Componential Analysis of ‘Gbá’ Verbal Complex and Its Relevance in Second Language Teaching

Contents: Introduction. Part I: Important Social Contexts in Research on Second Language Teaching and Learning. Introduction. M.E. Brisk, Bilingual Education. M.R. Hawkins, ESL in Elementary Education. P.A. Duff, ESL in Secondary Schools: Programs, Problematics, and Possibilities. D.E. Murray, ESL in Adult Education. S. Carkin, English for Academic Purposes. P. Master, English for Specific Purposes. C. Roberts, English in the Workplace. B. Tomlinson, English as a Foreign Language: Matching Procedures to the Context of Learning. Y. Kachru, Teaching and Learning of World Englishes. Part II: Methods in Second Language Research. Introduction. L. Harklau, Ethnography and Ethnographic Research on Second Language Teaching and Learning. L. van Lier, Case Study. A. Lazaraton, Quantitative Research Methods. D. Nunan, Classroom Research. A. Burns, Action Research. Part III: Applied Linguistics and Second Language Research. Introduction. T. Pica, Second Language Acquisition Research and Applied Linguistics. S.L. McKay, Sociolinguistics and Second Language Learning. J. Zuengler, K.M. Cole, Language Socialization and Second Language Learning. G. Kasper, C. Roever, Pragmatics in Second Language Learning. J.P. Lantolf, Sociocultural and Second Language Learning Research: An Exegesis. N. Markee, Conversation Analysis for Second Language Acquisition. R.B. Kaplan, Contrastive Rhetoric. S. Conrad, Corpus Linguistics and L2 Teaching. Part IV: Second Language Processes and Development. Introduction. G. Ioup, Age in Second Language Development. R. DeKeyser, A. Juffs, Cognitive Considerations in L2 Learning. Z. Han, L. Selinker, Fossilization in L2 Learners. M. Swain, The Output Hypothesis: Theory and Research. E. Tarone, Speaking in a Second Language. M. Rost, L2 Listening. T.G. Wiley, Second Language Literacy and Biliteracy. P. Byrd, Instructed Grammar. D.E. Eskey, Reading in a Second Language. I.S.P. Nation, Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. J.S. Hedgcock, Taking Stock of Research and Pedagogy in L2 Writing. E. Hinkel, Analyses of Second Language Text and What Can Be Learned From Them. Part V: Methods and Curricula in Second Language Teaching. Introduction. S.J. Savignon, Communicative Language Teaching: Strategies and Goals. S. Fotos, Traditional and Grammar Translation Methods for Second Language Teaching. J. Williams, Form-Focused Instruction. M.A. Snow, A Model of Academic Literacy for Integrated Language and Content Instruction. R. Ellis, Instructed Language Learning and Task-Based Teaching. M. Celce-Murcia, E. Olshtain, Discourse-Based Approaches: A New Framework for Second Language Teaching and Learning. C.A. Chapelle, Computer-Assisted Language Learning. N.J. Anderson, L2 Learning Strategies. Part VI: Second Language Testing and Assessment. T. McNamara, Introduction. A.J. Kunnan, Language Assessment From a Wider Context. A. Davies, C. Elder, Validity and Validation in Language Testing. M. Chalhoub-Deville, C. Deville, A Look Back at and Forward to What Language Testers Measure. T. Lumley, A. Brown, Research Methods in Language Testing. D. Douglas, Testing Languages for Specific Purposes. C. Leung, Classroom Teacher Assessment of Second Language Development: Construct as Practice. Part VII: Identity, Culture, and Critical Pedagogy in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Introduction. T. Ricento, Considerations of Identity in L2 Learning. M. Byram, A. Feng, Teaching and Researching Intercultural Competence. S. Canagarajah, Critical Pedagogy in L2 Learning and Teaching. Part VIII: Language Planning and Policy and Language Rights. R.B. Baldauf, Jr., Introduction. R.B. Baldauf, Jr., Language Planning and Policy Research: An Overview. T. van Els, Status Planning for Learning and Teaching. A.J. Liddicoat, Corpus Planning: Syllabus and Materials Development. R.B. Baldauf, Jr., R.B. Kaplan, Language-in-Education Planning. D.E. Ager, Prestige and Image Planning. S. May, Language Planning and Minority Language Rights.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Some mistake are finding in teaching and learning language at the schools until today. This condition happened because there is some mistake in teaching and learning language at the schools. Because of that, the process of teaching and learning literature at schools must be change by using the effective models of teaching and learning language which can improve student literacy. One of the models for teaching and learning literacy is Whole Language Model. The problems of this research are (1) what is real condition of learning and teaching language process in the schools? (2) how to development whole language models which can improve student’s literacy? (3) are there influence in using whole language model toward student’s literacy improvement? .Method of this research is research and development. The subject of this research is student in Primary School Laboratory UPI Cibiru Campus. Measurement utilizes test and observation. The statistic analysis technique is using to analysis the date. Result of this research concludes that (1) teacher needs the good model of learning and teaching language to improving student’s literacy in the school; (2) whole language model can implementating by three step that is introduction step, process step, and closing step; (3) implementation of whole language model of teaching and learning language can improving student’s literacy in the primary school.</p><p>Key Word: Whole Language, Elementary Student, Literacy</p>

