especially those requiring mobility and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). Additionally, we review key deployments in Las Vegas (USA), Sunderland (UK), Liverpool (UK), Tucson (USA), and Brownsville (USA) to assess tangible impacts on traffic management, digital inclusion, public safety, and autonomous logistics. The research concludes that, despite regulatory and integration challenges, transitioning toward municipal "micro-operators" and neutral host architectures offers a viable path for sustainable, sovereign, and scalable smart city connectivity. Keywords: Private 5G, Private LTE, CBRS, Smart Cities, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Wi-Fi 6, LoRaWAN, Connected and Automated Logistics (CAL), Network Slicing, Municipal Infrastructure.

High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) is the name of a new technology to provide wireless narrowband and broadband services. A unique property of HAPs is the ability of preparing emergency telecommunication facilities once the catastrophic events occur. In these situations efficient use of limited spectrum resources would be of great importance. This paper presented a fuzzy channel allocation scheme in HAPs for emergency mobile communications. The suggested scheme is based on guard channel policy. It dynamically adjusts optimum number of reserved channels according to important quality of service (QoS) parameters to make an efficient use of resources, while prioritizes on-going calls over new calls. Simulation compares the proposed fuzzy scheme with fixed guard channel scheme and complete sharing scheme. Results show that, the fuzzy scheme is able to achieve a better grade of service (GoS), while can keep handoff failures low as network traffic load changes.

To accommodate users' ever-increasing traffic in wireless broadband services, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the U.S. is considering allocating additional spectrum to the wireless market. There are two major directions: licensed (e.g. 3G) and unlicensed services (e.g. Wi-Fi). On the one hand, 3G service can realize a high spectrum efficiency and provide ubiquitous connection. On the other hand, the Wi-Fi service (often with limited coverage) can provide users with high-speed local connections, but is subject to uncontrollable interferences. Regarding spectrum allocation, prior studies only focused on revenue maximization. However, one of FCC's missions is to better improve all wireless users' utilities. This motivates us to design a spectrum allocation scheme that jointly considers social welfare and revenue. In this paper, we formulate the interactions among the FCC, typical 3G and Wi-Fi operators, and the endusers as a three-stage dynamic game and derive the equilibrium of the entire game. Compared to the benchmark case where the FCC only maximizes its revenue, the consideration of social welfare will encourage the FCC to allocate more spectrum to the service which lacks spectrum to better serve its users. Such consideration for the social welfare, to our delight, brings limited revenue loss for the FCC.

The Empirical Case Against Asymmetric Regulation of Broadband Internet Access

The term ‘morphing aircraft’ describes a broad range of air vehicles and vehicle components that adapt to planned and unplanned multipoint mission requirements. Adaptation or morphing requires changing system features including vehicle ‘states,’ such as vehicle shape, during in-flight operation. The term morphing can be applied to almost any activity in which in-flight vehicle features are changed. As such, morphing has become a buzzword loosely applied to a wide variety of activities, some of which are disconnected from air vehicle morphing development. This has led to three myths: 1) morphing shape change is too expensive, 2) morphing aircraft must weigh more than nonmorphing aircraft, and 3) morphing requires exotic materials and complex systems. This paper attempts to dispel these myths by reviewing early morphing aircraft history to identify inventions and innovations that led to both successes and failures. The review also discusses recent government-sponsored activities in the United States: in particular, morphing systems development sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency viewed from the author’s perspective as a former Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Program Manager. The review concludes with identification of possible avenues for future morphing aircraft evolution and morphing device development.

The global economic impact of basketball is measured in tens of billions of dollars and requires the efficient use of resources to maximize success on and off the court. Today, coaches, players, investors, and owners need to take full advantage of modern analytical methods and digital video software capabilities to make the most efficient use of a teams resources. This research is the first in a series that makes full use of modern analytic methods and begins to define new defensive and offensive criteria to supplement the decades old game box score performance information. Data envelopment analysis and statistical methods are used to evaluate two new defensive performance metrics on defensive efficiency. The two new defensive metrics are contested and uncontested passes that are fully defined in the articles appendix. Future research will expand the sample size and allow for more comprehensive models of basketball team defensive efficiency.

There is general agreement among the major stakeholders—providers, consumers, payors, and managed behavioral health companies—that managed care poses significant challenges for behavioral health professionals, particularly those whose primary work has been in independent practice rather than organized care settings. In traditional independent practice, clinicians were free to employ relatively unstructured, goal-free approaches to care with an emphasis on patient insight and self-knowledge. Formal written treatment plans were a rarity and there was little external pressure on clinicians to complete treatment within any specified period of time. Often, little attention was paid to the efficient use of financial and service resources, and decisions to begin and end treatment were the purview of the therapist and the patient. Patients were generally seen as financially responsible for their treatment regardless of employment based benefits. Indeed, such an approach to practice was consistent with the ways in which most behavioral health professionals were trained. In contrast, clinicians practicing in today's managed care environment are typically required to develop written, goal-focused, time limited treatment plans emphasizing the return of the patient to an adequate level of day-to-day functioning while making efficient use of resources (Austad & Berman, 1991). Decisions to begin and end treatment, at least the part to be paid for through the benefit plan, are made by the therapist and patient together with a third party—the managed care entity. In order to work effectively within this context, clinicians must be both willing and able to change their practice patterns, to at least accommodate

