Comment on hess-2021-173

Iran is one of the countries facing high water risk because of its geographical features, climate variations, and uneven distribution of water resources. Iranians have practiced different water management strategies at various periods following the region's geo-climatological features, needs, tools, available resources (surface water and groundwater), political stability, economic power, and socio-cultural characteristics. This study is a brief history of water management in Iran from pre-civilization times to the end of the Islamic Golden Age (1219 AD). This study pointed out geo-climatological features have consistently been crucial intrinsic properties controlling water regime, settlement patterns, and other socioeconomic issues. These factors caused the early agricultural communities to emerge in water-rich regions of northwestern, western, and southwestern Iran. By the 4th Millennium BC, while water access became more difficult as population growth, economic activity, and urbanization progress, water resources' systematic development appeared in west and southwest Iran under the Mesopotamian civilization. However, despite all benefits, Mesopotamian water-based technology and administration could not meet all water demands in Iran's arid regions. For these reasons, qanats were developed in Persia by the First Persian Empire (Achaemenid Empire). No doubt, the Achaemenids (550–330 BC) should be regarded as one of the early civilizations that emerged in a land without sufficient rainfall and major rivers. In this time, idle and marginal lands of Iran and neighboring regions of the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia could be cultivated through the spread of qanat technology, enabling large groups of peasants to increase crop yields and incomes. After a period of recession during the Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC) and the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD), water resources development gained momentum in the Sassanid era (224–651). In this period, the progress of urbanization was expeditious. Consciously, water resources development in Khuzestan plains (Shushtar and Dezful) was crucial for agricultural intensification, economic expansion, and civilization development. The Sassanids wisely adapted Greek watermills to the complicated topography, limited water availability, and variable climate of Iran to produce food. Although the Iranians practiced a new era of water governance under the Sassanid rule (224–651 AD), chaotic Iran in the Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Period led to severe weaknesses in water-related sectors. After Islam's arrival, the Muslim rulers turned their attention from fighting to set up an Islamic civilization to break the socioeconomic stagnation. To achieve the goal, they opened their scientific doors to science and technology centers. Despite all efforts made during the 8th–12th century, the lack of creativity and investment in promoting water technologies, prioritizing political considerations over social benefits, occurring wars, and poor water management have induced the Iranians to lose their power in developing water resources. In today's Iran, the past water-related problems have aggravated by uneven climate change, population rise, rapid industrialization, urban development, and unprecedented changes in lifestyle. Undoubtedly, solving these problems and moving towards a better future is not possible without addressing the past.

The study navigates how circular economy (CE) principles can be applied to water and waste management to address critical issues like water scarcity and practicing sustainability at an age marked by consumption of water, ignoring the consequences of contaminated water. The purpose of this study is to examine recycling at a household (individual) level and industrial wastewater treatment practices to improve water use and reduce discharge of toxic waste. Adopting a circular approach in water management compels one to accept waste water as a reusable and recyclable resource. This paper focuses on analysing recent methods, economic factors, and technological advancements that influence CE adoption in water management and preservation strategies. The existing literature indicates that domestic water recycling techniques, such as utilising grey water for irrigation, may drastically reduce the need for freshwater and support sustainable water management at a large scale. However, when it comes to industry level, there are far more complex issues involved in the treatment of water due to existence of harmful contaminants in wastewater, such as heavy metals and chemical pollutants, which are usually not present in the wastewater discharged by households. In order to properly recycle industrial wastewater, support resource efficiency and minimise the environmental impact of industrial operations, treatment techniques such as improved filtration, biological treatment, and detoxification have proved to be efficient. However, the high cost and complexity imposed by these technologies often limits their wider adoption, especially for small and medium sized businesses and at places where water resources are scarce. One can reduce the amount of impurities added to water during industrial processes, if the individuals build the habit of computing carbon footprint of the products they are willing to purchase, this will motivate the producers to manufacture eco- friendly products with low carbon footprints, this will help in preserving potable water. Whereas at the domestic level, rainwater collection and grey water reuse can be achieved with minimal investment. This review paper also identifies a number of research gaps, such as economic studies of water recycling systems are not common, particularly when it comes to cost- benefit analysis for low-income households and small businesses. Also, there is still a dearth of research on low-energy methods for treating industrial wastewater, which puts smaller businesses at a disadvantage when it comes to implementing CE standards. The lack of comprehensive legislative framework demotivates businesses and households to engage in waste water management and then, water recycling becomes another concern. Furthermore, studies do not indicate a lot about the social aspects that would affect the adoption of CE in water usage, thus emphasising the need for observing community participation and awareness campaigns.

Land subsidence is a wicked problem that presents significant challenges to both urban and rural areas in the Netherlands. With annual subsidence rates reaching up to 10 mm in urban areas and over 30 mm in rural polder areas, the increasing damage caused by subsidence represents a long-term economic burden at both regional and national levels. Additionally, the land subsidence process contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, further exacerbating environmental challenges. Addressing the persistent losses and emissions associated with land subsidence is a complex task that requires a holistic approach.This study explores the role of integrated water and land management in mitigating land subsidence and the associated impacts on both society and the Earth system, using our backcasting approach developed within the Living on Soft Soils research programme [nwa-loss.nl]. This approach begins by formulating alternate long-term objectives for 2050, focusing on minimizing subsidence rates, reducing subsidence-related GHG emissions, and mitigating associated economic damage. These objectives were explicitly defined for both rural and urban contexts, with input from scientists and stakeholders. The three alternate objectives reflect varying levels of ambition and feasibility, with continued unaltered management practises, representing the business-as-usual scenario, serving as a baseline for comparison. Next, preparing the backcasting approach requires to define and select the water and land management measure sets that simulation modelling may select to alter land subsidence and the associated impacts from business as usual. Between rural and urban areas, the water management strategies of reducing the groundwater level lowering are fairly similar, but for the land management strategies there are strong context differences. In some rural areas, to reach the long-term objective one may opt for drastic land use changes, e.g. changing established agriculture into paludiculture, or reallocating land to forests or wetlands (in tandem with raising groundwater tables, serving GHG reduction and ecosystem restoration goals), while maintaining established agricultural use in other rural areas with higher groundwater levels and less drastic water management measures or less reducing the groundwater level lowering. In urban areas, land management strategies focus on soil stabilization, blue-green infrastructure, and district-level interventions to mitigate subsidence while enhancing urban resilience to climate change.The modelling steps in this study explore the solution space and develops land subsidence management scenarios towards the three sustainable long-term objectives. Model runs using the water and land management strategies either individually or in different combinations. The performance of scenarios is evaluated based on their ability to reduce subsidence and the associated socioeconomic cost terms. With the performance analysed, the outcomes are lined up to introduce sustainable pathways for implementing measure sets, allowing stakeholders and decision-makers to make informed decisions and choose the most feasible and sustainable options, ensuring that these interventions are tailored to the local context and conditions, and also that these interventions contribute to broader Earth system sustainability.In conclusion, this study highlights the role of integrating water and land management strategies in addressing land subsidence via a framework provides scenarios and pathways toward achieving sustainable land subsidence management in the Netherlands.

