Compact-disk read-only memory

Impact of optical disc technologies on the storage and distribution of patent and trademark information

A brief history of the evolution of the compact disc is presented. The central focus is on the development role played by the Red Book and its offspring, the Yellow Book and the Orange Book. Following the development of the disc itself came longevity claims made by manufacturers and counter claims in commercial literature. Finally, the construction of technically and statistically sound media testing methodology is traced from the early works of individuals to the refined standards representing the combined input from manufacturers, archivists and industry experts. A suggestion for further independent testing is also made.

Digital information is ephemeral. It requires a dedicated infrastructure and a concerted user effort to ensure that it is persisted for further usage. As information technology and practices evolve, we observe shifts in the metaphors we use to manage and relate to the digital content. In this chapter we reflect on the developments that are transforming the Personal Computing (PC) Desktop environment. First, from the direct observations of users in the early days of Internet adoption, we consider the support they had for authoring, storing, and viewing digital content and the practices they adopted for organizing and sharing information. We underline the evolution of email from a communication channel to a rich authoring environment that stores and contextualizes documents created during user activities. With that we observe the increased rate at which knowledge workers are exposed to information through content streams and the speed at which they need to react and engage. These changes presented challenges to the segmented and application bound information storage on the PCs. They exposed the insufficient support for managing and organizing content from Web services. Second, we discuss the approach that de-emphasizes storage management and focuses on the support for user activities. In order to enable organization of the distributed digital content we generalize the notion of folders to collections that comprise references to digital objects in disparate storage locations and services. We also advocate semantically rich representations of collections that capture relationships among digital items and usage context. The file metaphor is expanded to a composition of digital information that transcends file boundaries and incorporates sub-document parts or alternative representations of resources in the collection. These notions are promising for transitioning to the cloud computing paradigm and ubiquitous access to resources through multi-device personal computing.

Scientific American Medicine (SAM) is available in three loose-leaf volumes with regular updates. A compact disc (CD) version book, CONSULT, entered the market several years ago. It received very favorable reviews in this and other journals. 1,2 Late in 1994, a Windows version of SAM debuted. By this time, the name had changed to SAM-CD. This review concerns the Windows version of SAM-CD. In common with the earlier DOS version, all three volumes of the print edition, with their illustrations and indices, reside in a single CD. The CD includes Discotest, the self-test question-and-answer section. The annual subscription includes four updates per year. The updates ensure that very recent developments gain entry. The educational value of any electronic medium is only as good as its print counterpart. Thus, if you found the print edition of SAM instructive and useful, the CD will be more so. There is no difference in

This article focuses on the black box that is becoming smaller, smarter, and more useful as a safety tool in the aviation sector. Although endurance regulations have gone virtually unchanged for several years since the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) first required the units on all commercial aircraft, the most notable has been the advent of digital recording technology. Digital recorders can record more parameters over longer periods of time using less energy than older magnetic tape recordings. Today, this kind of information is used not only to investigate an aviation accident, but to increase the safety of flying at a time when air traffic has grown significantly. The FAA is conducting a FOQA Demonstration Study in cooperation with major U.S. airlines. Based on digital flight data recordings, the study provided information on items such as unusual autopilot disconnects excessive rotation rates on takeoff, unstabilized approaches, and hard landings.

