Collective practical knowledge is a fragmented interrogative capacity

The prosperity that gives greater credit to society, in terms of quality of life, is that which is based on knowledge. Information technologies (IT), particularly those applied in the field of education, play a crucial role in shaping innovative, creative and competitive actors in the contemporary global world. ‘The utilization of information and data, as well as the knowledge, skills, and talents present within communities, as well as their views, commitments, and motives for making wise judgments, are among the fundamental components of knowledge management’ (Stevenson-Perez, 2009, U.S. Patent Application No. 11/904,120). It has been argued by several eminent social scientists on this subject that organizational knowledge ought to be viewed as a strategic advantage. To solve issues and take advantage of opportunities, communities are being pushed to create effective and efficient means of assembling, identifying, capturing and distributing their collective knowledge and expertise. This understanding of the significance of doing so is developing. People all around the world are interested in putting knowledge management practices and technology into practice, and many of them have made knowledge management an essential component of their overall growth plans. Management of knowledge is becoming more and more crucial to the growth of the world economy. Organizations should not neglect knowledge management and developing technologies if they want to stay relevant in the current world.

This study investigates the religious transformation of the Afar people, tracing their transition from pre-Islamic traditions to the adoption of Islam. The primary objective is to examine how ancestral beliefs, cultural exchanges, and historical interactions shaped the Afar people’s religious and social identity over time. Drawing on oral traditions, archaeological records, historical accounts, and linguistic evidence, the study highlights early influences from Pharaonic Egypt and Sabaean practices in Yemen, as well as the Afar people’s central role in ancient Red Sea trade networks. Methodologically, the research relies on the collection and analysis of oral narratives and secondary sources, complemented by historical and cultural interpretations of the region’s trade and sociopolitical interactions. The study reveals that, positioned at a crossroads of civilizations, the Afar developed a distinctive cultural and religious identity that integrates myth, history, and practical knowledge. The introduction and spread of Islam, beginning in the 7th century CE with the arrival of the Prophet’s companions in Ethiopia, was reinforced through trade, migration, and the rise of Islamic sultanates such as Ifat and Adal. The findings demonstrate a pattern of continuity and transformation, where elements of pre-Islamic belief systems persist within an enduring Islamic framework. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of religious evolution, intercultural exchange, and the historical dynamics of the Horn of Africa.

The emerging literature on the Indigenous food movement identifies community involvement, family-centred food education and re-establishing a relationship with the land as essential to restoring sustainable food systems, land and water access. These processes of reclamation have similarly evolved through collaborative community processes and guiding practices described in this chapter that have taken place in the community of Six Nations of the Grand River. The evolution of social movements and relationships to reinforce patterns of support through the transference of knowledge has led to the “guidance” that continues to adjust and change. This unique form of guidance is not in the form of a westernized practice of creating formalized lists meant for general distribution with the intent of controlling food-based practices. In the community of Six Nations, guidance and practice are informed and conveyed by people and supported through established networks and relationships. This type of guidance, therefore, is living and continues to evolve. As such it is not conveyed in such a prescriptive manner using lists and absolute categories. The Haudenosaunee food guide illustrated in Figure 2 is based on collective knowledge and land-based practices that are meant to be shared, adapted and applied by all members of the community. It is therefore not a static form of guidance as the foods and their connections to land and people evolve as reciprocal relationships.

Aim: Incorporating mobile applications into traditional clinical teaching methods to assess the impact of game-based mobile applications on the practical knowledge and skill levels of venous blood specimen collection among nursing students. Background: Although game-based mobile applications are recognized as teaching aids that replicate clinical practice in a safe environment, their impact and effectiveness are relatively unknown in the education of nursing students. Design: In September 2021, a single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in a university-affiliated hospital in China. Methods: One hundred five nursing students were randomly divided into the control group (n = 53) and the experimental group (n = 52). All participants received the same theoretical and operational training. For the next 7 days, the experimental group used a game-based mobile application, and the control group practiced venous blood specimen collection using traditional teaching methods. We observed the before-and-after comparison of the skill performance and learning curve of both groups of participants. Results: The final skill performance scores of the nursing students in the experimental group were higher than that of the nursing students in the control group (P < 0.001). Analysis of the learning curve showed that to master the skills, the experimental and control groups needed an average of 8 and 10 repetitions, respectively. Conclusion: This mobile application has a positive learning effect on nursing students' venous blood specimen collection skills in the short term. It should be applied to the training of clinical nursing skills.

