Company Internationalization Strategy Evaluation-Take Boeing as an Example

In the present context of digitalization across all industries, most of the organizations are investing in that equipment, tools, and solutions which will help their procedures, employees, apparatuses, and also the goods to integrate into the solitary system. This single network will be helpful for data collection, analyzing data, and also evaluating the development of the company and its performance as well. In this chapter, authors have tried to understand the impact of 4.0 on the company using the Porter's value chain model, which is quite crucial for the area which is primarily concerned with the value creation with the customers. It has been analyzed that 4.0 primarily influence the process of value creation, and so far had a larger impact in this area. The main aim of the learning is to explore how corporations functioning in India understand the occurrence of 4.0, what equipment and tools they are using for Internet of Things for supporting the process and challenges faced by them during the adaptation. At the end of this chapter, it has been identified that due to real-time data spreading across companies—probably all the necessary tools and methods are available, it can surely have a larger impact on the company. Additionally, it has been concluded during the study that the majority of the companies have moved toward the evolution in a digital way, and they have already started investing in this area.

Batubara Regency, North Sumatra, has significant potential for developing palm oil-based MSMEs through the downstream processing of palm sap into brown sugar. This study analyzes innovations in production processes and business management practices in palm sap brown sugar MSMEs in the region, focusing on two MSMEs in Lautador District. Using a qualitative single-case study approach based on Local Economic Development (LED) Theory and Porter's Value Chain model, primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 10-15 business actors and stakeholders. Results show that the innovation of a semi-automatic steamer increased production efficiency by 105% (from 22% to 45%), monthly revenue increased by 132% to IDR 5.8 million per unit, and the share of digital sales reached 75% (a 1400% increase). Key obstacles include the lack of halal certification and village road infrastructure. Recommendations include facilitating BPDPKS (Indonesian Palm Oil Development Agency) for production equipment and certification, as well as establishing a joint production house. This study contributes to the literature on palm oil downstreaming and sustainable LED strategies.

Research Question: The aim of paper is to identify value chain of the music industry and to determine the impact of music industry on employment in Serbia. Motivation: Creative industry is a very attractive topic among both scholars and professionals. A total of 52 sectors are considered as creative industry sectors, including music industry. Our goal was to identify the impact of the music industry on the economy, in addition to the entertaining and amusement value of the music. In order to do so, our goal was to understand all the sub-sectors and activities within music industries. Idea: Although excising NACE nomenclature of activities is rigid, our goal was to identify music industry activities within NACE codes, and to define how the value creation is distributed among various activities within the music industry value chain. Data: Measuring employment is based on combining data from the official statistics entities. Tools: Research required data on the four-digit level of activity (NACE), that were cross-referenced with the findings of the primary research and defined value chain activities of the music industries. Findings: The paper analyses the complexity of the value creation and value chain in the creative industries, specifically in the music industry. Findings support excising literature review and confirms complexity of the value chain in the music industries. In addition, the paper adds value to the scientific research by presenting novel approach that is based on using the Porter value chain model in the music industry and identifying a total of 29 activities within. Further, using created value chain model, paper results demonstrate the impact of the music industry on the employment in Serbia, that has been growing over the analysed period, no matter the COVID-19 crisis. Contribution: The paper expands the existing research related to creative industries and formulates the music industry value chain activities. The significance of this paper stems from the fact that, similar to other sectors within the creative industries, music industry is insufficiently covered by the data of the national statistical authorities. In addition,the paper measures the music industry impact on the employment in Serbia.

Engineering activities have in some sense reached a mature level. It is, however, well recognized that the results have not satisfied the corporate strategy that was determined in advance. This is probably due to the lack of another context for reflecting on the corporate strategy in engineering activities, and this may lead to failure in the competitive global market. The present work intends to develop a conceptual framework for engineering activities, in particular, focusing on the process system synthesis and design that are most influential to the other activities and congruent with a corporate strategy. The new context for the process system synthesis and design emphasizes on value-added activities. The discussions are based on the well-known concept of Michael Porter's value chain and on the extensive application of Bellman's “the principle of optimality” in a modified form. Despite the need for ongoing strategic corporative operations to be successful, these two concepts are not combined in an explicit way. The author proposes a conceptual framework for process system synthesis and design by combining the value chain concept with the modified form of “the principle of optimality” to satisfy multiple objectives. There are two sequential problems: the first is to maximize the monetary value added, and the second is to have the Pareto optimum or compromised solutions. Both are discussed, and an illustrative application is described.