The international guidelines for surveillance following the finding of a small tubular adenoma vary between no surveillance or colonoscopy at 5 or 10 years, whereas surveillance after an advanced adenoma is 3 years. Optimization of surveillance reduces the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) with efficient use of colonoscopy resources. We assessed the risks of advanced colorectal neoplasia following a baseline finding of a small adenoma compared with advanced adenoma. A retrospective audit was undertaken of patients enrolled in a CRC surveillance program, wherein regular colonoscopies and screening with faecal immunochemical test (FIT) were provided. Patients diagnosed with either small or advanced adenoma followed by at least one surveillance colonoscopy were included. Advanced adenoma included adenomas with features of villous change, size of at least 10 mm, high-grade dysplasia, three or more small tubular adenomas and traditional and sessile serrated adenomas. Subdistribution hazard ratios were calculated for advanced neoplasia (CRC or advanced adenoma). Overall, 378 patients (62.6±11.2 years, 57.9% male) were included, with 44.2% diagnosed with small adenoma and 55.5% with advanced adenoma at baseline. The crude cumulative incidence of advanced neoplasia at first surveillance was 13.2 and 18.5% after small and advanced adenoma (P=0.16) (at 45.9 and 35.6 months, respectively), which became significant for advanced adenoma after adjustment (subdistribution hazard ratio=2.55, 95% confidence interval=1.49-4.35, P<001). A positive FIT was the only independent predictor of advanced neoplasia after a small adenoma at baseline colonoscopy (odds ratio=5.05, 95% confidence interval=1.27-20.02, P=0.02). The risk of advanced neoplasia following a small adenoma was lower than that following an advanced adenoma, but was strongly predicted by a positive FIT. Reducing frequency of colonoscopy while providing regular FIT might be a more efficient use of resources for this population.

This article reviews the principles involved in establishing the cost effectiveness of mass drug therapy for the major intestinal nematodes and the intestinal form of schistosomiasis, as well as the extent to which the available studies have provided definitive answers. For governments or agencies that have decided to introduce a control programme, there is considerable evidence about the comparative cost effectiveness of different types of delivery strategies. For example, mass treatment is more cost effective than selective treatment (treatment after individual screening) in high prevalence areas and at observed prices. Mass treatment targeted at known high risk groups, such as schoolchildren, for the major intestinal helminths (apart from hookworm) can be more cost effective than population-based mass treatment. However, this raises the question whether any form of mass anthelmintic chemotherapy is an efficient use of scare health resources in view of the competing demands for scarce public funds, and for the scarce resources of other funders of healthcare including donors, nongovernmental organisations and missions. Some evidence that it is an efficient use of resources is available; this article concludes by outlining the type of information that is required to strengthen the argument for mass therapy.

Today, more than ever, we need to examine the policy issues within RD it started as a $2 million/year expense and today remains a highly successful $100 million-plus high tech business. The principal output was spin-off companies, some unplanned, with over a $1 billion a year of new business. In short, successful R&D can make Hometown, U.S.A. rich. I'll return to this idea as a closer. In the United States, corporate R&D programs earn tax relief. Today we use many organization forms partnerships, separate firms, special-purpose contractors, and others. They don't affect the amount of relief, which is based on standard definitions from accountants: these rules contain contradictions. The basic notions as to deductibility of risk-laden expenses are sound within American expectations, which are for high returns. We can alter the legislative and thus the tax environment, and there are very large money consequences, for us as investors and as advisors. R&D is one of the several intangibles that affect the value of innovation in business. The National Innovation Initiative, a report of a recent convening of business leaders who are once again concerned for U.S. technical and business leadership, under the auspices of the Council on Competitiveness, is our current avenue for prompt influence and change in the innovation space. The agenda is rich, complex and offers much to all. Industrial Policy? Is there an over-riding U.S. Industrial Policy that provides an umbrella for the various elements in the complex NII agenda, and that thus dominates our choices? Our government expresses an official distaste for industrial policy when that is defined as the search for and selection of winners and national corporate champions. Subsidies and tariff protections are also contrary to World Trade Organization rules. So, officially, NO--the U.S. does not have an Industrial Policy. But what we do have to carry the Nil forward is called Private R&D, and it is so big that there are several policy influences, besides taxes, that affect our performance. What about performance? Do we do as well as we should? U.S. R&D expense has reached $300 billion per year. The Federal government buys or employs about $135 billion worth of work directly each year. This directed activity has impacted the entire U.S. R&D culture. There are some real successes, like the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), some National Labs and the National Science Foundation. DARPA has altered industrial practice and even changed the pace of academia. The NSF has shown true leadership in its Engineering Research Centers program, a remarkable venture in contracted R&D with cost sharing by industry, a feature added through the intervention of the Industrial Research Institute into the rule-setting process. The National Labs offer clusters of large instruments to public access. The federal expenditure of about $135 billion is handled very much as a planned expense with a set of defined benefits, and this roadmap approach affects industrial practice. The U.S. National Academies join the process via consultation with the Congress, as they have for almost 150 years. Do Our Industrial Investments in R&D Work? The balance of the $300 billion total, less the federal direct outlay, or about $170 billion, is funded by industry through captive programs, new companies, partnerships, and registered collaborations, some multinational. Remember that the Congress and the Internal Revenue Service allow tax relief on all private R&D. Since statutory corporate tax rates are as high as 48 percent, the relief might amount to as much as $60 billion per year of concession on the remaining $170 billion of expenditures. …