College Students' Willingness to Seek Help for their Learning Disabilities

Demographics, assault variables, and postassault responses were analyzed as correlates of PTSD symptom severity in a sample of 323 sexual assault victims. Regression analyses indicated that less education, greater perceived life threat, and receipt of more negative social reactions upon disclosing assault were each related to greater PTSD symptom severity. Ethnic minority victims reported more negative social reactions from others. Victims of more severe sexual victimization reported fewer positive, but more negative reactions from others. Greater extent of disclosure of the assault was related to more positive and fewer negative social reactions. Telling more persons about the assault was related to more negative and positive reactions. Implications of these results for developing contextual theoretical models of rape-related PTSD are discussed.

Coming out to one’s parents as LGBTQ+ is a critical milestone, yet research on parental reactions has largely relied on simple accepting-rejecting binaries. This study examined participants’ written memories of their parents’ reactions to their coming out (N = 1026). Reflexive thematic coding identified three broad themes representing negative, neutral, and positive parental reactions, as well as four distinct subtypes of negative parental responses and three subtypes of positive responses. We examined the characteristics of each reaction type, including the memorable messages conveyed to participants, stability versus change over time, and notable outcomes. Some key findings included: 1) Positive parental reactions were as common as negative; 2) all subtypes of reactions applied to all sexual and gender identity groups; 3) different negative subthemes could be “mixed and matched”, whereas positive subthemes formed a continuum from more low-key to more effusive; 4) some negative reactions (e.g., angry/volatile) changed unpredictably over time, whereas others (e.g., avoidant) usually evolved more positively over time, and yet others (e.g., most positive reactions) stayed stable; and 5) angry/volatile reactions were associated with the worst outcomes, but control efforts seemed especially likely to lead to distant/fractured parent/child relationships.

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations are more likely than non-SGM populations to experience poor health outcomes but are underrepresented in research. The California Teachers Study (CTS) is a large prospective observational cohort that, in its 2017-2019 survey, included sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) measures and also asked participants to provide feedback on the questionnaire. We conducted an inductive content analysis of participants' feedback responses and used these qualitative codes to a) identify which participants commented on SOGI and b) establish whether these participants had a positive, negative, or ambiguous reaction to the measures. We used Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate whether demographic factors were associated with reaction type. A total of 373(2%) of 19,496 respondents commented on the SOGI questions. Of these, 41% had negative reactions, 35% had ambiguous reactions, and 25% had positive reactions. Younger age (<65 years) was positively associated with positive reaction (OR=2.30; 95%CI, 1.23-4.32). Non-white participants had lower adjusted odds of having a negative reaction to the SOGI measures compared to white participants (OR=0.38; 95%CI, 0.17-0.87). In this large established study of older adults, feedback on SOGI measures was rare but differed in frequency and content by participants' demographics.

Since 1921 the literature has contained articles of interest on the subject of cutaneous testing for early diagnosis of whooping cough and for determining susceptibility or immunity to the disease. The reported results have been conflicting. In 1934 Siebler and Okrent1reported on a series of 186 subjects tested intracutaneously. The vaccine was prepared according to Sauer's technic (1933).2It was found that 76 per cent of the subjects with a history of whooping cough gave negative cutaneous reactions and, conversely, that 80 per cent of those with no history of whooping cough had positive reactions. The readings were made after seventy-two hours. On the other hand, Paterson, Bailey and Waller (1935),3also using Sauer's vaccine, reported that children with a history of pertussis usually had positive cutaneous reactions, connoting immunity to the disease, while those with no history of whooping cough had negative reactions. The readings

‘Defence lignin’ and hydroxycinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activities in wounded <i>Eucalyptus gunnii</i>

Dating violence (DV) and sexual violence (SV) are pernicious issues among college students that lead to deleterious outcomes, which are more likely when victims receive more negative social reactions (e.g., blaming the victim) and fewer positive social reactions to disclosure (e.g., providing emotional support). Most research studies have examined victims' reports of social reactions to their assault disclosures, with only a few cross-sectional studies of predictors of disclosure recipients' provision of positive and negative social reactions to victims. The purpose of the current study was to address these gaps in the literature. Participants were 481 college students (76.4% women, 89.2% White/Non-Hispanic) who reported being a disclosure recipient during the past six months (measured at Time 2 to cross-sectionally and longitudinally predict their social reactions to victims' disclosures). Results suggested that both victim and disclosure recipient characteristics (e.g., gender, race), disclosure recipient perceptions of victims (e.g., empathy for victim, blame of victim, victims' coping) and both disclosure recipient and victim behavior at the time of disclosure (e.g., drinking, distress) were related to disclosure recipient social reactions. These findings underscore the need for programs for potential informal disclosure recipients that target psychological variables (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) and behavior at the time of disclosure, as well as their perceptions of victims more generally, in addition to improving their knowledge and ability to respond with positive social reactions and avoid negative social reactions.