Service oriented architecture (SOA) enables organizations to easily integrate systems, data, and business processes. Implementation of SOA solution in private sector is widely used and successfully proven to increase their profit. But there are different challenge in public sector which is not profit oriented and has different business model. In public sector, user satisfaction on government agencies is one of common indicator to measure quality of public service. This paper presents SOA solution for public sector using SOMA to conduct a service integration for optimizing public satisfaction. We also combined SWOT and Porter's Value Chain to support business modelling analysis. The result shows that there is a simplicity and feasibility for users to access the service after SOA integration, which improves user satisfaction.

Health care delivery is moving toward a value-based environment, which calls for increased integration between physician groups and health systems. Health executives sit at a key nexus point for determining how and when physician-system integration occurs. The objective of this study was to identify the organizational factors that health executives perceived to have made physician-system integration successful. We used a multiple-case study research design. We conducted semistructured, qualitative interviews with 25 health executives in the roles of CEO, chief medical officer, chief financial officer and physician group chief executives from eight of Washington State's largest integrated delivery systems. To guide our analysis, we employed open systems theory and Porter's Value Chain to identify physician group and hospital factors that were integral to successful integration. Using the executives' perspectives, the factors grouped into three themes: (1) organizational structure-a mix of integration contracts united by common structural characteristics between physician groups and hospitals); (2) organizational culture-alignment of leadership between physician groups and hospitals; and (3) strategic resources-designated resources to establish and support care coordination activities. Our work indicates that health systems should focus on the pathway to integration success through the alignment of structure (not just the integration contract), culture, and resources and not on an end goal of the physician employment model. Health system executives are key drivers for when and how physician groups are integrated into health services organizations. This article provides executives with an evidence-based model to aid in formulating integration approaches that combine elements of organizational structure, organizational culture, and strategic resources.

The nontraditional export (NTE) sector promises to be the antidote to Africa's economic woes in the face of dwindling traditional exports. Adopting the Porter's Value Chain Framework and a case study design, we explore how alcoholic beverage companies in the African NTE sector could create value in their upstream, midstream, and downstream value chain activities through effective governance and digitization. In exploring these intricacies of governance and digitization within African global value chains (GVCs), we draw on two major case studies, Diageo South Africa and Kasapreko Ghana Limited. Our study shows that the NTE sector can contribute to both economic and social upgrading activities, contribute to industrialization and create international competitiveness for African firms. Second, GVC governance and digitization, even though still at its infant stages in Africa, has the potential in propelling economic value through the NTE sector.

Can firms and coevolutionary groups suffer from too much interdependent complexity? Is complexity theory an alternative explanation to competitive selection for the emergent order apparent in coevolutionary industry groups? The biologist Stewart Kauffman suggests a theory of complexity catastrophe offering universal principles explaining phenomena normally attributed to Darwinian natural selection theory. Kauffman's complexity theory seems to apply equally well to firms in coevolutionary pockets. Based on complexity theory, four kinds of complexity are identified. Kauffman's “NK[C] model” is positioned “at the edge of chaos” between complexity driven by “Newtonian” simple rules and rule-driven deterministic chaos. Kauffman's insight, which is the basis of the findings in this paper, is that complexity is both a consequence and a cause. Multicoevolutionary complexity in firms is defined by moving natural selection processes inside firms and down to a “parts” level of analysis, in this instance Porter's value chain level, to focus on microstate activities by agents. The assumptions of stochastically idiosyncratic microstates and coevolution in firms are analyzed. Competitive advantage, as a dependent variable, is defined in terms of Nash equilibrium fitness levels. This allows a translation of Kauffman's theory to firms, paying particular attention to (1) how value chain landscapes might be modeled, (2) assumptions underlying Kauffman's models making them amenable to firms, and (3) a delineation of seven of Kauffman's computational experiments. As part of the translation, possible parallels between the application of complexity catastrophe theory to coevolutionary pockets and studies by institutional theorists and social network analysts are discussed. The models derive from spin-glass microstate models resulting in Boolean games. Kauffman's Boolean statistical mechanics is introduced in developing the logic underlying the somewhat simplified NK[C] model. The model allows the use of computational experiments to better understand how the dependent variable—value chain fitness—is affected by changes in the number of internal interdependencies K, the number of coevolutionary links with opponents C, the size of the coevolutionary pocket S, and the number of simultaneous adaptive changes, among other things. Various computational experiments are presented that suggest strategic organizing approaches most likely to foster competitive advantage. High or low Nash equilibrium fitness levels are shown to result from internal and external coevolutionary densities as a function of links among value chain competencies within a firm and between a firm and an opponent. Complexity phenomena appear to suggest a number of expected (and thus validating) and surprising strategies with respect to complex organizational interdependencies. For example, moderate complexity fares best and external coevolutionary complexity sets an upper bound to advantages likely to be gained from internal complexity. Various complexity “lessons” are discussed. Models such as the NK[C] could offer insights into strategic organizing.

