COMMENTARY

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. For other recent reports in this elections in context series, see Allern (2010 Allern, Haugsgjerd Elin. 2010. 'Survival of a Majority Coalition: The Norwegian Parliamentary Election of 14 September 2009'. West European Politics, 33(4): 904–12. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Dinas (2010 Dinas, Elias. 2010. 'The Greek General Election of 2009: Pasok – The Third Generation'. West European Politics, 33(2): 389–98. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Faas (2010 Faas, Thorsten. 2010. 'The German Federal Election of 2009: Sprouting Coalitions, Drooping Social Democrats'. West European Politics, 33(4): 894–903. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Lisi (2010 Lisi, Marco. 2010. 'The Renewal of the Socialist Majority: The 2009 Portuguese Legislative Elections'. West European Politics, 33(2): 381–8. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Haughton et al. (2011 Haughton, Tim, Novotná,, Tereza and Deegan-Krause, Kevin. 2011. 'The 2010 Czech and Slovak Parliamentary Elections'. West European Politics, 34(2): 394–402. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Quinn (2011 Quinn, Thomas. 2011. 'From New Labour to New Politics: The British General Election of 2010'. West European Politics, 34(2): 403–11. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

"Report from ROMA: an update on the development of a core outcome set for aphasia research." Aphasiology, 32(sup1), pp. 241–242KEYWORDS: Aphasiacore outcome set Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Background: A Core Outcome Set (COS) is a minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in research trials of a specific health condition or population. The use of a COS does not preclude the measurement of study-specific outcomes, but rather represents the minimum outcomes that should be collected and reported. Benefits of COSs include: (1) increased transparency and reliability of research findings through the recommended reporting of a minimum set of outcomes; (2) production of compatible research data which can be efficiently synthesised in subsequent meta-analyses; and (3) reduced research wastage through the measurement of relevant outcomes which are more likely to inform treatment decision-making.This presentation provides an update on ongoing works to develop a COS for aphasia treatment research (Wallace, Worrall, Rose, & Le Dorze, 2016 Wallace, S. J., Worrall, L., Rose, T., & Le Dorze, G. (2016). Core outcomes in aphasia treatment research: an e-Delphi consensus study of international aphasia researchers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 25, S729–S742.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2017a Wallace, S. J., Worrall, L., Rose, T., & Le Dorze, G. (2017a). Using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health to identify outcome domains for a core outcome set for aphasia: A comparison of stakeholder perspectives. Disabil Rehabil, 1–10. doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1400593[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2017b Wallace, S. J., Worrall, L., Rose, T., & Le Dorze, G. (2017b). Which treatment outcomes are most important to aphasia clinicians and managers? An international e-Delphi consensus study. Aphasiology, 31, 643–673.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Wallace, Worrall, Rose, Le Dorze, et al., 2017 Wallace, S. J., Worrall, L., Rose, T., Le Dorze, G., Cruice, M., Isaksen, J., … Gauvreau, C. A. (2017). Which outcomes are most important to people with aphasia and their families? An international nominal group technique study framed within the ICF. Disabil Rehabil, 39, 1364–1379.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Research to date has identified essential outcome constructs as: language, communication, patient-reported satisfaction with treatment and impact of treatment, emotional wellbeing, and quality of life (Wallace, Worrall, Rose, & Le Dorze, 2017a Wallace, S. J., Worrall, L., Rose, T., & Le Dorze, G. (2017a). Using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health to identify outcome domains for a core outcome set for aphasia: A comparison of stakeholder perspectives. Disabil Rehabil, 1–10. doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1400593[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). During the first ROMA consensus meeting, consensus was reached for measures of language (The Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R); 74%), emotional wellbeing (General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12 (83% consensus); and quality of life (Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39); 96%).Aims: To provide an update on the ROMA (Improving Research Outcome Measurement in Aphasia) project to develop a COS for aphasia treatment research.Methods & Procedures: This presentation will provide an update on the ROMA consensus statement and current research exploring measures of communication for inclusion in the COS. Outcomes from the 2nd ROMA international consensus meeting will be discussed.Outcomes & Results: ROMA COS consensus statement. The ROMA consensus statement provides recommendations for a COS for aphasia treatment research. The consensus statement has been endorsed by the Collaboration of Aphasia Trialists, the British Aphasiology Society, The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, and the German Society for Aphasia Research and Therapy.Measuring communication as a core outcome in aphasia trials: Updates will be provided on current research examining the measurement of communication in aphasia trials. The outcomes from the 2nd ROMA international consensus meeting, which aims to develop a research agenda for the identification of a core measure of communication, will be discussed.Conclusions: How an outcome is defined and measured is critical in research design. Well-chosen outcome measures not only allow the detection of meaningful change within individual studies, but also facilitate synthesis across trials (Brady et al., 2014 Brady, M. C., Ali, M., Fyndanis, C., Kambanaros, M., Grohmann, K. K., Laska, A.-C., … Varlokosta, S. (2014). Time for a step change? Improving the efficiency, relevance, reliability, validity and transparency of aphasia rehabilitation research through core outcome measures, a common data set and improved reporting criteria. Aphasiology, 1–8. doi:10.1080/02687038.2014.930261[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The development and implementation of a COS has the potential to improve the quality of aphasia treatment studies.