Against the “Networked Information Economy”: Rethinking Decentralization, Community, and Free Software Development Ben Roberts (bio) The free, libre, and open source software (FLOSS) movement is often cited as an example of fundamental changes in production associated with the rise of information networks. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams see it as an example of wikinomics, a powerful new form of economic production based on sharing and self-organization.1 Yochai Benkler argues that the form of social or peer production evident in FLOSS can compete with or even displace traditional forms of capitalist organization and sees it as a symptom of the “networked information economy,” replacing the “industrial information economy,” which has been in force since the late-nineteenth century.2 The main feature of this networked information economy is the much greater role within it for decentralized individual action.3 This essay contests this broadly liberal take on the significance of the free software movement. It argues that Benkler is typical of an approach that tends to view the Internet as the primary enabler of decentralization (for example, in the form of decentralized software development). Of course, it would be foolish to discount the role that networks have played in the success of FLOSS. But, as I will argue, an examination of its history suggests that its origins can’t be entirely accounted for in purely technological and economic grounds. The proponents of such an approach often resist the claim that their focus on networks is technologically determinist,4 arguing that the network itself is shaped by social and cultural factors. However, this makes the explanatory power of networks rather circular: the existence of networks explains social and cultural behavior at the same time as being explained by it. The explanation of free software in terms of the economic properties of networks is simply too static and asocial; it serves to explain how a particular mode of production can functionally compete with the market without really being able to account for how this change has come about. In particular, as I will show, the marginalization [End Page 385] of the question of labor in theories of peer production disconnects the analysis from wider changes in the nature of economic production. Moreover, the emphasis on the empowerment of individuals ignores the possibility that decentralization consists in radical new forms of sociality and collectivity, something that can perhaps be seen in the communities built around particular free software projects. As I will argue, Gilbert Simondon’s concept of individuation may help inform a better understanding of the emergence of such free software communities. From the perspective of a nonprogrammer, it is easiest to understand the concept of FLOSS by explaining how proprietary software such as Microsoft Windows is distributed. The operating system and applications that users run on their personal computers (PCs) are most often compiled software. The creators of the application have written the code in any one of a number of different human-readable programming languages; this program is known as the source code. The source code is then converted by another program known as a compiler into object or binary code, which is a machine-readable version of the program executed when the application is run on a PC. Binary, or object, code is the form in which software is most often distributed to users, either on installation media such as compact discs (CDs), installed on a computing device before sale or, increasingly, downloaded over the Net. The end user of proprietary software created and distributed in this fashion has no access to the original source code and is therefore unable to alter, change, or fix the software running on their machine: in the words of Bob Young, the former chief executive officer (CEO) of open source software company Red Hat, purchasing proprietary software is like buying a “car with the hood welded shut.”5 In addition to the absence of source code, proprietary software is usually distributed under the terms of a highly restrictive software license. In effect, the applications run by a user remain the property of the software maker and may be used only under the terms of this contract. Typically, the license prevents sharing...

Audiometers—A Closer Look

Supercapacitors represent an attractive alternative for portable electronics and automotive applications due to their high capacitance, specific power and extended life. In fact, the growing demand of portable systems and hybrid electric vehicles, memory protection in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), logic circuit, videocassette recorders (VCRs), compact disc (CD) players, personal computers (PCs), uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in security alarm systems, remote sensing, smoke detectors, etc. require high power in short-term pulses. Therefore, in the last 20 years, supercapacitors have been required for the development of large and small devices driven by electrical power. In this paper, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by improved Hummers method. Two polyaniline (PANI)/graphene oxide nanocomposites electrode materials were prepared from aniline, GO and ammoniumpersulfate (APS) by in situ chemical polymerization with the mass ratios (mGO:mAniline) 10:90 and 30: 70 in ice bath. The crystal structure and the surface topography of all materials were characterized by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of the composites were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge–discharge measurements and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The results show that the composites have similar and enhanced cyclic voltammetry performance compared with pure PANI based electrode material. The graphene/PANI composite synthesized with the mass ratio (mANI:mGO) 90:10 possessed good capacitive behavior with a specific capacitance as high as 1509.35 F/g at scan rate of 1 mV/s in scanning potential window from −0.8 V to 0.8 V.

Since World War II, an impressive series of new sound technologies has entered the scene: the reel-to-reel recorder, the cassette recorder, the compact disk, the mp3 player, sampling software on personal computers and music-sharing facilities on the Internet. How did such sound technologies affect transformations in the cultural practices of listening to and making music in Western Europe? Which shifts did they trigger in the traditional boundaries between active and passive participation in music culture? What was, for instance, the impact of the tape recorder on the boundaries between producing and consuming music, listening and creating, copying and editing music? And what did such changes mean for the roles of the creator, technician, producer and distributor of music?.