Los procesos económicos globales han agravado los problemas, conflictos y tensiones derivados del uso del agua dulce a escala global, estatal, regional y local. En la época contemporánea, la aceleración derivada de la industrialización y la urbanización ha aumentado el consumo del agua y las infraestructuras artificiales para su utilización. Hoy, el capitalismo de mercado global se ha ido apropiando de los recursos naturales y en el uso del agua predominan los intereses privados. Al mismo tiempo, la degradación medioambiental obliga a intentar compatibilizar el consumo humano y económico con el respeto hacia la naturaleza. En la legislación vigente, en áreas como la Unión Europea, ya se da prioridad a la conservación del medio ambiente sobre la utilización incontrolada del agua como recurso productivo, sobre todo a partir de la aprobación de la Directiva Marco del Agua en 2000. Sin embargo, la política hidráulica española se ha centrado en el agua como bien económico. Con esta premisa se construyeron infraestructuras como el trasvase Tajo-Segura. Actualmente, España, como miembro de la UE, debe adaptarse a la DMA y esto genera un tensa relación internacional-nacional-regional por la gestión pública del trasvase. El artículo se centra en esta cuestión. Se aplicará una metodología deductiva y basada en un análisis teórico crítico a partir del estudio bibliográfico y de la normativa vigente, del apoyo en datos cuantitativos y de las reflexiones de los autores. Se concluye que el trasvase no se ajusta a la sostenibilidad ambiental y ecológica que proclama la DMA, sino que sigue respondiendo a la necesidad de satisfacer la demanda de la cuenca receptora. Además, en periodos de sequía se permite el mercado de cesión de agua de la cuenca cedente a la receptora entre particulares, ignorando el impacto ecológico derivado y superponiendo los intereses económicos. La prioridad debería ser satisfacer la demanda de agua dulce como necesidad de abastecimiento para toda la población y evitar los impactos al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, es evidente que las autoridades públicas están principalmente preocupadas por satisfacer las demandas de agua que tienen que ver con la producción económica aun a sabiendas de no cumplir plenamente con la legislación europea. La contribución resultará de interés a nivel científico y social y se une al debate actual en torno a las políticas de agua dulce en las dinámicas globales.

The Role of Technology in Water Resources Planning and Management , E.M. Perez and W. Viessman . ( Editors ). ASCE Press , 1801 Alek Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191-4400 . 2009 . 134 pages . $22 . ISBN 978-0-7844-1028-8 . The main thrust of this 134-page paperback pertains to the impact of using computers and their increasingly sophisticated programs in conjunction with advanced technologies in water resources-related planning and management activities. Appropriate attention is also given to the growing use of GIS in the development of planning and management models. The book begins with a short but useful chapter on the evolution of water resources technology and then continues with three chapters on case studies in water supply, environmental restoration cases, and emerging technologies. Each one of the three chapters includes three different case studies that highlight the issues for each of the study areas. This procedure was good, as a brief but informative background and history of the area (such as the Kissimmee River in Florida) and was followed by a sound, detailed account of the various models, programs, problems, and techniques that were applied to the subject area. Each one of the nine case studies in Chapters 3-5 followed the aforementioned writing format. The examples selected were very informative, as they covered a range of study areas and interesting local issues. The water supply case studies in Chapter 3 included the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area water supply, water availability modeling in Texas with particular emphasis on surface water, and the massive groundwater development project in Libya. The restoration case studies in Chapter 4 included two areas from Florida (Kissimmee River and the Everglades) and a coastal area study in Louisiana. The case studies on emerging technologies in Chapter 5 discussed the decision support system in the South Platte River watershed in Colorado, the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence region, and the operations management of the South Florida Water Management District. The discussion in each study had certain similarities, but the institutional, technical, and differences in location were quite interesting and useful. Regrettably, there were some aspects of the book that could have been avoided. For example, the inner and outer horizontal margins of the pages are only about 0.4 in. (1.02 cm) and 0.3 in. (0.76 cm), respectively. The reader has to constantly press the book down to read the text. Another item that could easily be clarified is to identify what TAF represents in Figure 21. It is presumed to be “thousand acre-feet,” but a brief note would have helped. It is always useful to include maps in a book of this nature. Many projects in different locations are discussed, and basic maps are obviously necessary. Some of the maps were not as clear as they could have been. For example, Figure 1 has a map scale of 1 in. to 44.4 mi for the Potomac River watershed, resulting in a small scale map that makes it very difficult to even read the names of the major rivers. At the least, the printed size of the river names should have been larger. The maps that show the huge groundwater project in Libya (Figure 4) and the Colorado’s River basins (Figure 20) do not have scales. The map of south-central Florida (Figure 13) that goes from the Keys to Orlando has a scale of only 1 in. to 80 mi, which is too small to accompany the discussion in the chapter. The adjoining map of the South Florida Water Management District on the same page (p. 52) is also too small to be of much value. Finally, it would have been useful to include a list of the maps at the very beginning of the book. The various sections of the book also have different writing styles and modes of expression, presumably generated by the 11 members of the Task Committee, two of whom were editors. The talent pool on the committee was substantial, but the material in each chapter varied considerably, perhaps reflecting different authors. This situation led to another unknown (i.e., who were the authors of the various chapters and sections). Mention is made of “… the writer” in the second paragraph on p. 87, but there is no identification. Did this unnamed writer work only on the South Platte River, or on all of Chapter 5? It seems fairly reasonable to have the author(s) identified for the sections/chapters that they wrote. The concluding chapter is excellent, as it serves as a clear, succinct statement of the role of technology in water resources planning. Interesting comments were also made about the role of the federal government and the states in encouraging or discouraging a variety of options to deal with water resource issues. In conclusion, the major goals of the Committee have been met, although there could have been some improvements as previously discussed. Robert M. Hordon Water Resources Consultant8 Dov PlaceKendall Park, New Jersey 08824 Water Ethics: Foundational Readings for Students and Professionals , P.G. Brown and J.J. Schmidt ( Editors ). Island Press , 1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 300, Washington, D.C. 20009 . 2010 . 301 pages . $35.00 (paper ). ISBN 978-1-59726-565-2 . I really enjoyed reading Water Ethics because I have an interest in philosophy. But even if I did not have a background in philosophy, I still would have enjoyed reading these essays – maybe it is simply because something in these well written essays resonated with me. Indeed, I find myself re-reading many of the essays – some of them are just that good. Many of these essays are more than rote academic exercises. I was fully engaged – heart and mind – as I read Water Ethics. For me, some of the philosophies expressed have moved me to action. But to be sure, I was not motivated by monetary gain – not for upward mobility. No, I found myself moved to do good just for the sake of doing good – for what I think is right. Admittedly, I did not instantly recognize many of the essayists in Water Ethics. I hope this is because of my own ignorance of water ethics – my own distorted gestalt focused on the technical issues of water. Still, if you don’t recognize these authors, you should not be dissuaded from reading these essays – many of them are beautifully written and often you can feel the emotional connection that the authors have with their art. Too many excellent works to adequately describe here are included. Indeed, I cannot do justice to reviewing even one single work in the short span of this review. But I think it is useful to discuss two essays that particularly struck me. The essay, “Fish First! The Changing Ethics of Ecosystem Management,” was written by Carolyn Merchant. In particular, one passage moved me: “There is an intrinsic value to all living and nonliving things, and all have a right to survive.” I already believed this to be true but until now I