Comparison of angular measurements in cephalometrics and photographs.

This study aims to compare the Nasofacial angular parameters for Hausa and Igbo ethnic groups in Nigeria. The study design was a cross-sectional design which catalogued values of the anthropometric features of adult Nigerian males using anthropometric standards for the reconstruction of a three – dimensional negroid gross anatomical modelling. The methodology used was adult males between the ages of 18 and 40 years of Igbo and Hausa Tribes residing in Imo and Kano states of Nigeria. The results are, the mean parameters of the descriptive statistics for Hausa Nasofacial parameters are as follows; NasoLabial angle (NLA) =79.44, Nasomental angle (NMA) = 139.51, NasoFacial angle (NFcA) = 20.63, MentoCervical angle (MCA) = 131.61, NasoFrontal angle (NFA) = 83.47. The mean parameters of the descriptive statistics for Igbo Nasofacial parameters are as follows; NasoLabial angle (NLA) =49.40, Nasomental angle (NMA) = 81.32, NasoFacial angle (NFcA) = 32.07, MentoCervical angle (MCA) = 7.89, NasoFrontal angle (NFA) = 103.16. In conclusion, the study's findings contribute valuable data to the understanding of ethnic variability in facial parameters, emphasizing the need for population-specific reference data in both medical and technological fields. These results are especially relevant in the context of Nigeria, a nation characterized by its ethnic diversity, where such anthropometric data can play a pivotal role in various applied sciences.

Background: Comprehensive facial assessment can be attained by analyzing population facial profiles and comparing racial variations. To date, there are no databases of Taiwanese facial profiles. Furthermore, facial profiles vary widely among different countries and races. Understanding these differences may facilitate facial profile analyses and surgical planning for facial plastic surgeons. Therefore, in this study, we collected the facial profile parameters of Taiwanese and Fijian people and then analyzed the differences between the two populations. Methods: We recruited 94 Taiwanese individuals at Fu Jen University from December 2014 to November 2015. During a volunteer medical mission to Fiji in November 2017, we enrolled 13 Fijians. Right lateral standard facial photographs were taken to analyze facial profile parameters, including nasofrontal angle (NFA), nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle (NfA), nasomental angle (NMA), mentocervical angle (MCA), glabella-subnasale-pogonion angle, glabella-nasal tip-pogonion angle, superior labial angle, inferior labial angle, and pogonial angle. These parameters were compared between both males and females in Taiwan and Fiji. Results: We observed no significant difference in any of the facial profile parameters between males and females in both Taiwan and Fiji. Compared with Fijian individuals, Taiwanese females have a sharper NfA, and Taiwanese males have a more obtuse NFA, NMA, and MCA, as well as a sharper NfA. Conclusion: Fijian females may have a more outstanding nose than Taiwanese females. Meanwhile, Fijian males may feature a more prominent glabella, a more outstanding nose, and a sharper chin compared with Taiwanese males. In conclusion, the Fijian population has more prominent facial convexity than the Taiwanese population.

The measurement of craniocervical posture: A simple method to evaluate head position

Context: The face is the most important aspect of human identification. It also functions as the centre of attraction and appearance. Aim: The aim of this study was to characterize the facial profiles of Bini using angular photogrammetric analyses. Materials and Methods: A total number of four hundred Bini volunteers between the age range 18 to 30 years comprising two hundred males and two hundred females were recruited for this study. The photographs were taken with the subject keeping their heads in natural head at a distance of 150 cm from the camera in a well illuminated room in candescent light. All photographs were exported to Adobe Photoshop CS 5 Extended. The angle studied were nasofacial, nasofrontal, nasolabial and nasomental angles. Statistical analysis was done by using program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Comparisons were made of all the facial angles studied between males and females using the students' t -test. Results: There was statistically significant sexual dimorphism in three of the angles measured. The nasofrontal angle was significantly higher ( P P P P > 0.05) between the nasolabial angle of the males (76.20 ± 0.80) and that of the females (75.90 ± 0.70). Conclusion: This study has shown as in most other populations that the angular variables in tissue profile are sexually dimorphic among the Bini.