This case study investigates the strategies used to deliver online course content to postsecondary students with learning disabilities who were enrolled in a history course. The purpose was to examine whether course design modifications had any impact on students' attitudes or performance, and if so, which were most beneficial to students with learning disabilities. This study uses Universal Design for Learning (UDL) methods that can be used for all students, not just those with learning or physical disabilities, and includes how proper use of UDL can benefit these learners in the ever changing online learning environment. The findings reflected no apparent differences between the 2 students with learning disabilities and 3 without disabilities in regard to the use of the instructional media. However, some of the most important instructional modifications that might have benefited students with learning disabilities were inaccessible due to technical problems. Results might have differed in a course where students did not experience these difficulties. The results do, however, provide insight into students' reactions to specific modifications and present researchers and course designers with recommendations for improving the experiences of all students in online courses.

This study was done to evaluate the frequency, intensity, and specificity of a positive pathergy reaction (PR) in Behcet's disease (BD) patients, to clarify an association between the PR and the clinical features or disease severity, and to assess whether patients with pustule formation at the venous puncture site (PFVPS) without positive PR could be regarded as a positive reaction. The PR was tested in 64 BD patients, 74 disease controls, and 20 healthy controls. Venous PR was performed in 8 BD patients with PFVPS. Follow-up PR was done in 14 patients with positive reaction during inactive phase. The PR was positive in 35.9% of BD patients, in 1 patient among disease controls, and in none of healthy controls. The pustule formation was observed in one BD patient. There was no statistical significance between positive PR and the clinical variables. The mean clinical activity score of BD patients with positive PR was similar to patients with negative reaction. Venous PR was positive in 7 patients. The follow-up PR was positive in 2 patients during inactive phase. Conclusively the positive PR appeared to be specific for BD, and was not associated with the clinical variables or disease severity, but was usually found during active phase in cases with positive reaction. The PFVPS in patients with negative PR might be considered to be positive.

Patients' expectations of the role of the community pharmacist: Development and testing of a conceptual model.

Several topical antihistamines are known to cause contact allergy. Premarket predictive patch testing with doxepin cream showed it to have "low risk of irritation and sensitization" on normal human skin. In our patch test clinic, we routinely test topical preparations, and over a recent 1-year period, we patch-tested doxepin cream, the standard screening tray, and other topical preparations on 97 patients with various pruritic dermatoses. When possible, patients with positive reactions to doxepin cream were patch-tested with its ingredients, and repeated open-application use tests were also performed with the product. Seventeen patients had relevant positive patch test reactions to doxepin cream and 80 had negative reactions. In 13 of the 17 patients with positive reactions, the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis to doxepin cream was confirmed by positive patch test reactions to both the active ingredient and the whole formulation of doxepin cream, by an observed positive use test reaction to doxepin cream, or by both. Of 14 patients who completed testing with doxepin cream ingredients, all had positive reactions to the whole formulation, and 12 had positive reactions to doxepin hydrochloride. Repeated open-application use tests with doxepin cream on normal skin resulted in positive eczematous responses in eight of 10 patients. Eight of the 17 patients had concurrent, relevant positive reactions to other patch tests, especially to fabric-finish resins and to ingredients of other topical preparations. Many had long-standing dermatitis, and each had used doxepin cream for several days to 1 year. Two patients appeared to have had systemic contact dermatitis. Diagnostic patch test clinic experience illustrates that doxepin cream is a contact sensitizer on inflamed skin. Oral doxepin should be avoided in patients with doxepin contact allergy.

Aim. To analyse communicative reactions to changes in distance in English communication.Methodology. The selected material was studied using discourse analysis, contextual analysis, interpretive analysis, and introspection.Results. The main components of the communicative situation in which a change in communicative distance occurs were identified. The main types of reactions to changes in communicative distance were distinguished: 1) on the emotional level, positive and negative reactions can be distinguished; 2) according to the criterion of speech use – verbal and nonverbal. Positive reactions indicate the willingness of the communicator to move the relationship to a new level, while negative reactions express the communicant’s disagreement with the attempts to change the established distance. Negative reactions to changes in communicative distance are predominant (displeasure, discomfort, concern, irritation, etc.). Nonverbal reactions are expressed through nonverbal means: movements, gestures, gaze, blushing, intonation, pauses. Verbal reactions are speech acts: demanding an explanation for one’s behaviour, threatening, attempting to interrupt the interlocutor, clarifying the source of information, evading the answer, and refusing. Lexical means of expressing reactions include interrogative words, interjections, nouns, adjectives, verbs describing speech behaviour, and idioms.Research implications. The theoretical significance lies in clarifying the concept of “communicative distance”, expanding knowledge of communicative processes and factors influencing them. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results in courses on discourse analysis, pragmalinguistics, sociolinguistics, and communication theory