felt alone in this view and I remained mute for fear of ridicule. But this passage let me know that there are others that believe as I do and that I am not alone in holding this view. Nor is this a diseased view. So I am now okay with this thought, that there is an intrinsic value to all things and I am moved to action. There is no reason why I cannot incorporate this thought into my professional ethos – I would be dishonest if I did otherwise. The second essay that stirred me: “Women, Water, Energy: An Ecofeminist Approach,” was written by Greta Gaard. Again, there was one particular passage that touched me: “Exemplifying the instrumentalism inherent in Plumwood’s master model, Western culture views water primarily as a means to its own ends, a servant to the dominant (not subordinate) population; it is difficult, in this cultural context, to imagine that water would have purposes of its own.” Again, I felt relieved that others hold this view – that water would have purposes of its own – as I have held this view for quite some time. Again, I realize that all of my thoughts are not necessarily malformed. Gaard’s essay too has moved me to take action – I am emboldened to modify my professional perspective to accommodate my old friend. I realize that my views might not be held by many other hydrologists – and my views probably won’t make me wealthy or popular. But I will say this, these essays, if you let them, can motivate you to take action for what you believe is right. I am glad that I read Water Ethics and I would not hesitate suggesting it to my colleagues. The essays are not necessarily written for the professional philosopher – the essays are not laden with unfamiliar jargon – the views are immediately understandable. But an emotional component espoused by Water Ethics is lacking in a purely reductionist view of water. Kevin J. Spelts Twin Platte Natural Resources District111 S. Dewey St., 2nd FloorNorth Platte, Nebraska 69103 Water Resources Engineering (Second Edition) , L.W. Mays . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 111 River St., Hoboken, New Jersey 07030-5774 . 2011 . 890 pages . ISBN 978-0-470-46064-1. This book is a detailed text for all students at both the undergraduate and graduate levels and also an excellent reference for engineers and hydrologists. It is suitable for the first undergraduate course in hydraulics, hydrology, and hydraulic design by reference to selected chapters in those fields. Two new chapters on water resources engineering and sustainability have been added to this revised edition. The book is divided into five major areas: Water Resource Sustainability, Hydraulics, Hydrology, Engineering Analysis and Design for Water Use, and Engineering Analysis and Design for Water Excess Management. There are 19 chapters in the book that cover the extensive gamut of hydrology and hydraulics with the exception of the water quality aspects of water resources engineering. The book includes an enormous amount of detail along with copious tables, sample problems, maps, graphs, and photos. The graphs are very useful, numerous, and generally quite clear. Websites are given where appropriate in addition to numerous references. All chapters contain useful problems with worked out solutions and good diagrams for many of the processes. Chapter 2 deals with water resources sustainability and begins with a very good discussion of the Colorado River Basin and the problems of demand exceeding supply in the foreseeable future, as urban/suburban water demand continues to grow. As in this chapter and throughout the book, the author must be commended for the detail in the tables and footnotes in addition to including the source of the data. However, all of the supporting tables and figures are numbered with three digits, such as the map on p. 17 that is labeled as Figure 2.2.1 rather than Figure 2.1. It is the author’s discretion, but many other texts drop the extra digits and just use, for example, Figure 2.1 (Chapter 2, Figure 1) that seems to be easier to find and use. Chapters 3-6 cover the hydraulic processes associated with flow and hydrostatic forces, pressurized pipe flow, open channel flow, and groundwater flow. Chapter 7 on hydrologic processes focuses on the engineering aspects of hydrology with particular attention to surface water. Chemical properties of water and its relationship to biota are not included. The maps of drainage basins are a nice feature, especially since most of them have graphic scales with the exception of Figure 7.1.9 (the Upper Mississippi River without the Missouri River). Figure 7.1.3 on p. 235 shows a map of the world with major ocean currents. As the map is greatly extended along the Equator, it would have been useful to provide a name for the projection (presumably some type of equal-area projection). Many references in climatology include “convergent lifting” as one of the four types of lifting mechanisms that result in precipitation. The convergence type is generally not as common as the three types cited on p. 238, but it is still deemed a major source of precipitation, particularly in the lower latitudes on both sides of the Equator. This Intertropical Convergence Zone is noted for copious precipitation, general instability, and rising air in the Hadley cells. It shifts seasonally from about 150°S in North Australia to 250°N in northern India – a range of about 400° in latitude. Chapters 8 and 9 deal with surface runoff and reservoir and stream flow routing. Probability is thoroughly treated in Chapter 10 with numerous problems that involve hydrology and hydraulic design and analysis. Chapter 11 deals with water withdrawal and uses. Surprisingly, with the exception of Vol. 1 of the Gleick et al., Biennial Reports that started in 1998-1999, no other reference to the other five Biennial Reports that covered the periods 2000-2001 through 2008-2009 was made. Abundant in-depth material about water issues is included in these compilations and to exclude them from the reference list in one or more chapters appears inappropriate. To be fair to the author who has selected some of the best possible references overall to be included, it would have been better to extend the list to include recent works on such important areas as water use and trends. This chapter is potentially very interesting and useful, but some of the data are dated. For example, Figure 11.1 shows United States (U.S.) freshwater withdrawals and consumption based on the USGS five-year reports during the 1960-1990 period. This revised edition does not include the USGS reports (or more formally Circulars) for 1995, 2000, and 2005. Would the trends change if more recent data were included? At the least, it would be nice to know. Similar comments could be made about Table 11.1.2 based on a reference from 1991, Tables 11.1.3-11.1.5, 11.2.1, 11.2.2, and Tables 11.4.2 and 11.4.3. Flow duration curves are shown in Figure 11.7.2 on semilog graphs. In Searcy’s USGS Water-Supply Paper 1542-A of 1959, a flow duration curve is shown on a log probability graph. It would have been useful to briefly discuss the difference, if any, between the two types of graph. The list of references is extensive. However, there are none after 2000. Other chapters have newer references, but not this one. Chapters 12-17 cover in good fashion the topics of water distribution, hydroelectric generation, flood control, storm sewers and detention, street and highway drainage and culverts, and the design of spillways. Chapter 18 covers sedimentation and erosion hydraulics. The chapter begins with a brief but important discussion of bridge failures that are caused by floods, as 84% of the 575,000 bridges in the U.S. National Bridge Inventory have been built over streams that are alluvial and therefore are always re-arranging their streambeds and banks. The costs to society when these bridges are damaged or destroyed are substantial, to say the least. Chapter 19 is the last chapter and covers the topic of water resources management for sustainability. It includes many references that are recent, as evidenced by the inclusion of appropriate websites. Major issues discussed include water law of both surface water and groundwater. The sustainable water supply techniques for arid and semiarid areas form a very useful addition to this concluding chapter. The topics include water reclamation and reuse, aquifer recharge, desalination, water transfers such as the Central Arizona Project, the massive movement of groundwater from an aquifer in southern Libya to northern Libya, the Israeli National Water Carrier system to move water to drier sections of the country, and a long-range plan to transfer water from the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in south-central China to the drier northern parts of China. The author properly makes it obvious that the plan to divert water that results from an ancient pluvial period in the Sahara to the coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea does not include any recharge, so that it is really a nonrenewable resource. In summary, this is an impressive book. The amount of material covered in a detailed manner is simply astounding. The text is buttressed by a truly extensive collection of tables, graphs, maps, photographs, and references at the end of each chapter. The book is recommended for undergraduate and graduate students in addition to the specialized interests of the professional community of engineers, hydrologists, and water resource specialists. Robert M. Hordon Water Resources Consultant8 Dov PlaceKendall Park, New Jersey 08824 Other Books and Publications Received Water Resources , S.C., Anisfeld . Island Press , 1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 300, Washington, D.C. 20009 . 