One of the interesting characteristics of Germanic OV-languages is the verbal complex, a row of verbs in sentence-final position that cannot be interrupted by nonverbal elements. This paper studies the verbal complex in Frisian. Based on facts of nominalization and other morpho-lexical processes, we defend here a lexical analysis for the verbal complex, i.e. base-generation of the verbal complex as a complex verb. In addition, we discuss several properties of the Frisian verbal complex: morphological restrictions between the verbs of the verbal complex, positional characteristics of its constituent parts, and the Infinitivus-Pro-Participio Effect.

This article investigates the effects of ethnic acceptance and prejudice on English language learning among immigrant nonnative speakers. During 2004 and 2005, the author conducted participatory dialogues among six Vietnamese and Mexican adult immigrant English language learners. The researcher sought to answer five questions: (1) What are some nonnative English speakers’ experience regarding the way native speakers treat them? (2) How have nonnative English speakers’ experiences of ethnic acceptance or ethnic prejudice affected their learning of English? (3) What do nonnative English speakers think they need in order to lower their anxiety as they learn a new language? (4) What can native English speakers do to lower nonnative speakers’ anxiety? (5) What can nonnative English speakers do to lower their anxiety with native English speakers? Even though many of the adult immigrant participants experienced ethnic prejudice, they developed strategies to overcome anxiety, frustration, and fear. The dialogues generated themes of acceptance, prejudice, power, motivation, belonging, and perseverance, all factors essential to consider when developing English language learning programs for adult immigrants.

This paper argues that Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) cannot account for some types of phrasal syntax-prosody correspondence in Blackfoot (Algonquian; Frantz 2017). I focus on the verbal complex and show that the verbal complex contains phrasal syntactic structure all the way up to a CP phrase, and that it contains two distinct prosodic constituents corresponding the vP/VP and the CP, respectively. Since the verbal complex contains phrasal syntax, theories of phrasal syntax-prosody correspondences should apply. I argue that the definitions of the syntactic units which correspond to prosodic constituents must be redefined based on phases, and show how a phase-based revision of Match Theory can account for the syntax-prosody correspondence in Blackfoot verbal complexes. The result is a unified theory of the prosodic phonology of stems and phrases which is built on universal syntactic definitions. Although Match Theory is the theoretical focus of this paper, the evidence from Blackfoot implies that phrasal syntax-prosody correspondences can and should be brought 'below the word' in any theory of prosodic phonology.