SummaryAn antigen prepared from adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum by Melcher's method was injected intradermally into 392 primary school children and 401 junior high school students in an endemic area where the S. japonicum infection rates, determined by repeated fecal examination by the MIFC technique, were 15% for boys and 7% for girls. The skin reaction was observed at 15 minutes after injection and the area of wheal, as well as its diameter, and the zone of erythema were measured.For this mixed population of infected and noninfected individuals, the frequency distribution curve of the size of the skin reaction showed a bimodal character regardless of reading methods. The first peak is attributable to the physiologic reactions (negative reaction), whereas the second peak is due to specific reactions (positive reaction) to the antigen in individuals with present or past infections. Therefore, the boundary between positive and negative reactions in this study was chosen at the site of the trough of the bimodal distribution curve which was 0.7 cm2 for the area of wheal, 9 mm for the wheal diameter, and 20 mm for the erythema diameter.Analysis of the skin reactions to a series of twofold dilutions of antigen indicates that the skin reacts to a specific antigen according to the all-or-none law, so that a threshold of minimal concentration of antigen for a positive skin reaction can be determined for each individual. The threshold of skin sensitivity for individuals passing eggs of S. japonicum is mostly lower (smaller protein nitrogen content of antigen in the solution) than it is in individuals who are not passing eggs. According to this mode of reaction, the exact amount of injected antigen is considered to be not so critical.

Purpose– The aim of this article is to contribute to the literature by analyzing potential determinants of fan resistance to naming right sponsorships. Although sports sponsorships mostly trigger neutral or positive reactions by fans, the authors find empirical support which provides evidence for fan boycott or resistance.Design/methodology/approach– The authors empirically test a model using a sample of 798 soccer fans and thereby quantify structural relations between determinants and fan resistance. They use a logistic regression to assess potential determinants of fan resistance.Findings– Results indicate that sponsee- and sports-related variables, such as fan/regional identification and attitude toward commercialization, contribute to higher fan resistance. Furthermore, fans see themselves as in-group members who discriminate out-group members. As the sponsoring company takes over control and imposes a “threat” (the change of a stadium’s name) on the group’s ritual place, this results in strong negative emotional reactions. These emotions tend to be repeated and affirmed in intra-group communications which intensify negative reactions unless the sponsor offers a positive contribution from the fans’ standpoints. Our findings confirm that sponsorship fit and perceived benefits of the sponsorship reduce fan resistance while the sponsor’s regional identification is unrelated to fan resistance.Research limitations/implications– Little attention has been paid on negative reactions to sponsorships in the existing research. Therefore, future research could assess negative effects resulting from other sponsorship contexts, such as the sale of a club's naming right, promotion campaigns during the venue and to sponsorship deals in general. Moreover, research should be devoted to finding strategies that lead to a reduction of fan resistance to sponsorship actions.Practical implications– Results show that sponsorship fit reduces fan resistance. Existing literature suggests that sponsorship fit can be improved by emphasis or creation of fit between sponsor and sponsee. Additionally, sponsors should try to build a bridge between sponsor and fans to gain acceptance of the in-group by raising awareness on the benefits that the sponsee receives from their partnership. Moreover, sponsors should actively strive to understand negative reactions of the fans and adapt their communication strategy to avoid resistance, e.g. due to fans’ feelings of overt commercialism.Originality/value– Although naming right sponsorships are generally considered a powerful instrument for companies to gain high profile and market share, they seem not to be entirely free of risk. This article contributes to the literature by conceptualizing the phenomenon of fan resistance and assessing the determinants that contribute to fan resistance when naming rights are sold. Our findings extend the understanding of negative sponsorship effects in addition to the mechanisms and theoretical frameworks that are documented in the literature (Cornwellet al., 2005).

Using results of new laboratory test for tuberculosis infection in children

Patch testing is the gold standard for the validation of contact dermatitis. It relies on the subjective scoring by an evaluator of the inflammatory reaction induced by an allergen applied to the skin. Equivocal reactions imply faint erythema and could represent allergic, irritant, or negative reactions. They constitute approximately 1 % of the positive reactions encountered in patch test practice. Histological evaluation of the equivocal reaction has proven helpful for the correct interpretation but is however time consuming, and its invasive nature is often unacceptable to the patient. In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a novel, noninvasive imaging technique which permits real-time visualization of skin structures and lesions at a resolution close to that obtained by conventional histology. CLSM has been successfully applied for the differentiation between clinically clear-cut allergic and irritant patch test reactions. The objective of this study is to determine the relevance of CLSM in differentiating between allergic, irritant, and negative equivocal patch test reactions. Fifteen patients who underwent patch testing in our clinic were observed as having 20 equivocal reactions. All 20 reactions were evaluated using in vivo CLSM and compared with adjacent normal skin. In vivo CLSM evaluation revealed that 8 of the 20 equivocal reactions (40 %) showed confocal patterns consistent with the patterns encountered in positive allergic reactions. Anamnestic exposure, i.e., detailed assessment of previous related contact with these allergens, confirmed high relevance rates. In vivo CLSM is useful in differentiating between allergic, irritant, and negative equivocal patch test reactions, a differentiation that cannot be made by conventional clinical patch test reading.