The ambiguity of the agreements made in situations of war between parties with differing interests, power bases and incentives to act is crucial political territory. Tracing the dynamics by which negotiations take place between aid providers and parties to the conflict and lead to particular outcomes is central to an improved understanding of the processes of aid. The articles presented in this Special Issue are brought together to examine and illuminate the ways in which the agendas and agreements promoted in countries in which there is violent conflict are pursued with various degrees of success or are subject to contestation, renegotiation, reneging and radical reinterpretation.

The agendas of cultural citizenship: a political-theoretical exercise

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. See also Ann Curthoys's broader location of Dening's observations within her overview of developments in the discipline of history (1997 Curthoys , Ann . 1997 . Thinking about history . In Dealing with difference: Essays in gender, culture and history , edited by Patricia Grimshaw and Diane Kirkby . Melbourne : University of Melbourne . [Google Scholar], 211–23). 2. See Evans, Grimshaw, and Standish (2003 Evans, Julie, Patricia, Grimshaw and Ann, Standish. 2003. Caring for country: Yuwalaraay women and attachments to land on an Australian colonial frontier. Journal of Women's History, 14(4): 15–26. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]): and Grimshaw and Evans (1996 Grimshaw, Patricia and Julie, Evans. 1996. Colonial women on intercultural frontiers: Rosa Campbell Praed, Mary Bundock and Katie Langloh Parker. Australian Historical Studies, 27(106): 79–95. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). 3. See Grimshaw et al. (1994 Grimshaw, Patricia, Marilyn, Lake, Ann, McGarth and Marian, Quartly. 1994. Creating a nation, Melbourne: McPhee Gribble. [Google Scholar]); and Grimshaw (2002 Grimshaw Patricia . 2002 . Federation a turning point in Australian history . Australian Historical Studies 33 ( 118 ): 25 – 41 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2005 Grimshaw Patricia . 2005 . Comparative perspectives on white and Indigenous women's political citizenship in Queensland: the 1905 Act to Amend the Elections Acts, 1885 to 1899 . Queensland Review 12 ( 2 ): 9 – 22 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). 4. The original version was published as ‘Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses’ (1988 Mohanty, Chandra. 1988. Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist Review, 30: 61–88. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). 5. See also McLennan (1982 McLennan , Gregor . 1982 . E.P. Thompson and the discipline of historical context . In Making histories: Studies in history-writing and politics , edited by Richard Johnson , Gregor McLennan , Bill Schwarz and David Sutton . London : Hutchinson. [Google Scholar], chap. 3, esp. 99–117); and Samuel (1992 Samuel, Raphael. 1992. Reading the signs: II. Fact-grubbers and mind-readers. History Workshop Journal, 33: 220–51. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). 6. Like the later humanitarian discourses, natural law was nevertheless also susceptible to privileging Eurocentric values, including notions of ‘reason’ or ‘civilisation’, which effectively modified the ‘protection’ to be accorded to Indigenous peoples. See, among others, Anaya (2004 Anaya, S. James. 2004. Indigenous peoples in international law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]); Anghie (1999 Anghie, Antony. 1999. Finding the peripheries: Sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law. Harvard International Law Journal, 10(1): 1–80. [Google Scholar]); Pagden (1995 Pagden, Anthony. 1995. Lords of all the world: Ideologies of empire in Spain, Britain and France, c.1500–c.1800, New Haven: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]); and Williams (1990 Williams, Robert. 1990. The American Indian in Western legal thought, New York: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]). 7. On 29 June 2006. 8. On 28 November 2006, the General Assembly decided to “defer consideration and action on the United Nations Declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples to allow time for further consultations”. 9. The Declaration is not binding on states but sets international standards to which they should aspire and against which they will be judged.