The study analyzes acceptability judgments relating to sentences that have the same syntactic structure (subject-verb-locative) and varying possibilities of semantic anomaly. Twelve movement verbs were used—that is, 12 verbs indicating a change in position or location; a componential analysis of these verbs was carried out beforehand by the authors. In all, 288 sentences were constructed by combining these 12 verbs with 24 subject-locative pairs. The subjects (university students) were asked to judge the acceptability of the sentences on a 5-step scale. The data were subjected to two methods of factor analysis; in this way three factors were revealed. By examining the verbs loaded on the three factors in the light of the abovementioned componential analysis, it was found that certain components, if present, reduced the probability that a sentence would be judged acceptable in a metaphorical sense; this was especially true of the components use of instruments and typically human character of the action, which, in the sentences with nonhuman subject, are contradictory with the meaning of the subject, and of medium-specific, often contradictory with the meaning of the locative. The results are discussed in relation to some theoretical and methodological problems in current research on the comprehension of metaphor.

Language learning and acquisition requires exposure to a language whether in a formal or informal learning environment as well as opportunities to produce the target language in a meaningful context. Therefore, it is unsurprising that the development of tools and web-based applications that allow written, audio, visual, and audio-visual material to be produced and shared - Web 2.0 - have been embraced by language teachers and learners. Authentic materials, those derived from the culture of the target language rather than specially produced for language learners, can not only be easily adapted to language learning using these new tools, they are potentially more relevant to learners because they increase opportunities for the creation of meaningful contexts for language learning. The objective of this paper is to assess the authenticity of English ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQ OLVK� language learners or teachers. To reach this objective, the blog ranking site Technorati was used to select the most popular blogs for English language learners and teachers and each blog was analysed according to the authenticity of the cultural material used for language learning. The analysis reveals that more than 80% of the material posted on English as a foreign or second language (EFL/ESL) blogs is authentic material reused for language learning. The results show Web 2.0 technologies to be conducive towards providing contemporary authentic material for language learning - the technology itself encourages the use of authentic materials.

This paper aims at exploring the perceptions of teachers towards using Web 2.0 in language learning and teaching. To this end, a study was carried out among language teachers serving in different Moroccan higher education institutions. The result of the research study demonstrated that just like students, instructors are also immersed in these web-based applications and have recourse to them for both personal and educational reasons. However, it has been noticed that though the vast majority of the surveyed teachers claimed that Web 2.0 technologies have a positive impact on language teaching and learning, many of them are still reluctant in effectively incorporating them in education settings. Indeed, it was found out that less than 15% of the respondents use these platforms to interact with students and no more than 2.4% of the subjects are actively involved in creating educational content and uploading it on Web 2.0 applications. However, given the various benefits of these online communities, we recommend that more teachers should embrace them as fully as possible to support classroom goals.

Summary Mediation is a novel concept in language teaching and learning, and the needs and attitudes of language teachers towards it are largely unexplored. This article provides a brief overview of European language policy and discusses the action-oriented approach in the context of this paradigm shift in language learning and teaching. Finally, an exploratory study is presented that examined the needs and attitudes of language teachers from four European universities regarding mediation, as it has been formulated in the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) (Council of Europe, 2001) and redefined in the CEFR Companion Volume with New Descriptors (Council of Europe, 2018). The participating teachers were from the language centres of Charles University in the Czech Republic, Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania, the University of Helsinki in Finland, and the University of Warsaw in Poland. The study survey measured the strength of (dis)agreement of the teachers with 12 statements concerning various aspects of mediation in the context of their teaching practice. These related to understanding what mediation is and its importance, mediating a text, mediating concepts, mediating communication, and mediation strategies. In addition, two open questions concerned the practice of promoting multilingual and intercultural education and the needs of teachers in the area of mediation. Although the vast majority of the 79 participating teachers (91%) agreed that mediation is vital in language learning and teaching, only a third of them claimed that they understood the concept. Furthermore, the findings indicate that some aspects of mediation are more challenging for the teachers to embrace than others and that some fundamental aspects of mediation do not seem to be part of the current teaching practice of all teachers. Overall, the present study confirmed some of the challenges with the implementation of the CEFR into teaching practice at the higher education level.