The storage of information on compact disks (termed CD-ROM) has made possible the transcription of refer­ ence indexes directly to a computer. In psychology, one of the most widely used of these indexes is cal Abstracts, published by the American Psychologi­ cal Association. The abstracts referenced since 1973 are currently available on CD-ROM under the name PSYCH­ LIT, a convenient and highly flexible database. The data­ base can be searched by author, title, key word, language, journal, publication date, or any word found in the ab­ stract. Additional searches can be readily made by using logical constructs. The results of these searches can then be viewed on a personal computer, printed, or copied to disk. One serious limitation to the PSYCHLIT system is that the citations are not presented in APA format (see Figure 1 for a sample output from PSYCHLIT). To rem­ edy this incompatibility, we have written a conversion pro­ gram, ABC (Abstract to Bibliography Conversion), which reads a PSYCHLIT file and outputs an APA-format bib­ liography. This bibliography is stored as an ASCII text file and can be read by most word processors. This saves manuscript preparation time by eliminating the need to enter references available through PSYCHLIT manually.

The health related problems are becoming more and more critical. This necessitates the need for continuous monitoring of health parameters of the patient. The health monitoring electronic equipment’s are not able to maintain health logs, analyzing the biomedical data obtained and assisting the patient and caregivers depending on the analysis. This project is intended to monitor the patient’s bio-signals like Electro Cardio Gram (ECG), pulse rate, respiration rate and temperature. Suitable algorithms can be used to find out the abnormalities in these bio-signals. Today Electronic Patient Records (EPR) are confined to the hospital database and are available within the hospital information system. This project also aims to a modification of Electronic Patient Records depending on the real-time vital parameter feed. These updated EPR information instead of storing in the hospital database are uploaded through the internet and stored in a cloud system. The patient need not have to carry the medical records in the form of papers, films or Compact Disc (CD) while moving from hospital to hospital. The patient needs to carry only an android mobile phone. Using the android application, the medical records stored in the cloud can be retrieved. The physician can analyze the medical records of the patient either through personal computers or through the mobile phones with the help of android application.

During the last few years, mobile devices such as cellular phones and PDAs have become sophisticated tools for creating digital content. Moreover, their built-in or attachable sensor capabilities make it possible to derive metadata that denote the context of the user. The challenge of annotating digital content with contextual metadata is a central part of our current research efforts and the main rationale for the development of Pinetree. Pinetree is a learning content repository based on Semantic Web technologies. The aim of the article is to explore the utility of using RDF (Resource Description Framework) as a data model in a learning content repository. We describe the different components of Pinetree and illustrate its use in a specific learning scenario. Our initial results indicate that a learning content repository based on RDF can be a flexible solution for digital content storage in terms of metadata expressivity, interoperability and data distribution.