As the knowledge drain in virtual organisations is much more significant than in traditional companies, an 'experience gap' between virtual corporations and traditional organisations may emerge over time. Hence, the often postulated advantage of the 'best-of-everything' organisation turns to a disadvantage. As a consequence, virtual corporations have to develop strategies to minimise the drain of experience in between their different projects. On an analytical base, this contribution depicts a new organisational concept for efficient project-based collaboration among value-creation partners to cope with problems such as knowledge drain, financial drain and inefficient learning processes in virtual organisations. Referring to the theoretical concepts of virtual corporations, Porter's value chain and the approach of the resource-based view, a new approach for the collaboration among business partners can be derived, which combines the advantage of loosely coupled organisations with traditional forms of collaborations. The new organisational concept is named 'Strategic Virtual Organisation'.

Introduction and Study Objectives: Despite their well-established potential to reduce healthcare expenditures, biosimilars have not achieved widespread adoption in Chile, particularly in oncology. The lack of regulatory incentives and reimbursement frameworks only partially explains this phenomenon. This study aims to identify key barriers to biosimilar adoption in the Chilean healthcare system and propose strategic recommendations to strengthen their value proposition. Methods: The analysis integrates Michael Porter’s value chain model with qualitative methods. Eight strategic activities in the pharmaceutical sector were explored: Regulatory approval, local approval, health technology assessment (HTA), financial coverage, medical education, prescription, purchasing, and adherence. Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with hospital-based professionals, patients, and policymakers using semi-structured and convergent techniques. Triangulation, saturation, and snowball sampling ensured methodological rigour and comprehensive stakeholder representation. Results: While a few barriers were noted for initiating treatment in naïve patients, substantial challenges exist regarding switching, particularly due to outdated regulatory norms. HTA for biosimilars remains low on the policy agenda. Stakeholders emphasized misinformation, low medical confidence, lack of economic evidence, limited incentives, and weak stakeholder engagement. Negative perceptions of quality and clinical efficacy persist. The industry’s low visibility further hinders uptake. We propose a five-dimensional framework—scientific evidence, medical education, economic evidence, stakeholder engagement, and communication to improve the value proposition of biosimilars. Discussion: Barriers are multifactorial and systemic, requiring coordinated, multisectoral responses. Individual efforts are insufficient to drive meaningful change. Conclusion: This approach serves as a roadmap to enhance the value proposition of biosimilars, promote equitable access and fiscal sustainability in cancer care.

Nowadays, use of e-learning is one of the opportunities that information technology has provided for the teaching. Since the method of training has become an industry so the concepts of value and value creation in the value chain need to be reviewed and updated based on e-learning system components. In this paper, with the aim of offering optimized value chain in the comparative study of traditional and electronic learning value chain, important characteristics of an ideal value chain model, from the assessment of the needs phase to final assessment were extracted. Then by interviews, from different points of view and with 59 questions in three sections: general analysis and design, implementation and evaluation of a sample composed of students as clients, teachers, professionals, managers, suppliers and producers of content in the investigated university was surveyed. Finally, as the results of this survey, Optimized Value Chain model and its Application is presented for universities and higher education institutions seeking to enter the field of e-learning.