2010 . 330 pages . ISBN 978-1-59726-495-2 . Floods and droughts frequently garner the headlines, but they are just part of the multifaceted water crisis facing the world today. Anisfeld addresses the principal ecological and human problems related to water. After introducing the basics of hydrology, he explores issues including flooding, scarcity, climate change, technologies, ecosystem degradation, human health, agriculture, industry, inefficiency and inequity, and political conflict. He argues that the key challenge is balancing competing demands for water, from drinking to navigation to ecosystem protection. This balancing act can be summed up by the two Es – efficiency and equity. New Membranes and Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment , A. Mueller, B. Guieysse, and A. Sarker ( Editors ). Oxford University Press , 198 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10016 . 2010 . 272 pages . $150.00 . ISBN 978-0-84-127214-9 . This book demonstrates that recent innovations in material sciences provide tremendous potential to develop a novel generation of water treatment technologies. The book focuses on (1) creating a viable product from waste removed from water, (2) solutions to common water remediation problems, and (3) molecularly imprinted polymers for water remediation, new to the field. Hydrocomplexity: New Tools for Solving Wicked Water Problems , S. Khan, H. Savenije, S. Demuth, and P. Hubert . IAHS Press , Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom . 2010 . 272 pages . £55 . ISBN 978-1-907-161-11-7 . This book is the proceedings of a conference on the topic of the book title. The book includes 63 papers divided into 11 sections, as follows: Monitoring and Evaluating the Water Cycle, Linking Climate Change With Water Cycle Management, Parsimonious Vs. Complicated Approaches, Whole-of-System and Adaptive Approaches, Need for Transdisciplinary Issues Approaches to Deal With Water Related Ecosystems, Integrated Approaches, Role of Knowledge Platforms for Community Engagement, From Artificial to Embodied Intelligence, Water Allocation Dilemma, Water Quality – A Critical Issue, and Managing Hydrohazards. Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins , A. Herrmann and S. Schumann . IAHS Press , Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom . 2010 . 313 pages . £65 . This book includes the papers presented at a conference on hydrologic aspects associated with small watersheds. The book includes 47 papers allocated to the following eight sections: Presently Operated Small Hydrological Research Basins, Fundamental Hydrological Results Drawn From Studies in Small Basins, Hydrological Processes Knowledge Drawn From Studies in Small Basins, Importance of Hydrological Data, Research on Hydrological Processes, What Contribution to the Monitoring and Understanding of Changes in Physical Processes, The Contribution to the PUB Initiative, and Do We Need Research From Small Basins? Worlds of Flow: A History of Hydrodynamics From the Bernoullis to Prandtl , O. Derrigol . Oxford University Press , 198 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10016 . 2009 . 356 pages . ISBN 978-0-19-955911-4 . This book provides an in-depth history of hydrodynamics from its 18th Century foundations to its first major successes in 20th Century hydraulics and aeronautics. It documents the foundational role of fluid mechanics in developing a new mathematical physics. It discusses the conceptual breakthroughs of physicists and engineers who tried to meet the practical challenges of the practical worlds of hydraulics, navigation, blood circulation, meteorology, and aeronautics. It shows how the early promise of hydrodynamics at last began to fulfill its early promise to unify the early worlds of flow. It should be of interest to historians, engineers, philosophers, and The eight chapters cover topics from to from and to instability, and from to water the on the Platte River Water , . Press of Colorado , Ave., Ste. Colorado . 2010 . pages . . ISBN . Water of the Platte River have to the water supply, and water In the a new the of four into its This book of the the United States of the the environmental and the how interests found the by the how these interests and which water and an the this book the that over more than

<p>Improving water resource management in the western United States is critically needed to achieve sustainability between the competing demands of water supplies for cities and towns, for agriculture, particularly irrigated regions, by industries principally for generating electricity, and for the environment (i.e., providing adequate ecosystem services). The last decade marked by historically severe droughts revealed the need for new water management policies and environmental regulations. Moreover, the impact of climate change not only has exacerbated droughts but also may be causing episodic extreme wet periods requiring a new paradigm on water management strategies for surface water reservoirs and groundwater aquifers. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) is an example of developing a water management policy for sustainability of water resources in California. California produces 80% of the world’s almonds, is the 4<sup>th</sup> largest wine producer worldwide while also providing three-quarters of the fruits and nuts in the U.S. Much of the production requires reliable water sources for irrigation.  This has motivated research into designing networks of evapotranspiration (ET) flux tower measurements in grape and tree crop systems in conjunction with developing new remote sensing tools for mapping crop water use, ET, to efficiently use and conserve water resources across the over 1.5 million acres of woody perennial crop production fields.  This acreage is largely irrigated and uses approximately 70% of freshwater resources in the region.  The two projects, GRAPEX (Grape Remote sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment) and T-REX (Tree-crop Remote sensing of Evapotranspiration eXperiment) have the overall goal to identify management opportunities to maximize water use efficiency in vineyard, almond and other woody perennial crops.  This presentation will describe the measurement network used for understanding the water and energy flux exchange of these complex cropping systems and in validating and refining remote sensing modeling tools from UAS and satellite platforms for estimating ET and crop water stress from plant and sub field to regional scales required for improving water management strategies of these agricultural systems.</p>

Context: The assessment of water infiltration in various soil types is fundamental for the sustainable management of water and soil resources. Accurate measurement methods are needed to advance our understanding of infiltration processes and to support effective water management practices that maintain soil integrity. Knowledge Gapgap: While progress has been made in infiltration measurement techniques, the extent to which automated systems can enhance accuracy and inform sustainable water and soil management strategies remains unclear. Purpose: This study investigates how the use of automated systems can improve the accuracy of soil water infiltration measurements, contributing to more effective strategies for sustainable management of water and soil resources. Methods: The study examines the relationship between the physical composition of soils in a toposequence of three distinct types (Latosol, Argisol, Neosol) and their water infiltration rates. An automated system incorporating a ring infiltrometer, ultrasonic sensor, and Arduino microcontroller was used for continuous infiltration measurements in the soils of the Tietê-Batalha watershed, São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Results and Conclusions: The findings show that Neosol had an average infiltration rate of 52.18 ± 6.88 mm h-1, Argisol recorded a rate of 47.20 ± 1.64 mm h-1, and Latosol exhibited a lower average of 37.76 ± 1.15 mm h-1. The results demonstrate the advantages of integrating automated technology into soil analysis, revealing a partial correlation between soil physical properties and infiltration rates. Although challenges remain in implementing automated systems, their use enhances the understanding of hydrological processes and supports more informed decisions in sustainable resource management. Recommendations and Future future Perspectives: Future research should investigate the influence of climatic and environmental factors on measurement accuracy, as well as the broader implications for sustainable management practices across different environmental conditions. These areas of inquiry are important for advancing knowledge and improving strategies for conserving water and soil resources.