Compact side-viewing interference microscope for inner surface micro-scale topography measurement

Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

We present a new, inexpensive, bench-top method for measuring groove period over large areas with high mapping resolution and high measurement accuracy, dubbed the grating mapper for accurate period (GMAP). The GMAP has the ability to measure large groove period changes and nonparallel grooves, both of which cannot be measured via optical interferometry. In this paper, we detail the calibration and setup of the GMAP, and employ the instrument to measure three distinct gratings. Two of these measured gratings have customized groove patterns that prevent them from being measured via other traditional methods, such as optical interferometry. Our implementation of this tool achieves a spatial resolution of 0.1[Formula: see text]mm[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.1[Formula: see text]mm and a period error of 1.7[Formula: see text]nm for a 3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m size groove period.

Magnonic devices are extensively studied for energy‐efficient information processing. High spatial resolution and high accuracy measurement is required to characterize the excitation and distribution of magnons. Here, sensing and imaging of magnons in the magnetic insulator (YIG) is realized with negatively charged boron vacancy () spin defects in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Thermal magnon noise is studied through spin relaxometry, illustrating the nanometers proximity of the 2D quantum sensor over a large area. The small probe‐sample standoff distance helps to detect weak signals with diffraction‐limited spatial resolution. The uniform out‐of‐plane symmetry axis of is further utilized to study perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). It effectively extracts the stray field of microwave‐excited magnons from the direct stripline field. The distributions of propagating and localized magnons in different structures are subsequently imaged and analyzed. The work provides the strategy for utilizing the distinctive advantages of the van der Waals quantum sensor in magnetic imaging. The results will promote the development of magnonic devices for diverse applications.

Size distribution of liposomes by flow field-flow fractionation

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering (JKSPE) is devoted to publishing original research articles with high ethical standard on all aspects of precision engineering and manufacturing. Specifically, the journal focuses on articles related to improving the precision of machines and manufacturing processes through implementation of creative solutions that stem from advanced research using novel experimental methods, predictive modeling techniques, and rigorous analyses based on mechanical engineering or multidisciplinary approach. The expected outcomes of the knowledge disseminated from JKSPE are enhanced reliability, better motion precision, higher measurement accuracy, and sufficient reliability of precision systems, 한국정밀공학회지

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering (JKSPE) is devoted to publishing original research articles with high ethical standard on all aspects of precision engineering and manufacturing. Specifically, the journal focuses on articles related to improving the precision of machines and manufacturing processes through implementation of creative solutions that stem from advanced research using novel experimental methods, predictive modeling techniques, and rigorous analyses based on mechanical engineering or multidisciplinary approach. The expected outcomes of the knowledge disseminated from JKSPE are enhanced reliability, better motion precision, higher measurement accuracy, and sufficient reliability of precision systems, 한국정밀공학회지

Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry is a viable approach to study the low-resolution structure of protein and protein complexes. However, unambiguous identification of the residues involved in a cross-link remains analytically challenging. To enable a more effective analysis across various MS platforms, we have developed a novel set of collision-induced dissociative cross-linking reagents and methodology for chemical cross-linking experiments using tandem mass spectrometry (CID-CXL-MS/MS). These reagents incorporate a single gas-phase cleavable bond within their linker region that can be selectively fragmented within the in-source region of the mass spectrometer, enabling independent MS/MS analysis for each peptide. Initial design concepts were characterized using a synthesized cross-linked peptide complex. Following verification and subsequent optimization of cross-linked peptide complex dissociation, our reagents were applied to homodimeric glutathione S-transferase and monomeric bovine serum albumin. Cross-linked residues identified by our CID-CXL-MS/MS method were in agreement with published crystal structures and previous cross-linking studies using conventional approaches. Common LC/MS/MS acquisition approaches such as data-dependent acquisition experiments using ion trap mass spectrometers and product ion spectral analysis using SEQUEST were shown to be compatible with our CID-CXL-MS/MS reagents, obviating the requirement for high resolution and high mass accuracy measurements to identify both intra- and interpeptide cross-links.

A Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensor that combines the conventional complementary coding with the pulse prepump technique for high-accuracy and long-range distributed sensing is implemented and analyzed. The employment of the complementary coding provides an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensing system and an extended sensing distance, and the measurement time is also reduced compared with a BOTDA sensor using linear coding. The combination of pulse prepump technique enables the establishment of a preactivated acoustic field in each pump pulse of the complementary codeword, which ensures measurements of high spatial resolution and high frequency accuracy. The feasibility of the prepumped complementary coding is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The experiments are carried out beyond 50-km single-mode fiber, and experimental results show the capabilities of the proposed scheme to achieve 1-m spatial resolution with temperature and strain resolutions equal to ∼1.6°C and ∼32 μϵ, and 2-m spatial resolution with temperature and strain resolutions equal to ∼0.3°C and ∼6 μϵ, respectively. A longer sensing distance with the same spatial resolution and measurement accuracy can be achieved through increasing the code length of the prepumped complementary code.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been the quantitative measurement method of instantaneous velocity fields in experimental fluid mechanics. The authors have proposed the adaptive PIV technique using the gradient-based sub-pixel analysis, in which a pixel unit displacement is obtained using the iterative cross-correlation method while a sub-pixel displacement is calculated by the use of the so-called spatio-temporal derivative method. The present method can achieve high accuracy of measurement and high spatial resolution compatibly. In this paper, the proposed method is applied to visualized images of the arteriole in the rat mesentery using the intravital-microscope and the high-speed digital video system. Time-series of the volocity profiles of the arteriole is obtained. Averaged velocity profiles show the blood flow volume is constant at five vessel cross-sections. The arteriole velocity profiles are blunt at the center region of the vessel cross-section and sharp profiles at near wall region, this suggests the shear stress on the vessel wall is higher than expected one. The results show that the proposed method is very useful to measure the blood flow velocity profiles with highly accuracy of measurement, and high temporal and spatial resolution.

This paper presents a new approach for assessing rotor blade cooling concepts. A new test rig has been designed, built and commissioned, allowing fast comparison of different cooling schemes as well as absolute surface temperature measurements for different cooling concepts. By scaling the test specimen, full aerothermal similarity was achieved at high measurement accuracy and resolution. This similarity however poses high demand on the employed measurement techniques. Surface temperature (and thus cooling effectiveness) is measured using high resolution, high dynamic range infrared thermography with an improved calibration method for in-situ radiation correction. Furthermore, an improved image evaluation algorithm is presented, allowing angle-of-view dependent emissivity correction and full 3D-evaluation of image data. Those improvements enable the measurement on strongly cooled and strongly curved surfaces, and thus the use of scaled rotor blades with true geometry. First results are presented comparing total cooling effectiveness of a conventionally cooled blade with internal ribs to the effectiveness of an internal swirl design blade. They show the feasibility of the measurements and the importance of the presented correction method.

This paper presents extensive results of an ongoing study on internal blade cooling concepts. A new test rig has been designed, built and commissioned, allowing fast comparison of different cooling schemes as well as surface temperature measurements for different cooling concepts. By scaling the test specimen, full aerothermal similarity was achieved at high measurement accuracy and resolution. Surface temperature (and thus total cooling effectiveness) is measured using high resolution, high dynamic range infrared thermography with an improved data evaluation method. Results for a conventional multi-pass cooling design are presented as a baseline case. Several new internal cooling concepts are then assessed for their relative cooling performance to the conventional design as well as their absolute cooling effectiveness. Those designs include various internal swirl concepts (cyclone cooling). The results show that great care has to be taken when designing advanced internal cooling concepts with complex flow structures, since the effects of internal crossflow, internal pressure loss, internal heat transfer coefficient, and film cooling effectiveness strongly interact with each other and the hot gas flow and hence affect the resulting total cooling effectiveness.

The magnetic circuit (MC) method has been developed to measure the critical current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ) of long high temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes continuously since 2010. So far, with the apparatus based on the MC method, namely MCorder, industrial HTS tapes produced by main manufactures worldwide have been measured using the MC method, including Bi2223/Ag multifilament tapes and coated conductors with/without magnetic substrates. The high speed (360 m/h), high accuracy measurement (resolution 1 A) and its adaption to all kinds of HTS tapes make large quantity measurement and statistical evaluation of HTS tape possible. In this paper, criteria for I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> assessment of long HTS tapes is discussed, based on which analysis of samples from different manufacturers worldwide is provided. The measurement result of a Bi2223/Ag tape by MC method is compared with section-by-section four-probe method, and the two methods show good agreement. Fourier analysis is given for analyzing I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> periodicity of a tape with periodical artificial defects.

