Comparative Evaluation of Automatic and Manual Drip Irrigation Control Systems Under Variable Valve Opening Levels

In his article “Beyond Point-and-Shoot Morality,” Joshua Greene argues that the empirical findings of cognitive neuroscience have implications for ethics. Specifically, he contends that we ought to trust our manual conscious reasoning system more than our automatic emotional system when confronting unfamiliar problems; and because cognitive neuroscience has shown that consequentialist judgments are generated by the manual system and deontological judgments are generated by the automatic system, we ought to trust the former more than the latter when facing unfamiliar moral problems. In the present article, I analyze one of the premises of Greene’s argument. In particular, I ask what exactly an unfamiliar problem is, and whether moral problems can be classified as unfamiliar. After exploring several different possible interpretations of familiarity and unfamiliarity, I conclude that the concepts are too problematic to be philosophically compelling and, thus, should be abandoned.

Study of automatic and manual control problems of spaceplane atmospheric flight under simulated g-load effect

The paper describes the design and implementation of control systems in an instrument for the fatigue testing of springs. A manual control system is used to establish a spring in a condition of mechanical resonance at a chosen amplitude of vibration, and an automatic control system is used to maintain this condition throughout the duration of a fatigue test. The problem of measuring the vibration amplitude is described, and the nature of the problem of controlling a resonant spring is discussed. For automatic control, an algorithm for the simultaneous extremal control of forcing signal frequency and regulatory control of forcing signal amplitude is developed, and implemented by means of a microprocessor. The methods used may be of more general application, particularly in vibration testing, and possible design improvements for such applications are discussed.

Farm fresh vegetable production is gaining much importance in urban areas. This is a turning point for agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas, to introduce new technology like Drip Irrigation System (DIS). Nowadays, urban people take due care by cultivating vegetables on their roof–top, because of high pesticide residues in market produce. But, urban farming initiatives lack supervision and guidance in whole cultivation practices especially in irrigation. Here comes the role of low-cost drip irrigation system to solve acute water shortage and labor problem. Keeping in view of the above few facts, a field experiment was conducted on automatic drip irrigation for grow bag cultivation to evaluate yield, water-use- efficiency and economic feasibility of a commonly used vegetable, okra. Comparison was done with the manual hose irrigation for grow bags. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the performance of time-based automatic drip irrigation system and manual hose irrigation in okra. Irrigation time optimized at 15minutes provided 250 ml of water per plant. Based on the growth stage, crop water requirement of vegetables was estimated to be 0.6 to 2 litre/day. To meet this crop water requirement, irrigation was done at four time intervals viz., morning twice and evening twice in such a manner one litre water was irrigated per grow bag. Thus, drip irrigation conserved 50% water compared to manual hose irrigation. It was found that drip irrigation gave 37.70% higher yield than that obtained with the manual drip irrigation system. Automatic DIS increased irrigation efficiency up to 95% than that of conventional method of irrigation. BCR using automated DIS was observed to be 1.45. Time based Automatic Family Drip System (FDS) is observed to be user-friendly, economical and cost effective as compared to conventional hose irrigation for farming on terraces in cities. Time saving, low energy consumption and low pressure low cost DIS had been widely accepted among urban farmers to promote vegetable cultivation in their own houses.

The main purpose of the research is to prevent residents who are using underground parking lot from being exposed to pollusion, and to allow them to enjoy clean indoor environment. The study subject for the research are underground parking lots in 20 different apartments, 4 of them were constructed before 2000, 10 were constructed from 2000-2010, and the rest were constructed after 2010. By analyzing the air quality in these underground parking lots, we found out that O3, NO2, CO, PM10, Radon in all parking lots were not excessive compared to the standard limit. TVOC rate was measured with the value in between 312 ~ 2,137μg/m3, with CO2 value in between 193~1,824 ppm, and HCHO with the value in between 0.01~1.52ppm. The lightning system in underground parking lots in apartments constructed before 2000 were using manual light control system, while automatic light control system was used in all apartments constructed after 2000, and the brightness of parking lots in apartments constructed before 2000 was quite low. The apartments constructed after 2000 are performing cleaning and ventilation due to management agreement, while the apartments constructed before 2000 are not performing regular cleaning and there was no mechanical ventilation system installed. The difference of indoor air quality was significant seasonally, daily, and yearly (year of construction), while illuminance was significantly different yearly.