The aim of this study was to describe average nasal anthropometric measurements for young Egyptian males by using the Rhinobase® software. This was a cross-sectional study involving the evaluation of facial photographs. Frontal, right lateral and basal photographs for 300 healthy adult male Egyptian volunteers (n = 300) were taken; then, the photos were edited using Rhinobase® Software and CorelDraw graphics (2017) software. Twenty anthropometric landmarks were determined. The calculated measurements of the soft tissue of the external nose included ten linear measurements and five angles. The means of the linear measurements of the external nose in this study were as follows: nasal height (56.12mm), nasal bridge length (47.0mm), columella length (9.1mm), alar length (29.3mm), morphological nose width (41.0mm), anatomical nose width (38.0mm), nasal tip protrusion (21.0mm), nasal tip projection using 'Goode's method' (29.36mm), dorsum width (9.6mm) and nasion height (2.04mm). The means of the angular measurements of the nose were as follows: nasofacial angle (33.1°), nasofrontal angle (144.0°), nasolabial angle (104.5°), nasomental angle (127.6°) and mentocervical angle (104.7°). Racial differences of the external nasal anthropometric values exist; hence, it is important to establish the average anthropometric measures for several races and ethnic groups. Measurements collected in this study can serve as a database for anthropometric average values of the external nose in healthy adult Egyptian males. Moreover, these measurements can aid in planning prior to nasal reconstruction and esthetic rhinoplasty by serving as a reference standard. Although the Rhinobase® software is an easy, reliable and safe indirect method for nasal analysis, we should be cautious during interpretation of some edited landmarks on Rhinobase® software pictures. In addition, inserting two rulers (in the horizontal and vertical dimension) allows accurate assessment of the linear anthropometric measurements. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Objective: To compare and correlate the Ricketts Esthetic Line measurement between photographs and lateral cephalogram. The norm for evaluating Ricketts' E-Line in the Malaysian Malay population is to be established. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 126 pre-existing photographs and lateral cephalometric radiographs of skeletal Class I Malaysian Malay aged 19 to 40 recruited from the Orthodontic Clinic of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Photogrammetric and cephalometric analyses of the upper and lower lips to Ricketts' E-line were performed. A paired t-test was performed to determine any statistically significant difference between the photographic and cephalometric variables. In addition, Pearson correlation was conducted to estimate the correlations between the photographic and cephalometric variables. Results: There was no significant difference between photographs and lateral cephalogram methods in the upper and lower lip to E-line measurement (p>0.05). For the photogrammetric analysis, the distance from the upper lip to the E-line was -0.30mm ±2.46, whereas the cephalometric analysis was -0.43mm ±2.63. The lower lip distance to the E-line for the photogrammetric analysis was 1.44mm ±2.8, whereas the cephalometric analysis was 1.24mm ±3.08. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for photographs and lateral cephalometric variables was close to 1 (0.914 and 0.898, respectively), indicating a robust positive correlation between the two variables. Conclusions: Photographic and cephalometric analysis can be used synonymously in measuring the Ricketts E line. Malaysian Malay has a more protrusive upper and lower lip to the E-line, compared to Caucasians, and the norm for the investigated population was established.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the specific variables of facial soft tissue changes in Mongolian children using angular and linear measurements. Methods: We studied the lateral cephalograms of 541 subjects (228 male and 313 females) having normal occlusion between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Two orthodontists read all radiographs to determine their cerebral vertebral maturation index (CVMI). The radiographs were digitized and cephalometric measurements were made. Results: The Gl'-Sn-Pg' angle for all participants was 170.2 ± 5.4°. The Nasofrontal Gl’-N’-Tn’ angle was 147.2 ± 7.6° for all participants. It decreased with CVMI stage for girls (p = 0.000). The Nasofacial angle Tn- N'- Pog' angle averaged 20.4 ± 7.7° for all participants. The Nasomental angle N'- Tn-Pog' angle on averaged 144.9 ± 4.3° for all participants. It decreased with the CVMI stage for girls (p = 0.000). The Mentocervical Tn-Pog Me-NTP angle was significantly larger in boys than girls (107.8 ± 8.6° vs. 105.3 ± 7.8°, p = 0.001). The Nasolabial angle Ls-Sn-Col angle averaged 100.8 ± 10.6° for all subjects. It decreased with the CVMI stage for both boys (p = 0.043) and girls (p = 0.021). The distance between the E line and TUL was significantly larger in boys than girls (1.7 ± 2.1 vs. 1.2 ± 2.0 mm, p = 0.004). It also significantly decreased with the CVMI stage for both boys (p = 0.033) and girls (p = 0.000). The space between the E line and TLL averaged 1.9 ± 2.0 mm for all subjects. It did not differ by gender. However, it decreased with the CVMI in both boys (p = 0.022) and girls (p = 0.006). Conclusions: We have provided important results for comparing cephalometric soft-tissue values in Mongolian children in this study. These results provide a valuable guide for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment in our country.