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that food production must be increased 70% (from 2009 levels) in order to feed an additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 (FAO 2009). Irrigated cropland is extremely important to global food security. According to FAO (2009), although irrigated cropland currently occupies only about 20% of the total agricultural area worldwide, it supplies roughly 40% of the total yield (i.e. 3.6 times that of dryland). Groundwater is an extremely important source of irrigation water. An estimated 38% of irrigated areas depend on groundwater (Siebert et al. 2010) and in the U.S., groundwater supplies 43% of the irrigation water (Maupin et al. 2014). At the same time, an increasing number of countries and regions are reaching alarming levels of water scarcity. According to NASA satellite data, 13 of the largest 37 aquifers in the world are considered significantly distressed (Richey et al. 2015). Severe aquifer depletion evident in the Ogallala Aquifer, California’s Central Valley, the Mississippi Delta, and Arizona’s alluvial basins (Konikow 2013) threaten food production in the U.S. How will we meet growing food demands and the water needs of growing populations in these regions with declining aquifers? How do we prolong, sustain, or restore these aquifers? When restoration is not possible, how do we best support the conversion to dryland or grazing systems? This JCWRE special issue examines new technologies, cropping system management practices, decision support tools, incentives and policies to sustain food production, rural communities, and ecosystem services in these critical regions. In particular, recent research advances from the decades long USDA-ARS funded Ogallala Aquifer Program, recently funded USDA-NIFA Ogallala Water Coordinated Agricultural Project, and regional efforts in California and the Mississippi Delta are discussed. Brauer et al. describe the research and education efforts of the Ogallala Aquifer Program conducted over the last decade and a half. USDA-ARS laboratories in Bushland and Lubbock TX, with university partners at Kansas State University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Service, Texas Tech University and West Texas A&M University are developing and evaluating water management strategies and technologies to reduce water withdrawals for irrigation by 20% in 2020 (compared to 2012) and increase the productivity and profitability of dryland cropping systems, including developing best management practices for production of high value and alternative crops for both dryland and irrigated systems. This consortium is also working to improve the understanding of hydrological and climatic factors affecting water use and agricultural profitability and determining the impacts of alternative water withdrawal/use policies on the economic viability of the agriculture industry of the Southern Ogallala Aquifer region. These efforts are extremely important, particularly with the warming trends documented by Lin et al. resulting in increased evapotranspiration loss, soil moisture stress, and associated management challenges in Kansas. This, coupled with declining water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer and increasing restrictions on pumping are challenging the production of corn and other crops. Xue et al. found in their review of long-term production and corn management practices that yields and water use efficiency have increased due to advances in corn genetics and irrigation technologies, and recommended continued research to improve grain quality, crop drought tolerance, and adoption of new technologies to sustain production in the High Plains. Water use-yield relationships are important for efficient water management (Siahpoosh et al. 2012) and models such as the Kansas Water Budget (KSWB) and Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Cropping System Model (CSM) are important tools to assess these relationships. Moberly et al. evaluated the predictive accuracy of the KSWB model for crop water use and grain sorghum and winter wheat productivity, grown in a range of crop sequences. They found that the Kansas Water Budget model provided a useful analytic framework for predicting water supply constraints to grain production, but poorly predicted yield response for either grain sorghum or winter wheat. Adhikari et al. used the DSSAT-CSM model to simulate the long term cotton lint yield and seasonal crop ET and found it useful for scheduling ET-based irrigation management practices in the Texas High Plains and estimating future ET for other modeling experiments. In addition to these models, groundwater models that not only capture regional hydrogeologic characteristics but also human-hydrologic-climate interactions are crucial for guiding future water management and policy planning endeavors. A conceptual modeling framework built on this premise was applied by Uddameri et al. to a current regional-scale groundwater modeling study in the Southern High Plains where the lack of groundwater production data is a major limiting factor. To identify alternative approaches to fill this critical data gap and properly parameterize the model, they evaluate the importance of surface water groundwater interactions, determine whether explicit coupling of watershed and groundwater models is warranted, and assess limitations in simulating human-aquifer interactions. The study demonstrated the utility of several simple “first-cut” analysis techniques to evaluate groundwater interactions with other interconnected systems. Golden and Guerrero evaluate the likely economic impacts associated with the implementation of LEMAs, Local Enhanced Management Areas authorized by the 2012 Kansas Legislature. Under this Kansas water law, groundwater management districts have the authority to initiate a voluntary process to develop a conservation plan meeting local goals. Results suggest that the LEMA framework of groundwater management will provide benefits to both the agricultural producer and rural communities. However, Golden and Guerrero note that LEMA adoption may only result in short-lived reductions in groundwater consumption with water saved today eventually being used and the water resource exhausted. Similarly, in 2014, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act was enacted in California to reform groundwater management and ensure groundwater is managed sustainably. To help groundwater managers create some of the baseline measures needed to develop a groundwater sustainability plan required by this Act for medium and high priority basins, Flores Marquez et al. introduce a novel method for development of a water budget and present the implementation of this method in the Ukiah Valley Groundwater Basin. Results indicate that because the groundwater basin is not experiencing a decrease in groundwater storage or a lowering of the water table, the groundwater sustainability agency is uniquely positioned to focus on proactive maintenance of current conditions when constructing their sustainability plan. In the final paper, Reba et al. describe key research efforts in the Lower Mississippi River Basin, an internationally-important region of intensive crop production heavily reliant on the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer for irrigation. This region too is facing aquifer depletion and exploring innovative methods to address this issue. Reba et al. investigated innovations in rice irrigation, on-farm water storage, and managed aquifer recharge as means to reduce the on-going decline of this economically and ecologically important alluvial aquifer. They found that collaborative efforts to improve rice irrigation management as part of the Rice Stewardship Partnership effectively reduced the amount of water applied on nearly 30,000 hectares. Their inventory of on-farm reservoir tailwater recovery systems showed that significant investments have been made as part of efforts and supports the potential for surface water storage in critical groundwater areas. Finally, the novel test of managed aquifer recharge described will be used as the basis for further testing in areas where large-scale surface water projects are unlikely. As this special issue demonstrates, significant efforts and advances are ongoing throughout the U.S. and globe to ensure food and water needs are met into the future. However, continued research is needed to improve irrigation efficiency, crop genetics, cropping systems, and our understanding of the climate, hydrology, water use, and policy impacts. As noted by Golden and Guerrero, adoption may only result in short-lived reductions in groundwater consumption with water saved today eventually being used and production ultimately converted to dryland. Efforts today to improve dryland production will go a long way to ensuring food for future generations. Kevin L. Wagner is the Director of the Oklahoma Water Resources Center and holds the Thomas E. Berry Professorship in Integrated Water Research and Management. He provides leadership and administration of the Center’s water programs, leads Center efforts to increase engagement with the water resources community across Oklahoma and the nation, and facilitates development of inter-disciplinary teams to address high priority water resources issues. Wagner has more than 20 years of experience in watershed assessment and planning, stakeholder engagement and conservation practice research and education. He may be contacted at [email protected].