You have accessThe ASHA LeaderBottom Line1 Sep 2011Patient Information Privacy Basics Kate RomanowJD Kate Romanow Google Scholar More articles by this author , JD https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.BML1.16092011.3 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In ASHA recently hosted an online private-practice institute for audiologists and speech-language pathologists that focused on how to establish, manage, and grow a profitable private practice. Recorded lectures covered topics such as strategic business planning, fees and pricing, employment law basics, managing a fee-for-service practice, increasing referrals, using web-based and social media marketing, coding updates, Medicare billing, and claims and denials. Many of the participants in one of the sessions, “Data Privacy, Security, and Enforcement: HIPAA and More,” raised several questions during and after the institute on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This article clarifies points discussed during the institute to help other clinicians understand HIPAA policies. The HIPAA privacy rule protects personal health information and outlines patients’ rights with respect to that information, while allowing disclosure of information needed for patient care. The HIPAA security rule specifies a series of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards that ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic protected health information. Electronic protected health information includes, for example, patient data stored on a computer hard drive, or data transmitted via a computer for billing purposes. The following questions and answers outline basic HIPAA privacy and security regulations. Q: Do the HIPAA regulations apply to me? HIPAA compliance is required by all “covered entities,” defined as health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers that transmit any health information in electronic form in connection with “transactions” covered under HIPAA. If you are a provider who, for example, sends patient information electronically to a billing company, then you are a “covered entity” and must comply with HIPAA regulations. Q: What transactions are covered under HIPAA? HIPAA regulations define “transaction” as the transmission of information between two parties to carry out financial or administrative activities related to health care. It includes the following types of information transmissions: Health care claims or equivalent encounter information. Health care payment and remittance advice. Coordination of benefits. Health care claim status. Enrollment and disenrollment in a health plan. Eligibility for a health plan. Health plan premium payments. Referral certification and authorization. First report of injury. Health claims attachments. Other transactions that the secretary of health and human services may prescribe by regulation (45 C.F.R. Section 160.103). Q: What does “electronic form” mean? HIPAA does not define “electronic form.” It does, however, define “electronic media” as the following: Electronic storage media including memory devices in computers (hard drives) and any removable/transportable digital memory medium, such as magnetic tape or disk, optical disk, or digital memory card. Transmission media used to exchange information already in electronic storage media. Transmission media include, for example, the Internet, extranet (using Internet technology to link a business with information accessible only to collaborating parties), dial-up lines, leased lines, private networks, and the physical movement of removable/transportable electronic storage media. Certain transmissions, including those by paper (facsimile) and by voice (telephone), are not considered e-transmissions via electronic media because the information did not exist in electronic form before the transmission (45 C.F.R. Section 160.103). Q: If I am a covered entity, what do I need to do to comply with HIPAA? You must protect the privacy of patient information. You must safeguard patient information sent electronically. For example, you must inform patients about the HIPAA privacy practices you observe and train employees about HIPAA requirements. Q: Are there sample notices of privacy practices? More information about HIPAA privacy notices is available at the Department of Health and Human Services website. ASHA includes a sample notice of privacy practices in its Practice Management Tools for SLPs available in the ASHA online store. Q: Where I can get more information? ASHA’s reimbursement web page includes an extensive section on HIPAA. An article in The ASHA Leader also outlines some basics. The Office of Civil Rights, which enforces the privacy and security rule, has information on its website. The Workgroup for Electronic Data Interchange [PDF] (of which ASHA is a member) has information to help small practices comply with HIPAA. The full HIPAA regulations are available at the Department of Health and Human Services website. (Be aware, however, that the most current version may not be posted.) Author Notes Kate Romanow, JD, director of health care regulatory advocacy, can be reached at [email protected]. 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Information (audio, video, or data) to be recorded magnetically is first encoded into a sequence of time-varying electrical signals which are used to drive a writing head, the magnetic field of which creates, on the moving tape or disk, a spatially varying pattern of magnetization. The reading process uses another head (or the same head) to reconvert this magnetization pattern into time-varying electrical signals that can be amplified and used to drive a loudspeaker, or a TV receiver, or feed data to a computer. Two methods of encoding the information are used; analog and digital. In analog recording, as the adjective suggests, the pattern of magnetization on the recording medium should be a precise analog of the incoming stream of information and the signal obtained on reading should be an exact reproduction of the original. Digital recording involves first converting the information into a sequence of ones and zeros which can then be recorded as a sequence of regions of opposite magnetization. Analog recording has been widely used to store audio and video information while digital recording was used for data recording. This picture is changing and digital recording is now being used increasingly in audio and video recording principally because errors can be corrected dynamically so that the original information can be reconstructed and copied repeatedly and with great fidelity. Whether the recording method used is analog or digital, similar though not identical properties are required of the recording materials and so the distinction between the two methods will not be pursued further.

This chapter contains sections titled: Digital Recording of Analog Signals The Road to D-1 Composite Video Digital Recording Data Compression HDTV Digital Recording DV, Digital Video D-VHS, The Latest Member of the VHS Family Disk Recorders for Digital Video Applications Looking into the Future References