This chapter explores how David Oppenheim's library offered him a means to assert superiority over his rabbinic colleagues on account of his ability to marshal and manage an ever-growing body of documentation and knowledge. Oppenheim's library was a product of the emergent pan-European development and provided him with a vehicle for shaping his place in the religious and social culture of the early modern period. His library-as-archive contributed to administering the autonomous life of early modern Jews in Moravia and Bohemia, across the German lands, and into the Jewish courts of Italy. By amassing, archiving, and mobilizing information, Oppenheim used his collection to interweave personal prestige with institutional practice. Indeed, acquired with family wealth, and symbolic of courtly influence, the library was used by both Oppenheim and a constituency of rabbinic and communal leaders to shape the legal, ritual, and daily lives of an even wider array of ordinary Jews in early modern Europe.

This study’s goal was to better understand risk tolerance associated with wearing flip-flops. A review of existing biomechanical data revealed substantial differences in gait kinematics and kinetics and an increased risk of falling when wearing flip-flops. However, users’ awareness of this increased risk and its potential influence on footwear decisions have not been studied. Nearly 800 participants were surveyed to evaluate usage behaviors of flip-flop wearers. Most participants found flip-flops comfortable and easy to wear, recognized the increased likelihood of a slip, trip, or misstep when wearing flip-flops, and reported experiencing such an event, mostly without injury. Older adults were less likely to have these attitudes and experiences regarding flip-flops. Despite the collective practical knowledge of an increased risk of a slip, trip, or misstep, most participants accepted the risk and chose to wear flip-flops, i.e., footwear choice was infrequently affected by awareness of the increased risk.

Reviewed by: The Early English Settlement of Orkney and Shetland Don Henson Graeme Davis , The Early English Settlement of Orkney and Shetland. John Donald: Edinburgh, 2007. £9.99 paperback. ISBN 978 1 90460 775 5 Every so often a book comes along which invites us to challenge long-held beliefs or assumptions. This particular book aims to provide a new interpretation of the history of Britain in the fourth and fifth centuries, i.e. that there was Anglo-Saxon settlement in Orkney and Shetland from the fourth century onwards. Such an attempt is to be welcomed. We all need our thinking to be challenged. However, successful challenges need to be backed up by comprehensive and detailed scholarship. It is here that this book fails to meet its aim. It is best regarded as a plea for new thinking, rather than a finished and polished interpretation. [End Page 116] The author's enthusiasm for his subject is evident. Unfortunately, the study of late antiquity and the early medieval period demands an unusual degree of familiarity with a wide range of evidence, covering documents, archaeology, linguistics, art history etc. Very few scholars can accomplish this, and even experts in one of these areas will often make inappropriate use of evidence from other areas they are less familiar with. The author's approach is to use evidence from these areas, but, unfortunately, there are various errors of fact or of approach which render his arguments suspect. Some of his statements are plain wrong; e.g. that the Vandals were not a Germanic people. Others reflect long out-of-date ideas; e.g. that Edinburgh was founded by King Edwin. His idea that the Picts were a people of native origin conquered by Celts speaking Old Irish reflects a poor understanding of the complexities of history and linguistics in the first millennium A.D. The core of the book's argument relies on three pieces of evidence. First the Historia Brittonum; but this work written in the ninth century is of dubious reliability for events in the fifth century, and in any case the wording of the relevant extract will simply not sustain the idea of Anglo Saxon settlement in Orkney at the time. It speaks (§38) of an attack on the Orkneys, not settlement there. The linguistic evidence he puts forwards is of the lack of a specific change in phonology of Germanic speech in the Norn spoken in Orkney and Shetland: he claims that Norn language does not show Germanic i-mutation, and must therefore be a relict of fourth-century settlement (when i-mutation had not yet taken place). The details of this are open to debate and at least some of the examples he gives can be disputed. Even were this claim correct, it would not necessarily support his conclusions. The final evidence is an Imperial panegyric by the Roman poet Claudian, describing a campaign by a Roman fleet during the fifth century against Saxons and Picts. The poet's description of the Orkneys running red with Saxon slaughter does not support an interpretation of Saxon settlement in the northern isles, but more likely (if we can rely on Claudian at all) narrates the Roman pursuit of Saxons who happened to end up being slain there. Although the hypothesis of the book is not one that can be sustained by the evidence presented, there is an interesting topic within the book. The whole issue of Saxon and Pictish relations in the fourth century does need to be looked at afresh, as does the relationship between the Christian missions of Ninian and Columba, and their respective roles in evangelising the Picts. Should the author wish to address these issues, he would be welcome to contact experts in their fields who could advise him on the pitfalls for the unwary in grappling with the evidence for early medieval Britain. [End Page 117] Don Henson Council for British Archaeology Copyright © 2008 The Scottish Catholic Historical