Integrated Water Resources Management in Practice: Better Water Management for Development , R. Lenton and M. Muller ( Editors ). Earthscan , 22883 Quicksilver Dr., Sterling, Virginia 20166-2012 . 2009 . 228 pages. $78 . ISBN 978-1-84407-650-5 . This book is a welcome addition to the literature promoting integrated water resources management (IWRM). Robert Lenton and Mike Muller make a strong case for better management of water resources using the IWRM approach, widely recognized as the most appropriate way to address a wide range of water-related development and environmental issues confronting mankind today. The presentation of recent achievements and future possibilities in equitably and sustainably managing water resources toward meeting economic and social goals and insure environmental integrity in different parts of the world may be considered a benchmark that bodes well for further progress. The book begins with an introduction to the principles and practices of IWRM, which remain poorly understood, even in the water sector and development arena. This chapter also outlines the conceptual framework used in this book, which sets it apart from other publications. This includes a focus not only on processes in IWRM (e.g., changes in policy, laws, and organizational structures) but also the ultimate outcome and impact of using this approach, rendering the book as a much needed practical guide for planners and practitioners. The four spatially structured parts of the book take the reader from the local to the basin, national, and transnational levels. Twelve of the 14 chapters present case studies in East and Southeast Asia (five chapters), Africa and Latin America (two chapters each), and in Europe, North America, and Australia (one chapter each). The case studies document how better water management guided by the IWRM approach significantly contributed to achieve a large number of development goals in different communities and countries with different socioeconomic and environmental conditions and scales. While the editors duly acknowledge the challenge of deriving overall conclusions about what works and what does not work in different settings, they are able to succinctly and convincingly distill the various strands running through the book in the Conclusion. By considering the major objectives, processes, and outcomes of good water management, the management of water at different scales, and the nature of the IWRM approach itself in the context of the various chapter studies, they conclude that in all of the cases described the basic approach that was applied recognized the following elements: (1) the unitary nature of the water resource that recognizes the interconnectedness of surface, ground, and evaporated water, (2) the physical interventions that could be adopted to manage it, (3) the limits to those physical interventions, and (4) the need for an institutional framework that brought stakeholders together in an equitable manner and gave voice to both the weak and powerful, sought to achieve a balance of interests among them, identified the environmental dimension of water management and developed organizations able to promote the overall approach. The editors further note that these elements utilized in nearly all cases presented in the book were not considered to be explicit applications of the IWRM approach but rather began before the concept was formalized (as in India, Chile, Japan, Mexico, and China) or were incidental (in South Africa and Australia). These facts help to dispel the notion that IWRM is an unrealistic, overly ambitious approach and a fixed prescription that requires the employment of all available tools in its arsenal or a magic bullet. Similarly, the focus on individual tools has tended to hamper water management and the establishment of river basin organizations as a routine first step has played only a secondary role in improving water management in many cases (in South Africa and Chile, for example) and no role in others (Japan and Denmark). These findings strengthen the editors’ argument that IWRM offers a flexible and adaptable framework within which a wide range of water and development problems in different communities and countries can be addressed. Also highlighted in the Conclusion are remaining challenges in applying IWRM in practice. They include overcoming implementation difficulties at the macro-level; finding the proper mix of formal and informal mechanisms in operations; the need for more flexible as well as community-specific and system-wide planning and management rather than blueprint packages in many developing countries; and challenges for integration arising at the interface between water, sectoral, territorial, and organizational systems, particularly governance and participation issues at the international transboundary level. The writing style is lucid and captivating and the focus on real world examples rather than theoretical constructs captivate the inquisitive mind, making it difficult to put the book down. The few typographical errors do not detract from the quality of the presentation. Three relatively minor technical problems – the use of the same gray tones for different categories of water stress indicators in Figure 1.1 instead of using a color scheme, the poor print quality of this world map (all other figures in the book are excellent), and the weak binding I noticed on my paperback copy – should not detract from the intrinsic value of this well conceived and meticulously researched book. As a geographer interested in Third World water resources management and water-related health problems I enjoyed reading the broadly based case studies presented in this much needed book. Planners, water managers, researchers, and students will want to have a copy on their shelves for reference, guidance, and inspiration. Helmut Kloos Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco, California 94134-0560 E-mail: helmutk@comcast.net The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada , The Expert Panel on Groundwater . Council of Canadian Academies , 180 Elgin St., Ste. 1401, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 2K3 . 2009 . 253 pages . ISBN 978-1-926558-09-7 . I enthusiastically agreed to review this book, The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada (Groundwater) penned by the Expert Panel on Groundwater (Panel) not only because I have a great interest in sustainability issues but also because I had heard much in the popular press about the Athabasca Oil Sands project and I hoped the Panel would discuss energy production and sustainable use of water – I was not disappointed on either count. I do not want to mislead the reader though –Groundwater covers a wide range of topics from governance to flow modeling to markets and case studies. Although Groundwater was written explicitly for or from a Canadian perspective, many if not all of the topics are applicable to work in other countries. Many of the authors that served on the Panel are instantly recognizable names with groundwater and hydrology experience garnered from across the globe (interestingly, but not surprisingly, many of these world renowned authors work in Canada); this breadth and depth of expertise helps to make Groundwater a relatively easy to read book especially given the complex nature of groundwater and sustainability. There are too many topics to discuss in detail in this review. Still, to give the reader a sense of this book, some of the salient topics are reviewed here. The Panel identified five sustainability goals to include protection of groundwater from depletion and contamination, protection of ecosystem viability, achievement of economic and social well being and application of good governance; these individual sustainability goals are envisioned as equal members in the schematic put forth by the Panel. This reader agrees that this pentad of sustainability goals should be implemented in future projects although if history teaches us anything, in practice, these goals might not enjoy equal strength or standing; the Panel offers case studies that illustrate the importance of the implementation of (or, sadly, as the case may be, lack of) sustainability goals. Part of the appeal of Groundwater is the ability of the Panel to explain abstruse concepts by the judicious use of footnotes and many well written topic-boxes. One such footnote on page 17 helps exemplify the pedagogical tenor of Groundwater and (a portion of this particular footnote) is well worth repeating here: “The precautionary principle seeks to encourage those undertaking projects to consider and address harm to the public or the environment even if the scientific consensus that harm will occur is unclear.” Unfortunately, it seems from some of the case studies discussed here, all too often, the precautionary principle has not been applied in many cases. An example of topic-box discussions is given on page 113, where the Panel expands on topics such as the Tragedy of the Commons and water. I cannot help but wonder if present day appropriation schemata, such as the doctrine of prior appropriation, riparian rights, correlative rights, rule of capture, etc., have helped to perpetuate the tragedy. Hopefully, some day soon, the Tragedy of the Commons will be relegated to a footnote in history. The Panel discusses many case studies to help illustrate the effects of climate change (Prairie Groundwater), population growth (Denver Basin), and energy production (Athabasca Oil Sands) on sustainable use of water. Groundwater incites some mental rumination (and this is why I am excited by