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgement The author would like to acknowledge the contribution of the late Professor Peter Mair (1951–2011) to this election review article, both as Co-Editor of West European Politics and as the author's mentor at the European University Institute. Notes 1. For other recent reports in this elections in context series, see Allern (2010 Allern, Haugsgjerd Elin. 2010. ‘Survival of a Majority Coalition: The Norwegian Parliamentary Election of 14 September 2009’. West European Politics, 33(4): 904–12. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Dinas (2010 Dinas, Elias. 2010. ‘The Greek General Election of 2009: Pasok – The Third Generation’. West European Politics, 33(2): 389–98. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Faas (2010 Faas, Thorsten. 2010. ‘The German Federal Election of 2009: Sprouting Coalitions, Drooping Social Democrats’. West European Politics, 33(4): 894–903. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Lisi (2010 Lisi, Marco. 2010. ‘The Renewal of the Socialist Majority: The 2009 Legislative Elections’. West European Politics, 33(2): 381–8. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). 2. Passos Coelho interviewed by Reuters, available at http://blogs.reuters.com/axel-bugge/. 3. The Christian Democrats (CDS) are often underestimated in pre-election polls. The 2011 elections were one of the rare examples of an overestimation for this party, a situation that enhanced the perception of defeat. 4. The turnout level might be influenced by outdated electoral records. The week before the election, a newspaper published a study suggesting that there were 700,000 ‘ghost-electors’, potentially decreasing the turnout by 7 per cent (Expresso, 26 May 2011).