Design with Nature: Ian McHarg’s ecological wisdom as actionable and practical knowledge

It is a computational approach, which uses a deep learning model with an architecture similar to that of biological brain networks, that has been trained using vast amounts of data. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is another name for deep learning (DL). By eliminating the need for direct programming in the process, DL functions as a middleman between data collection and meaningful knowledge. It has outperformed the vast majority of classification algorithms and is capable of learning data representations for a broad range of functions by itself. Deep learning applications in cancer include classification, feature extraction, object identification, picture interpretation and translation, sensitively and appropriately, and image annotation and labeling. The goal of this chapter is to gain a better understanding of the possible function of DL and how it may be used more successfully in radiation oncology. With the expansion of DL, a wide range of studies that led to the improvement of radiation oncology were explored more thoroughly than before. This article discussed medical imaging, image segmentation utilizing computers to assist diagnosis, computer-aided detection, treatment planning and delivery, quality assurance, treatment response, and treatment delivery. The studies that utilized DL were classified and organized according to the kind of radiation treatment used. The most current scientific achievements were chosen, and the therapeutic value of their results was assessed. Therapists may profit from employing a deep learning model since it will provide them with more precise and accurate solutions to their problems. A statistical approach to cancer patient safety is obvious, but implementing these concepts would require social adjustments at both the academic and industrial levels, which will take time. The goal of this chapter was to make it as accessible as possible to both radiotherapy and deep learning in order to encourage new collaboration between the two groups in the development of specialized radiation technologies.

AbaWanga people of western Kenya are known to have a rich history of ethnobotanical knowledge, probably due to their long interactive history of migration from North Africa to West Africa and then to Central and finally to East Africa. Their collective and accumulative ethnobotanical knowledge during the long migration and settling at their current geographical location largely remains unknown and is likely to be just as rich and worth analyzing, hence the current study of the AbaWanga people. Non-alienating, dialogic, participatory action research (PAR) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approaches involving 100 women and men aged over 30 years old were utilized. A combination of snowball and purposive sampling methods were used to select 100 key respondents. The methods comprised a set of triangulation approach needed in ethnobotanical knowledge of non-experimental validation process. The study showed varied ethnobotanical uses and existence of a complex and extensive ethnic-based plant nomenclature system with more mononomials than polynomials. There were 54 human diseases/ill-health conditions treated, controlled and managed together with a wide range of plants and plant products offering nutritional, socio-cultural/economic and veterinary values. Most prevalent diseases/ill-health conditions treated, controlled and managed included: - upper respiratory tract infections, reproductive health (such as barrenness), mental illnesses, cancer, schizophrenia and stroke. The study showed that there was a rich ethnobotanical knowledge and ethnopractices amongst the AbaWanga; that is potential for developing useful ethnoproducts for improving livelihoods of people. There was an indication that plant- and plant products-based ethnomedicine system was practically developed and potentially useful.

The ability of healthcare professionals to provide their patients with good, evidence based clinical care is vital. This involves seeking out the best available evidence, analysing, critically appraising and applying...