PurposeThis study aims to draw researchers’ attention to the need to differentiate within the emerging market multinational companies (EMNCs) category. This study focuses on international business in Latin America to argue that the region’s specific institutional characteristics have consequences for within-firm decision-making regarding internationalization strategies. Additionally, the study suggests that to develop a more specific understanding of international business in emerging markets, it is important to consider how decision-makers define value and how they can capture such value.Design/methodology/approachThe approach used in this study draws on the bathtub analogy used in micro-foundations research in international business. It proposes a multilevel analysis in which micro-level variation in within-firm decision-making is considered, while accounting for the conditioning effects of macro-level contextual factors.FindingsThe study identifies characteristics of the Latin American institutional context that are relevant to international business strategies and that potentially differ from other emerging market contexts. These include the pendular shifts to and from pro-market economic reform, fragmented government intervention in business, underdeveloped capital markets, low competition among firms and polarized labor markets. The study explains how these characteristics shape the definition of value and firm strategies to capture value in international markets, and provides examples from firms in different industries.Originality/valueThis study applies a value creation and capture perspective to international business in Latin America, allowing for the simultaneous consideration of macrolevel institutional characteristics and microlevel variation in decision-making regarding internationalization strategies. This perspective not only helps to distinguish Latin American EMNCs from companies from other emerging market contexts, but also explains the considerable variation in the internationalization strategies of firms within the region.

This chapter aims to achieve two primary objectives. First, it maps the landscape of gaming platforms and their value creation strategies in relation to established platform business models in the literature. Second, it delves into a unique value creation approach specific to gaming platforms: the interplay between virtual game economies and real-world economies.Digital gaming platforms have a long history, dating back to university mainframe computers in the 1960s and evolving through arcade machines and gaming consoles in the 1970s and 1980s. These early platforms align with the concept of innovation platforms in contemporary literature. However, the gaming domain has been significantly transformed by the advent of big tech, introducing new platform companies, business logics, and value creation strategies in the domain. The first part of the chapter traces the historical development of gaming technologies from this perspective and identifies three types of digital platforms with distinct business approaches: consoles, big tech platforms, and web-based services.The second part of the chapter focuses on the unique value creation strategies in gaming, particularly the creation and conversion of value at the intersection of virtual and real economies. Virtual economies, such as those in digital games, incentivize microtransactions and have led to new business models. This section examines how gaming platforms have adapted and developed these models, comparing three different platform’s conversion of affective value into monetary value and the intersection of virtual and real economies.

ABSTRACTWhile many firms in recent years have started to offer public Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), firms struggle with shaping digital platform strategies that align API design with aspired business goals and the demands of external developers. We address the lack of theory that explains the performance impacts of three API archetypes (professional, mediation, and open asset services). We couple survey data from 152 API product managers with manually coded API design classifications. With this data, we conduct cluster and regression analyses that reveal moderating effects of two value creation strategies (economies of scope in production and innovation) on the relationships between API archetype similarity and two API performance outcomes: return on investment and diffusion. We contribute to IS literature by developing a unifying theory that consolidates different theoretical perspectives on API design, by extending current knowledge on the performance effects of API design, and by empirically studying the distinct circumstances under which digital platforms facilitate economies of scope in production or in innovation. Our results provide practical implications on how API providers can align API archetype choice with the value creation strategy and the API’s business objective.

The purpose of this research is to study how personal branding and value creation impact the business performance of noodle SMEs in Bekasi City. This study uses a quantitative method by collecting data from a number of MSME actors in the area through questionnaires. According to the research, personal branding and value creation have a significant impact on the company's performance level. Strong personal branding can enhance the company's reputation, while value creation serves to provide additional relevant value to customers. The results of this research emphasize that effective personal branding and value creation strategies are crucial for supporting the sustainability and development of SMEs. The conclusions of this research can be used by entrepreneurs to create better marketing strategies.