Extract Although respiratory disease is common in horses in New Zealand, little is known of the viruses which are involved. In other countries the principal cause of equine respiratory disease is equine herpesvirus 1 (Studdert, 1974 Bachmann, P. A., Hartl, G., Thein, P., Bibrack, B. and Mayr, A. 1972. Occurrence and distribution of viruses possibly concerned with respiratory disease of horses in West Germany. Zentbl. vet. Med., 19B: 801–813. [Google Scholar]) and equine influenza A virus (Powell et al., 1974 Burrows, R. and Goodridge, D. 1973. “In vivo and in vitro studies of equine rhinopneumonitis virus strains”. In Proc. 3rd int. Conf. equine Infectious Diseases, Paris 1972, 306–321. Basel: Karger. [Google Scholar]; Powell, 1975 Carter, Margery E., Brookbanks, E. O. and Dickson, M. R. 1968. Demonstration of a pseudo-cowpox virus in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 16: 105–108. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Mixedinfections of these viruses have also been reported (Jensen, 1973 Carter, Margery E. and Hunter, R. 1970. Isolation of parainfluenza type 3 virus from sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 18: 226–227. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Rhinoviruses (Plummer, 1962 Ditchfield, J., Zbitnew, A. and Macpherson, L. W. 1963. Association of myxovirus parainfluenza 3 (RE55) with upper respiratory infection of horses. Can. vet. J., 4: 175–180. [Google Scholar]; Hofer et al., 1973 Doll, E. R. and Bryans, J. T. 1963. Epizootiology of equine viral rhinopneumonitis. J. Am. vet. med. Ass., 142: 31–37. [Google Scholar]), adenoviruses (Todd, 1969 Doll, E. R., Bryans, J. T., McCollum, W. H. and Crowe, M. E. W. 1957. Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares. Its differentiation from equine abortion (influenza) virus. Cornell Vet., 47: 3–41. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]), parainfluenza 3 virus (Ditchfield et al., 1963 Erasmus, B. J. 1970. “Equine cytomegaloviruses”. In Proc. 2nd int. Conf. equine Infectious Diseases, Paris, 1969, 46–55. Basel: Karger. [Google Scholar]) and equine arteritis virus (Doll et al., 1957 Feldman, H. A. and Wang, S. S. 1961. Sensitivity of various viruses to chloroform. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 106: 736–740. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) have also been isolated from horses with upper respiratory disease, and serological evidence of reovirus infections in horses has been reported (Bachmann et al., 1972 Harden, T. J., Pascoe, R. R., Spradbrow, P. B. and Johnston, K. G. 1974a. The prevalence of antibodies to adenoviruses in horses from Queensland and New South Wales. Aust. vet. J., 50: 477–482. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Although Schmidt (1971 Schmidt, A. 1971. The Concept of Nature in Marx, London: New Left Books. [Google Scholar]) and Fisher-Kowalski (1998 Fisher-Kowalski, M. 1998. Society's metabolism. The intellectual history of material flow analysis, Part I, 1860–1970. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(1): 61–78. [Google Scholar]) maintain that Moleschott (1857 Moleschott, J. 1857. Der Kreislauf des Lebens, Mainz: Von Zabern. [Google Scholar]) provided the influential insights, this is convincingly rebuked by Foster (2000 Foster, J. B. 2000. Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature, New York: Monthly Review Press. [Google Scholar]), who maintained that von Liebig and Mayer (1845 Mayer, J. R. 1845. Die Organische Bewegung in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Stoffwechsel, Heilbronn: C. Drechsler. [Google Scholar]) were of central importance. In any case, the use of 'metabolism' was widespread in the emerging social sciences at the time and both Marx and Engels were familiar with the then ongoing scientific debates in biology. 2 This has become engrained in social theory since its founding fathers Durkheim, Weber, and a 'socialized' Marx. 3 The first person apparently to suggest the circulation of blood in the arterial system was Ibn-al-Nnafiz (physician, born in Baghdad and died in Cairo in 1288) (Illich, 1986 Illich, I. 1986. H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness, London: Marion Boyars. [Google Scholar], p. 40). The idea of circulation remained alien to the imagination of sixteenth century Europeans. Two sixteenth century scientists suspected what Harvey would later discover: Servetus (a Spanish genius and heretic burnt by Calvin—he also edited Ptolemy's geography in Lyon—and student of Vesalius in Paris) and Realdus Colombus of Padua (also student of Vesalius). Harvey was a student of Vesalius in 1603. 4 Among those who address this issue are: Blowers (1993 Blowers, A. 1993. Planning for a Sustainable Environment, Edited by: Blowers, A. London: Earthscan. [Google Scholar]), Haughton and Hunter (1994 Haughton, G. and Hunter, C. 1994. Sustainable Cities, London: J. Kingsley. [Google Scholar]), or, for a more critical perspective, Burgess et al. (1997 Burgess, R., Carmona, M. and Kolstee, J. 1997. The Challenge of Sustainable Cities, Edited by: Burgess, R., Carmona, M. and Kolstee, J. London: Zed Books. [Google Scholar]), Baeten (2000 Baeten, G. 2000. Tragedy of the highway. Empowerment, disempowerment and the politics of sustainability discourses and practices. European Planning Studies, 8(2): 69–86. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), Davis (1998 Davis, M. 1998. Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster, New York: Metropolitan Books. [Google Scholar]), Desfor and Keil (2004 Desfor, G. and Keil, R. 2004. Nature and the City—Making Environmental Policy in Toronto and Los Angeles, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. [Google Scholar]), Gandy (2002 Gandy, M. 2002. Concrete and Clay—Reworking Nature in New York City, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Keil and Graham (1998 Keil, R. 1998. Los Angeles: Globalization, Urbanization, and Social Struggles (World Cities Series), New York: John Wiley & Son Ltd. [Google Scholar]) and Swyngedouw (1999 Swyngedouw, E. 1999. Modernity and hybridity: nature, regeneracionismo, and the production of the Spanish waterscape, 1890–1930. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 89(3): 443–465. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2004 Swyngedouw, E. 2004. Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]).