This paper presents a description of the manual and automatic flight control system of the F-12 series aircraft, the first supersonic cruise vehicles. The impact of the aircraft configuration and flight regime on the design philosophy is reviewed and the development process from initial analog computer analysis to first flight is described. Flight experience including reliability of the tripleredundant, fail-operational stability augmentation is presented. Differences from conventional flight control practice are noted and justified. The inadequacy of certain conventional pilot presentations is discussed. Finally, the control problems encountered in high-speed, high-altitude flight are identified and treated.

The development of the F-12 series aircraft manual and automatic flight control system

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an automatic manual wheelchair braking system in the reduction of falls for patients at high risk of falls while transferring to and from a manual wheelchair. The study design was a normative survey carried out through the use of a written questionnaire sent to 60 skilled nursing facilities to collect data from the medical charts, which identified patients at high risk for falls who used an automatic wheelchair braking system. The facilities participating in the study identified a frequency of falls of high-risk patients while transferring to and from the wheelchair ranging from 2 to 10 per year, with a median fall rate per facility of 4 falls. One year after the installation of the automatic wheelchair braking system, participating facilities demonstrated a reduction of zero to three falls during transfers by high-risk patients, with a median fall rate of zero falls. This represents a statistically significant reduction of 78% in the fall rate of high-risk patients while transferring to and from the wheelchair, t(18) = 6.39, p < .0001. Incident reports of falls to and from manual wheelchairs were reviewed retrospectively for a 1-year period. This study suggests that high-risk fallers transferring to or from manual wheelchairs sustained significantly fewer falls when the Steddy Mate automatic braking system for manual wheelchairs was installed. The application of the automatic braking system allows clients, families/caregivers, and facility personnel an increased safety factor for the reduction of falls from the wheelchair.

Aiming at causing frequency traffic accidents by the drunken driving, the paper puts forward an automatic locked control system of vehicle drunken driving as a smart solution to prevent the phenomenon. And designs a automatic locked control system based on PIC16F877A. The system hardware modules and software system are elaborated in detailed. At last through the experiment, it verifies that the automatic control system has reached requirement.

One way of providing irrigation water to improve irrigation efficiency is the use of solar power-based automatic control systems. This technological innovation was designed by utilizing digital technology, microcontroller and sensor network. This automatic control system operates based on the value of soil moisture as the lower set point value and the upper set point value to set the pump on/off. The aims of this research are to develop a solar-powered automatic control system with reference to the control of soil moisture for set on/off the pump and can keep the soil moisture from the water capacity. The stages of the research are hardware design of solar-powered control systems, design of automatic control system software, design of sprinkler irrigation networks, testing and data analysis. The results showed that the total power to operate an automatic sprinkler irrigation system of 67.0 Watt and can reduce battery consumption of 234.7 Watt. The use of a 30 Wp solar panel unit is able to meet the power needed for the automatic control system during the experiment. Key words: automatic control system, microcontroller, solar power, sprinkler irrigation

It is known that limitations of human accuracy in manual manipulation hinder the quality of work performed by human operators of manual control systems. Indeed, movements of operators are apt to cause undesirable vibrations in manual control systems. In this paper, we propose a new operator-support-control scheme for suppressing harmful oscillatory motions in such systems without disturbing human operator's manipulation. The proposed scheme is based on the fact that steady-state blocking zeros of a feedback controller do not affect the steady-state control input. A finite-dimensional feedback controller with steady-state blocking zeros, called a washout controller in this paper, plays the central role in support for operator's manipulation. However, the dynamics of a manual control system may become different significantly from its initial model used for the design of an initial washout controller when it is applied to the manual control system. Such difference can result in poor performance of operator-support-control. In order to improve it, an iterative procedure is presented for re-design of washout controllers based on closed-loop subspace identification. Closed-loop identification is performed to brush up the model for the control design, and then a more sophisticated washout controller is obtained using the identified model. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by an experiment on manual control of an inverted pendulum. © 2007 EUCA.