this type of book) – each of these case studies could also be seen to show how climate change, population growth, and energy production also affect another timely topic – food production and economic security. It should be noted that the Panel briefly discusses bio-fuel production generally – presumably because this topic and technology is in an almost mercurial state of flux. However, probably one of the most important topics discussed in Groundwater concerns the use of “... economic instruments such as water prices, abstraction fees, and tradable permits...” to help manage water. This of course could be seen to be a point of contention in places where present day appropriation rules govern water allocations. Given the stressors that affect water such as climate change, population growth, and food and energy security, economic instruments might offer an attractive means to equitably manage water resources (to be fair the significance of these stressors might not have been recognized in earlier times when various appropriation rules were enacted). The Panel notes numerical modeling simulation studies that “...show a significant improvement in the efficiency of water allocation (relative to current allocations) as a result of water trades.” In the face of these changes in climate and population, it may be time to heed these tocsins presented in the various case studies and perhaps consider a retooling of management and regulations schema. In sum, The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada, is an easy to read book written by an expert panel of world renowned water experts. The topics are fresh and timely and applicable both in Canada as well as other parts of the world. I am glad that I read the book and would suggest that it be included on a must-read list to colleagues. Kevin Jeffrey Spelts Twin Platte Natural Resources District, 302 S. Oak St., North Platte, Nebraska 69101 Fluvial Hydraulics , L. Dingman . Oxford University Press , 198 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10016 . 2009 . 559 pages . ISBN 978-0-19-517286-7 . I became familiar with Professor Dingman’s work when I used his Fluvial Hydrology (Dingman, 1984, now out of print) for my graduate work in channel morphology and sediment transport. Fluvial Hydraulics builds upon the geomorphology and fluvial hydraulics presented in Fluvial Hydrology, but Dingman’s new book includes more information on basic-fluid mechanics and a more extensive discussion of the characteristics of natural rivers. Dingman’s preface to Fluvial Hydraulics states that “The overall goal of this book is to develop a sound qualitative and quantitative understanding of the physics of natural river flows for practitioners and students.” That goal is most certainly met. Fluvial-hydraulics concepts, from basic hydraulic relationships to complex phenomena such as turbulence and hydraulic jumps, are clearly presented. The equation derivations are logical and fairly easy to understand. The figures and photographs are clear and complement understanding of the text. Examples and additional derivations are presented in boxes for the reader who is interested in a deeper understanding of the material. Dingman begins with an Introduction that describes volumes of water in the components of the hydrologic cycle and in the world’s largest rivers. The Introduction also includes a fascinating history of fluvial hydraulics and personalities that advanced the science. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 provide a foundation for the study of open-channel flow. In Chapter 2, Dingman discusses the morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of natural streams; in Chapter 3, he describes water’s atomic and molecular structure and other properties. Then, in Chapter 4, Dingman introduces the basic equations for fluid properties and hydraulic variables, including relationships based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and equations based on diffusion and force/balance relationships. Equations based on dimensional analysis and empirical and heuristic relations also are described. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 present relationships between velocity and flow resistance, the Prandtl-von Karman vertical-velocity profile, the Chezy, Darcy-Weisbach, and Manning’s equations, and magnitudes of driving and resisting forces in natural streams. The next two chapters discuss momentum and energy principles, equations for gradually-varied flow, and methods for calculating water-surface profiles. In Chapter 10, Dingman describes steady, rapidly-varied flow, including analysis of hydraulics at abrupt transitions and structures for discharge measurement. In Chapter 11, he discusses unsteady flow, including an excellent description of waves and prediction of wave depths and speed of travel. In Chapter 12, he discusses sediment entrainment and transport, including sediment-transport measurement, factors that dictate the shape of alluvial channel cross sections, and flow competence. Appendix A presents thorough discussions on dimensions, units, and numerical precision. In lieu of problems or exercises, Dingman provides online spreadsheets for flow databases, synthetic channel hydraulics, and water-surface profile computations. These spreadsheets are described in Appendices B, C, and D. I was unable to reach the website at the URL included in the text, but found the spreadsheets at this URL by searching the publisher’s website: http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195172867/?view=usa. I was unable to find the links to other fluvial geomorphologic websites or discussion pages noted in the introduction. The book will be useful for an undergraduate-level or graduate-level class in channel hydraulics and morphology, for students with an understanding of basic calculus and university-level physics. For civil engineers, the book is a valuable companion to classic open-channel texts because it includes extensive discussions and applications focused on natural streams. For researchers, practitioners, and students in the natural-resources sciences, the book provides clear and complete discussions of open-channel flow that do not require a theoretical background in fluid mechanics to understand. This book will spend more time on my desk than on my shelf; I will refer to it often. Katherine J. Chase, PE 541 Diehl Dr. Helena, Montana 59601 The World’s Water: 2008-2009, The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources , P.H. Gleick with H. Cooley , M.J. Cohen , M. Morikawa , J. Morrison , and M. Palaniappan . Island Press , 1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 300, Washington, D.C. 20009 . 2008 . 402 pages. $35 . ISBN 978-1-59726-505-8 . The First Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources for the world by Peter H. Gleick was issued in 1998. The Sixth Biennial Report by Peter H. Gleick and his associates is the latest version and covers the period 2008-2009. The series continues to be an invaluable collection of all kinds of water-related material, ranging from concise stand-alone chapters on important topics to numerous sections of data that have been updated as much as possible given the mix of reporting countries. A sampling of some of the six discussion chapters that are at the beginning of the book of 402 pages should provide the reader a good sense of the nature of the material. The first chapter by M. Palaniappan and P. H. Gleick on “Peak Water” provides an interesting discussion of the similarities and differences between oil and water. The importance of ocean water desalination is that the amount is unlimited, but the problem is how much we are willing to pay for it. In areas where water is really scarce, such as selected islands in the Caribbean and certain parts of the Persian Gulf, desalination is already becoming an “economically competitive alternative.” Chapter 2 on “Business Reporting on Water” by M. Morikawa, J. Morrison, and P. H. Gleick provides a useful accounting of corporate reporting of non-financial environmental information in annual reports that started in the 1970s. These non-financial reports have grown from fewer than 50 in 1992 to over 1,900 in 2005 and 2,470 by 2007. As expected, water management and use reporting by major corporations vary from industry to industry. In addition, and regrettably, most corporations rarely report on water recycling and reuse. The next chapter by H. Cooley deals with water management in a changing climate. A sampling of some of the water resource issues associated with climate change include the following: (1) climate change will affect the quantity and timing of surface runoff, (2) groundwater is less understood than surface water and sea level rise could result in greater saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, and (3) agriculture accounts for 70-80% of global water use and lawns in hot, dry areas can account for 70% of total residential water use. Even in developed countries, water infrastructure that was designed and operated on historic water conditions may become a problem in the future. In 2002, 1.1 billion people did not have access to improved water supply and 2.6 billion did not have access to improved sanitation. Of particular interest is the section from pages 151-193 by P. H. Gleick pertaining to the chronology of water conflicts from Noah’s flood of about 5,000 years ago to fights between animal herders and farmers in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Cote D’Ivoire in 2007 in the Sahel region of West Africa just south of the Sahara Desert. a description of the of the the and the It is clearly a valuable on the world history of water conflicts that are not in number and of this book is the of that on pages A sampling of these data include information on water and use by data on access to water and updated on in Africa and the information on in five years of from water-related and data on the of water in selected countries and In this book is as an excellent of information on the world’s It is well and includes an extensive on a of water-related It is a for interested in the water resource Robert M. Water Resources New A of the of 2008 , ( ). University of Press , . . pages. . ISBN . 