Caribbean Cricket: The Role of Sport in Emerging Small-nation Politics

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements The author is grateful to the two anonymous referees for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of this article. Notes 1. Self-containment, at least in urban planning terms, relates to the level of travel trips that are internal to the locality. Any locality that has a majority of all its travel trips occurring internally is deemed to be self-contained, though this assertion is not uncontested (Cevero, 1995 Cevero, R. 1995. Planned communities, self-containment and commuting: A cross national perspective. Urban Studies, 32(7): 1135–1161. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Ewing et al., 1996 Ewing, R., DeAnna, M. and Li, S. 1996. Land use impacts on trip generation rates. Transportation Research Record, 1518: 1–6. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Healy & O'Connor, 2001 Healy, E. and O'Connor, K. 2001. Jobs and housing location in Melbourne, 1986 – 1996. The Australian Planner, 38(1): 9–15. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Hence, the colocation of employment, retail, leisure and residential uses to satisfy the majority of local needs are critical to self-containment. Perhaps more important, however, is the mode of transport for these trips and the provision of high quality, high frequency and highly accessible public transport offers greater sustainability gains than car use (Yigitcanlar et al., 2005 Yigitcanlar, T., Dodson, J., Gleeson, B. and Sipe, N. . Sustainable Australia: Containing Travel in Master Planned Estates. Research Monograph 9, Urban Research Program. September, Griffith University, Brisbane. [Google Scholar]). 2. Over the last decade and a half, urban commentators (McLaren, 1992 McLaren, D. 1992. Compact or dispersed: Dilution is no solution. Built Environment, 18(4): 268–284. [Google Scholar]; Cevero, 1995 Cevero, R. 1995. Planned communities, self-containment and commuting: A cross national perspective. Urban Studies, 32(7): 1135–1161. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Jenks et al., 1996 Jenks, M., Burton, E. and Williams, K. 1996. Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?, London: Spon. [Google Scholar]; Newman & Kenworthy, 1999 Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. 1999. Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence, Washington, DC: Island Press. [Google Scholar]; Williams et al., 2000 Williams, K., Burton, E. and Jenks, M., eds. 2000. Achieving Sustainable Urban Form, London: Spon. [Google Scholar]; Williams, 2005 Williams, K., ed. 2005. Spatial Planning, Urban Form and Sustainable Transport, London: Ashgate. [Google Scholar]) have generally used the term sustainable urban form to depict the growing debate concerning the economic, social and environmental costs of existing urban morphology. This is a manipulation of the term form and is used to describe both urban structure and the fine grained strategies of implementation, which are more correctly associated with urban form.

The poetry of history

Extract Madam:– For several years we have been concerned with developing safe and effective methods of administering zinc to farm animals for the control of facial eczema. In none of our trial work involving repeated daily, weekly and fortnightly dosing of zinc oxide to sheep not vaccinated against salmonellosis has salmonellosis been encountered. Recently two reports(1 Allworth, M.B., West, D.M. and Bruere, A.N. 1985. Salmonellosis in ram hoggets following prophylactic zinc dosing. N.Z. vet. J., 33: 171–171. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]),(3 Neilsen, F.J.A., Jagusch, K.T., Gray, M.G. and Maclean, K.S. 1985. Acute enteritis and deaths in .sheep from Salmonella hindmarsh associated with oral dosing with zinc oxide. N.Z. vet. J., 33: 148–149. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) have suggested that high doses of zinc oxide have played a part in the aetiology of two outbreaks of salmonellosis in sheep and we thank the authors of both papers for pointing out their field observations. In the first outbreak(3 Neilsen, F.J.A., Jagusch, K.T., Gray, M.G. and Maclean, K.S. 1985. Acute enteritis and deaths in .sheep from Salmonella hindmarsh associated with oral dosing with zinc oxide. N.Z. vet. J., 33: 148–149. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) the sheep were subjected to exceptional stress (thrce days of mustering, yarding, drafting, tagging, weighing, bleeding, dosing and trucking). Even so it appeared that the "zinc dosed" and not the "nonzinc" group were affected by salmonellosis, but in exceptional circumstances.

References and Further Reading

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