Automatic flight control systems have become increasingly vital ever since the emergence of airplanes. Automatic systems are not subject to fatigue and emotions as compared to the human pilot. As such, the possibility of human errors in flight control is minimized. Current automatic Flight Control Systems are designed based on classical control theories using linear controllers that are complex and inefficient. Since an aircraft is naturally nonlinear in its behavior, it is intuitive to design a nonlinear controller that could cover a wide variety of possible `extreme' flight conditions. A novel controller utilizing the Nonlinear Energy Method was developed by Akmeliawati for the longitudinal dynamics of an aircraft, and has been proven to provide effective control and better performance when compared to an equivalent linear controller. The novel controller was designed using the Passivity-Based Control (PBC) technique. In this paper, a similar nonlinear controller was designed to direct the roll and yaw motion, which is part of the lateral dynamics of the aircraft. Simulations show that this PBC is able to stabilize both roll and yaw motion of the aircraft.

A high portion of electric consumption is air conditioning in householders or offices, reaching 42%. Therefore, it is necessary to automatically regulate air conditioning operations for energy saving using a control system, usually involving its hardware. As another option, the control system also involves electronic devices and software. This research developed an automatic control system using an ESP32 microcontroller integrated into the Blynk-based internet of things (IoT) for energy-saving air conditioning. The ESP32 was programmed using Arduino IDE and combined with a motion sensor to maximize energy saving. The motion sensor was a trigger to turn on the system. The recorded data were current, voltage, power, temperature, and motion detection. Based on the recorded power, the consumed energy was computed using trapezoidal and Simpson's composite rules of numerical integrations and ordinary methods. The testing was conducted in conventional, manual, and automatic operations. The yielded automatic control system operated adequately. The testing results revealed that the automatic operation saved 1.15 kWh (15.00%),0.99 kWh (13.66%), and 1.14 kWh (14.87%) average daily energy compared to the conventional operation, respectively, by using the ordinary, Simpson's composite rule, and trapezoidal composite rule computations. While the automatic compared to the manualmethodssaved1.68 kWh (20.44%), 1.78 kWh (22.14%), and 1.66 kWh (20.24%), respectively, for the same computations. Thus, the automatic system considerably saved energy compared to conventional and manual operations. Moreover, these energy savings were also higher than some previous research on air conditioning energy savings.

The parameters of the object of regulation during operation due to various reasons may vary. These changes can lead to a change in the performance indicators of the automatic system, as well as its stability. This article proposes an approach to determine the range of acceptable values of the parameters of the control object of an automatic system with a PID controller, in which the system will remain stable. Thus, the problem arises of analyzing an automatic control system given not only by a single model with clearly defined parameters, but by a family of models belonging to a given set — the task of robust regulation. The search for ranges in which the parameters of the regulated object can change is based on the solution of the nonlinear programming problem in this paper. The conclusion of the objective function and constraint system using the theorem of V. L. Kharitonova on the robust stability of linear systems. The main idea is that each parameter of the regulatory object can be changed by some value hi1 in the direction of decrease and by hi2 — in the direction of increase. Replacing the notation used in the theorem of V. L. Kharitonov, the lower and upper boundaries of the change of parameters by the sum and difference of the nominal values of the parameters and the corresponding hi1, hi2, we get a system of restrictions. Moreover, for the stability of Kharitonov polynomials, it is most convenient to use the Lienar-Shipar criterion. The larger the values of hi1, hi2, the wider the ranges of variation of the parameters, and the smaller the inverse of the sum of these values. Based on this statement, the objective function is formed. It should be noted that the condition for the considered automatic system on which the proposed approach is based is sufficient, but not necessary, since the coefficients of the polynomial are interdependent. An example with the help of which the proposed approach is demonstrated is considered. This approach can also be applied to other linear systems for which theconditions of V. L. Kharitonova.

A multivariate non-linear regression model to predict the energy demand for lighting in rooms with different architectural features and lighting control systems