Since the student movements of 1968, a wide range of educational alternatives has spread in France and Germany. In the scholarly discussion of this phenomenon, artistic contributions have not yet found the attention they deserve. As an important gatekeeper in an artist’s career, the art academy strives to legitimatise artists’ social status by procuring canonical norms for their formation. The academy thus aims to provide a basis of theoretical and practical knowledge that guarantees the quality of artistic production and hence its value on the art market; this ideological foundation, however, disagrees with the general idea of a liberal artist whose ingenious talent cannot be taught. Furthermore, in fact, not all successful artists emerged from an academic education. In this respect, the art academy has been subject to resistance. Using two exemplary art works, LIDL-academy (1968 – 1970) by the German artist Jörg Immendorff and Académie Worosis Kiga (1976 – 1982) by the Parisian painter Gérard Gasiorowski, this article discusses the case of the ‘fictional academy’ as a specific approach in the struggle for educational reform in the field of art during the uproars around 1968. Uncovering the tight connection between wider social tendencies and individual artistic practices, it proposes an outlook on the effects of artists’ claims on today’s art business.

Supramolecular solvents (SUPRASs) have rapidly gained more attention as a potential substitute to organic solvents in the sample preparation and preconcentration process. The essential properties of SUPRAS solvents (e.g., multiple binding sites, different polarity microenvironments, the opportunity to tailor their properties, etc.) these qualities offer numerous opportunities to advance innovative sample preparation and pretreatment platforms compared to the traditional solvents. Among these qualities, certain importance is placed on theoretical and practical knowledge. That has assisted in making significant developments in SUPRAS that advance our understanding of the processes behind SUPRA'S formation. The SUPRA-solute interactions that drive extractions are explored in this context to develop knowledge-based extraction techniques. This review mainly focused on the significant application of supramolecular-based solvents (SUPRASs) in microextraction techniques. SUPRASs-based liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is an excellent tool for extracting, simple preparation, and preconcentration from complex environmental samples. SUPRASs-LPME has a wide range of applications for analyzing food, environmental samples, pharmaceuticals, and biological samples.

With a significant proportion of HIV-infected patients now presenting with co-occurring substance abuse disorders and mental disorders, interest in integrated HIV care is growing. However, no review of integrated HIV care has been conducted. Using relevant key word searches of the Medline and Psychlit databases, the authors identified about 450 publications. The few evaluations of integrated models tended to focus on measurements of engagement and retention in medical care, and their findings indicated an association between integrated HIV care and increased service utilization. No random assignment controlled studies were identified, except in the peripheral area of integrated care (without HIV primary care) for persons with co-occurring substance abuse disorders and mental disorders. The majority of reviewed articles described integrated models operating in the field and various aspects of implementation and sustainability. Overall, they supported use of a wide range of primary and ancillary services delivered by a multidisciplinary team that employs a ‘biopsychosocial’ approach. Despite the lack of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of integrated HIV care, those wanting to optimize treatment for patients with multiple interacting disorders can gain useful and practical knowledge from this literature.

Em ambientes globais e altamente competitivos, as cadeias de suprimentos tem como desafio contribuir nos processos de geracao de valor ao cliente e ao acionista, oferecendo nivel de servico elevado e custos totais baixos, bem como retorno satisfatorio ao investimento. Para este fim, a literatura tem proposto a conformacao ou configuracao de cadeias de suprimentos denominadas de “ leagile ”. Esta nova configuracao foi denominada por Naylor, Naim e Berry (1999) de “ leagility ”, por combinar vantagens do pensamento lean encontrado nas cadeias de suprimentos lean (CSL) e da agilidade por meio do conhecimento de mercado e habilidade para responder a demandas cada vez mais flexiveis, elementos que caracterizam a cadeia de suprimentos agil (CSA). A esta perspectiva teorica sao associados outros dois conceitos, o do posicionamento do decoupling point – DCP (ponto de desacoplamento) e postponement (postergacao). Contudo, para se indicar as cadeias de suprimentos leagile como alternativa estrutural para geracao de valor, faz-se necessario desenvolver estudo que vislumbre sua caracterizacao e o modo como podem promover a geracao de valor. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliografica, descrever elementos e praticas que caracterizam cadeias de suprimentos leagile e suas possibilidades de geracao de valor. Como principais resultados, a pesquisa indicou que resposta rapida e oferta diversificada de produtos, associadas a diminuicao de lead time, de defeitos e de custo, sao alguns dos itens que possibilitam geracao de valor em uma cadeia leagile aos clientes e acionistas. O estudo oferece contribuicoes tanto para o conhecimento academico quanto para o pratico e seu aprofundamento aponta para pesquisas futuras de carater empirico.