Introduction: A plethora of biological molecules regulate chondrogenesis in the epiphyseal growth plate. Disruptions of the quantity and function of these molecules can manifest clinically as stature abnormalities of various etiologies. Traditionally, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis represents the etiological centre of final stature attainment. Of note, little is known about the molecular events that dominate the growth of the craniofacial complex and its correlation with somatic stature. Aim: Given the paucity of relevant data, this review discusses available information regarding potential applications of lateral cephalometric radiography as a potential clinical indicator of genetic short stature in children. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed electronic database using the keywords: cephalometric analysis and short stature; cephalometric analysis and achondroplasia; cephalometric analysis and hypochondroplasia; cephalometric analysis and skeletal abnormalities; cephalometr* and SHOX; cephalometr* and CNP; cephalometr* and ACAN; cephalometr* and CNVs; cephalometr* and IHH; cephalometr* and FGFR3; cephalometr* and Noonan syndrome; cephalometr* and “Turner syndrome”; cephalometr* and achondroplasia. Results: In individuals with genetic syndromes causing short stature, linear growth of the craniofacial complex is confined, following the pattern of somatic short stature regardless of its aetiology. The angular and linear cephalometric measurements differ from the measurements of the average normal individuals and are suggestive of a posterior placement of the jaws and a vertical growth pattern of the face. Conclusions: The greater part of the existing literature regarding cephalometric measurements in short-statured children with genetic syndromes provides qualitative data. Furthermore, cephalometric data for individuals affected with specific rare genetic conditions causing short stature should be the focus of future studies. These quantitative data are required to potentially establish cut-off values for reference for genetic testing based on craniofacial phenotypes.

Effect of facial asymmetry on 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cephalometric measurements.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of automatic cephalometric landmark localization and measurements using cephalometric analysis via artificial intelligence (AI) compared with computer-assisted manual analysis.MethodsReconstructed lateral cephalograms (RLCs) from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 85 patients were selected. Computer-assisted manual analysis (Dolphin Imaging 11.9) and AI automatic analysis (Planmeca Romexis 6.2) were used to locate 19 landmarks and obtain 23 measurements. Mean radial error (MRE) and successful detection rate (SDR) values were calculated to assess the accuracy of automatic landmark digitization. Paired t tests and Bland‒Altman plots were used to compare the differences and consistencies in cephalometric measurements between manual and automatic analysis programs.ResultsThe MRE for 19 cephalometric landmarks was 2.07 ± 1.35 mm with the automatic program. The average SDR within 1 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 and 4 mm were 18.82%, 58.58%, 71.70%, 82.04% and 91.39%, respectively. Soft tissue landmarks (1.54 ± 0.85 mm) had the most consistency, while dental landmarks (2.37 ± 1.55 mm) had the most variation. In total, 15 out of 23 measurements were within the clinically acceptable level of accuracy, 2 mm or 2°. The rates of consistency within the 95% limits of agreement were all above 90% for all measurement parameters.ConclusionAutomatic analysis software collects cephalometric measurements almost effectively enough to be acceptable in clinical work. Nevertheless, automatic cephalometry is not capable of completely replacing manual tracing. Additional manual supervision and adjustment for automatic programs can increase accuracy and efficiency.