This study focuses on the light scattering spectral properties of spherical nanoparticles under multilaser excitation and proposes the concept of scattering efficiency factor difference ratio (SEFDR) for high-resolution nanoparticle size measurement. The effects of excitation wavelength, particle size, and scattering angle on the scattering spectra are investigated and simulated. Based on the simulation, the SEFDRs for particles of different sizes under different combinations of excitation wavelengths are simulated. The SEFDR calculation can effectively eliminate noise to achieve high-resolution measurements. In experiments, three lasers with center wavelengths of 380, 785, and 1064 nm are used as excitation light sources to measure particle diameter between 33 and 147 nm; the minimum measurable particle diameter is 33 nm. Using three excitation light sources with center wavelengths between 210 and 628 nm, the minimum measurable particle diameter can be broadened to 20 nm. When the spectrometer signal-to-noise ratio is 1000:1, the resolution of particles with a diameter of 33 nm can reach 0.05 nm under ideal conditions.

Most of the traditional distance measurement using electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic pulse time of flight to obtain distance information. It has been widely used in various fields ranging. Accuracy and high resolution can get by the method. Ranging in many occasions does not need high accuracy and resolution. For example, it can reverse radar, blind obstacle avoidance, etc. This paper presents a new distance measuring device that based on infrared light intensity modulation. Moreover the device combine with the fuzzy control theory, so called fuzzy location device based on infrared light intensity modulation. The device includes the infrared modulation transmission unit, collimating unit, infrared receiver unit, background light sensor unit and data processing unit. If alarm distance is n m, data processing unit set infrared light intensity of infrared modulation transmission unit and the light intensity threshold of infrared receiver unit by look-up table with fuzzy control theory. It is according to the current background light intensity. Once the receiving light intensity exceeds the threshold, the system alerts. The paper expounds the working principle, fuzzy control theory on the domain and fuzzy rules domain, the experimental results of the device and analysis in detail. It shows that the device is small, low cost and suitable for a large number of used when it dose not need high accuracy and resolution measurement

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The changing climate and corresponding increased variability in weather events globally have made clear the need for accurate measurements of streamflow, and the ability to respond quickly to conditions as they occur.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We present Infrared Quantitative Image Velocimetry (IR-QIV), a nearfield remote sensing method that uses infrared imagery of the surface of a river or other body of water to accurately calculate the surface flow field at high resolution in space (~10cm resolution) and time (&amp;gt;1Hz), accurately and continuously, over large areas (1,000s of m^2), for extended periods of time.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;IR-QIV is similar to LSPIV (Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry) and other image-based velocity measurement methods, however, it does not require any illumination or tracer particles since it uses thermal infrared images. IR-QIV has the advantages of being able to measure instantaneous velocity, in addition to mean velocity, and hence makes it possible to calculate metrics of turbulence, from which additional hydrodynamic properties of the flow can be found, including estimates of local bathymetry and bed stress, which allow estimation of discharge from a single, non-contact, measurement.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Since IR-QIV can be used to measure a wide range of flows, can operate day or night and in most weather conditions, and can continuously and robustly measure at high spatial resolution over large areas, it is particularly of use where high accuracy and resolution measurements are required, such as for fish management applications, near hydraulic structures or at other locations with complex hydrodynamics, or at locations where physical access to the water is restricted or dangerous. Because measurements can be set up relatively quickly and without requiring contact with the water, we expect IR-QIV to increasingly become an important tool in responding to changing environmental conditions.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;IR-QIV was developed in a partnership between Cornell University, the California Department of Water Resources (DWR), and the US Geological Survey (USGS) for applications including monitoring flow and discharge, and high resolution hydrodynamic measurements near fish guidance structures and barriers. In this presentation we will present an overview of the method, and discuss its capabilities and applications, including considerations that are relevant for any image-based velocity measurement methods, regardless of the imaged wavelengths (thermal, or visible-light).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.044e503880e160884012461/sdaolpUECMynit/22UGE&amp;amp;app=m&amp;amp;a=0&amp;amp;c=7308e56b4ee9a4d02a3a1d78b2417887&amp;amp;ct=x&amp;amp;pn=gepj.elif&amp;amp;d=1&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Figure 1. IR-QIV example: Velocity calculated by IR-QIV (black arrows), plotted over an infrared image of the water surface at Sutter Slough, Califiornia, USA, superimposed on an aerial image.&amp;amp;#160; From: &amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Schweitzer, S. A.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;, &amp;amp;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Cowen, E. A.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;(&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;2021&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;).&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Instantaneous river-wide water surface velocity field measurements at centimeter scales using infrared quantitative image velocimetry&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;.&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Water Resources Research&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;,&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;57&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;, e2020WR029279.&amp;amp;#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029279&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;