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Large river basins present significant challenges for water resource planning and management. They typically traverse a wide range of hydroclimatic regimes, are characterized by complex and variable hydrology, and span multiple jurisdictions with diverse water demands and values. They are often data-poor and in many developing economies are characterized by weak water governance. Rapid global change is seeing significant changes to the pressures on the water resources of large basins, exacerbating the challenge of sustainable water management. Diverse technologies have long supported water resource planning and development, from data collection, analytics, simulation, to decision-making, and real-time operations. In the last two decades however, a rapid increase in the range, capability, and accessibility of new technologies, coupled with large reductions in cost, mean there are increasing opportunities for emerging technologies to significantly “disrupt” traditional approaches to water resources management. In this paper, we consider the application of ‘disruptive technologies’ in water resources management in large river basins, through a lens of improving water security. We discuss the role of different actors and institutions for water management considering a range of emerging disruptive technologies. We consider the risks and benefits associated with the use of these technologies and discuss the barriers to their widespread adoption. We obverse a positive trend away from the reliance solely on centralized government institutions and traditional modeling for the collection and analysis of data, towards a more open and dynamic ‘data and knowledge ecosystem’ that draws upon data services at different levels (global to local) to support water planning and operations. We expect that technological advances and cost reductions will accelerate, fueling increased incremental adoption of new technologies in water resources planning and management. Large-basin analytics could become virtually free for users with global, regional, and national development agencies absorbing the costs of development and any subscription services for end users (e.g., irrigators) to help improve water management at user level and improve economic productivity. Collectively, these changes can help to ‘democratize’ water management through improved access to data and information. However, disruptive technologies can also be deployed in top-down or centralized processes, and so their use is sometimes contested or misunderstood. Increased attention therefore needs to be given to ensuring equity in technology access, and to strengthening the governance context for technology deployment. Widespread adoption of disruptive technologies will require adjustments to how water professionals are trained, increased adaptiveness in water resources planning and operations, and careful consideration of privacy and cybersecurity issues.

The uneven distribution and spatial mismatch between water and land resources (WLR) limit the utilization efficiency of agricultural water and land resources (AWLR), and then pose a threat to food production. There is a critical need to understand their matching characteristics for strategic resource allocation decisions and management. In this study, a holistic index (RSI) derived from resource equivalency analysis (REA) was developed which contributed to examine the abundance or deficiency of agricultural water and land resources (AWLR) based on the conception of generalized water resources (including blue water and green water). Results indicate that the matching degree of AWLR was the lowest in Northeast China, North China and Gansu in Northwest China, while the highest value was in Xinjiang due to the higher blue water use. In north China, other provinces suffered water scarcity except in Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, while all provinces in south China suffered land scarcity except in Tibet and Jiangsu. Meanwhile, the matching of AWLR was not exactly consistent with the distribution pattern of precipitation. The higher proportion of green water resources was not located in southeast China with rich precipitation; it had to do with water management. Too much or little water resources can result in the increasing of blue water use. The proposed approach can be a powerful instrument to implement public policies and management strategy as an attempt to improve the utilization efficiency and enhance the optimize-allocation of AWLR.

Past water management affected GHG production and microbial community pattern in Italian rice paddy soils

Research on water scarcity and water management in Europe has accelerated significantly in the past two decades, mainly as a result of growing water demand for agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses. Most research studies in the field evaluate water use and management by means of static indicators that depict a one-time value for a given time period (e.g., one year). This paper suggests a dynamic indicator measuring product (here: water) generational dematerialization. The indicator presents a comprehensive approach for evaluating water resources and water management strategies, as it represents a function of both resource use changes and population changes occurring simultaneously and over time. To accentuate the benefits of this dynamic indicator over static indicators as well as its practical applicability for decision-making support, the paper evaluates water management in Europe based on the total water use between 2001 and 2013. The results show that water management estimated cumulatively for the analyzed European countries has been effective for the last 13 years, though significant regional variations have been found. The research and the dynamic water generational dematerialization indicator can be helpful with addressing regional and national water deficit problems and designing sustainable water management strategies in the mid- and long-run.

Increasing urbanisation and climate change uncertainties are putting pressure on regional authorities to revisit water management strategies in Western Sydney (Australia). This chapter examines water use patterns, demand and supply options in the South Creek catchment—a typical peri-urban catchment in Western Sydney. If present water management practices are continued, the water demand in the catchment is estimated to be more than double, growing from 53 GL/yr under the ‘current’ scenario, to 107 GL/yr under the ‘future’ scenario representing the expected conditions around the year 2025. Most of this increase will be due to residential and non-residential water use, followed by increases in irrigation requirements for recreational space (parks and golf courses). The macro water use, demand and availability analysis suggests that nearly 50 % of the ‘current’ and 47 % of the ‘future’ potable water demand could be replaced with non-potable water. The potential availability of non-potable water resources is estimated to be more than double of the potential demand for non-potable water in the catchment. This provides an opportunity to meet the region’s domestic, industrial, agricultural and environmental water demands provided all water resources are integrated, used and reused in a harmonised fashion. The stormwater and wastewater is to be seen as a ‘resource’, rather than a ‘waste’ in this new paradigm of integrated water supply management.

Quantitative control and safe exploitation of water resources are crucial components for the sustainable development of any region due to increasing water scarcity, especially in arid and semiarid regions. A proper water resources management program of the Tabriz plain is necessary because of the groundwater excessive exploitation and the surface water limitations. The present study aims to develop a system dynamics (SD) model not only to identify safe groundwater level fluctuations and exploitation but also to determine the amount of supply and deficits of municipal-industry and agricultural uses by considering various water management strategies. The integrated water resources including surface and groundwater resources were included in the analyses. The considered alternatives are the development of sewage collection networks, enhancement of agricultural efficiency, climate changes effects, artificial recharge and changes of the allocation of the surface and groundwater in supplying water needs. SD modeling application showed that if the current management policy was continued, the users will face a crisis of the water supply for various uses in the future. Increase in agricultural efficiency, reducing in groundwater extraction and artificial recharge in Tabriz plain must be considered to prevent the crisis. The current model provides a better understanding of the principal challenge of balancing supply and demand with regards to drastic changes of water resources in arid or semiarid regions.