<b>Introduction:</b> Facial analysis is a critical component of plastic surgery. When planning a rhinoplasty procedure, a patient's current facial proportions, along with factors such as race, ethnicity, age and gender, must be considered. Achieving an ideal facial balance requires positioning these factors harmoniously for each unique patient.<b>Aim:</b> The aim of this study is to explore the impact of external nasal reshapingfollowing rhinoplasty on facial proportions, aligning them more closely withnormative values.<b>Material and methods:</b> A photographic analysis was conducted on images taken before surgery and six months postoperatively. Measurements were made using a semi-automated method, where facial topographic points were selected and angles and proportions were automatically calculated and compared to normative data. The study included 93 patients (76 women and 17 men) who underwent rhinoplasty. For each patient, the following parameters were assessed before and after surgery: nasofrontal, nasomental, legan facial convexity, nasolabial, nasofacial, mentocervical angles, Goode ratio, facial height ratios, nasal index and various nasal to facial proportions.<b>Results:</b> In female patients, rhinoplasty resulted in a significant decrease in nasofrontal angle, Legan facial convexity, undernose face ratio and intercanthal to nasal breadth ratio, while nasomental angle, lower facial height ratio and nasal index showed a significant increase. In male patients, significant changes were observed in Legan facial convexity, lower facial height ratio, undernose face ratio and intercanthal to nasal breadth ratio, all of which decreased postoperatively<b>Conclusions:</b> The key angles are essential for determining the ideal nasal position and must be carefully considered in preoperative evaluations. While traditional facial proportions are useful, they should be applied flexibly, considering each patient's unique features and aesthetic goals. The future of rhinoplasty combines these principles with personalized approaches that respect diverse beauty standards.

Arnett soft tissue cephalometric norms for Japanese adults

Evaluating the long-term stability of a predefined palatal region for tooth movement analysis

Background: The skeletal and soft tissue analysis of the face in total is a very important parameter of diagnosis. Readily available and non expensive imaging software are available which can be used for cephalometric analysis for hard and soft tissues of the face to make an appropriate treatment plan. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of linear and angular measurements between the digital software IMAGE J, ICY and manual tracing. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare angular and linear measurements obtained through manual and digital cephalometric tracings using IMAGE J and ICY software with lateral cephalometric radiographs. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs. One properly trained and calibrated examiner performed the 50 manual tracing and then the same radiograph was traced digitally on a digital software. Five angular measurements SNA (Sella, nasion, A point), SNB Sella, nasion, B point), ANB (A point, nasion, B point), W angle, ULA (Upper lip angle) and three linear measurements ULT (upper lip thickness), projection of upper lip to TVL (true vertical line) & WITS appraisal were traced the conventional lateral cephalogram of 50 participants were obtained. Manual tracing was done and hard tissue landmark including the above mentioned angular and linear variables were marked. In a similar way a soft copy of the above 50 radiograph was obtained and uploaded in the digital imaging software IMAGE J and ICY. Results: SNA, SNB, ANB, W angle, WITS appraisal, upper lip thickness (ULT) upper lip angle, (ULA), projection of labrale superioris to TVL showed statistically significant values when measured manually and by digital software methods. Values measured by software methods had less errors. Conclusion: The results show statistically significant values between manual and digital tracing. The actual variation lies in identification of landmarks and their measurements. landmarks are identified better in software methods than manual methods and also there was a difference in measurements of angular and linear values of soft and hard tissue landmarks.

The present study explored the association between the craniofacial sagittal skeletal patterns and frontal sinus dimensions in Germans. This cross-sectional study included orthodontic patients with age ranging from 11 to 18 (80 males, 82 females). Lateral cephalograms were used in the cephalometric and frontal sinus analysis. Cephalometric analysis was performed to measure SNA, SNB and ANB angles. Frontal sinus measurements were performed to obtain the frontal sinus height, antero-posterior dimension and frontal sinus lateral projection area. The frontal sinus dimensions were compared between genders with Mann Withney test. Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests were used to compare the mean differences between the skeletal malocclusions. Spearman’s correlation test and linear regression model were also performed. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Regarding skeletal malocclusion, 71 patients presented class I, 81 class II and 10 class III skeletal malocclusion. The frontal sinus height (p=0.009), frontal sinus antero-posterior dimension (p=0.001) and frontal sinus lateral projection area (p=0.007) were bigger in males than in females. The frontal sinus antero-posterior dimension was significantly greater in the class III when compared to the class I (p=0.010) and class II (p=0.027). Frontal sinus lateral projection area was also bigger in class III than class I (p=0.039). In the linear regression model a significant association was observed between frontal sinus lateral projection area and class III (skeletal class I as a reference). In conclusion, our result suggests that the frontal sinus lateral projection area might present morphometric differences in German teenagers with skeletal class III malocclusion.