Lateralization of tonal and intonational pitch processing: An MEG study

Research evidence shows that communicating and interacting with native speakers could boost students’ self-confidence in their language proficiency. If this claim proves to be veritable, students who have the experience communicating and interacting with native speakers, either online or offline, would expectedly feel more confident than those who do not. The present study sought to examine whether significant differences existed in the self-confidence level of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners who (a) had the experience communicating with native English speakers and who did not; (b) had the intention to communicate with native English speakers and who did not; (c) were males and females, and (d) who were in different academic years (year 1, year 2, and year 3 respectively). Independent samples t-test revealed that, whereas males and females were equally confident, learners who had the experience interacting, or who had the intention communicating, with native English speakers were significantly more confident in their English language proficiency than those who had never interacted, or who did not have the intention to communicate, with native English speakers. No significant differences were observed based on year of enrollment. Implications of this study on the English language teaching and learning will be critically discussed in this paper.

This chapter investigates the serial verb constructions (SVC) in Thai, where the predicate takes the structure [V1 NP1 V2 (NP2)]. Focusing on a type of two-component SVC in which one component verb is the head and the other the modifier, we attempt to pinpoint those SVCs that correspond semantically to the Indian-type vector compound verbs, differentiating them from the Chinese-type resultative serial verbs. The V2 verbs, which are drawn from a limited set of verbs, modify the main verbs in V1 in terms of grammatical aspectual meanings or pragmatic meanings. The grammatical aspectual meaning of V2 is a part of the propositional meaning of the verbal complex and is relatively easy to identify. Most V2s in Thai verbal complexes modify V1s in terms of pragmatic specifications, which are rather difficult to spell out, and can be omitted without affecting the propositional meaning. These V2s are considered analogous to vector verbs.

Semantic studies play an essential role in uncovering linguistic meaning, both at the level of individual words and broader discourse. This article examines the relationship between lexical meaning and contextual meaning in Arabic texts through an applied semantic approach. Lexical meaning is understood as the basic meaning recorded in dictionaries, while contextual meaning refers to the meaning that emerges according to situational, cultural, and discourse contexts. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing selected Arabic texts from both classical and modern sources using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed through several stages, including the identification of key lexical items, contextual mapping within sentences and discourse, and semantic interpretation. The findings indicate that differences in social, cultural, and discursive contexts frequently influence the shift from lexical meaning to more specific contextual meanings, sometimes even diverging from the dictionary definition. The relationship between lexical and contextual meanings is not merely linear but interactive: lexical meaning functions as the foundational basis for interpretation, while context provides the actual meaning that aligns with communicative intentions. These findings highlight that understanding Arabic texts requires an integrated analysis of lexical and contextual meanings in order to capture the full message of the language. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Arabic semantic studies, particularly in the fields of language learning, Qur’anic interpretation, and translation studies.

<p>In the new era, several changes occurred in language teaching and learning. Some educators employ traditional classrooms, while others use online learning and blended learning. This study aimed to investigate students' preferences and perceptions about language teaching and learning. This study utilizes a qualitative design and involves 80 students from the English Education Department of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. The students were given a closed-ended questionnaire to evaluate their preferences for the language teaching and learning process. The researcher then interviewed various students to learn about their thoughts on the language teaching and learning process. The students were selected based on their questionnaire responses. The percentages were used to analyze the questionnaire data, while thematic content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. The questionnaire results showed that 40% of students preferred face-to-face classrooms, 30% chose online learning, and 30% chose blended learning. In the interview, students stated that face-to-face, online, and blended learning positively impacted their language learning, though they also had negative perceptions of online learning. This study suggests that the teachers use in-person meetings because most students have positive perceptions of the implementation of face-to-face in EFL classrooms.</p>

This paper aims at contextualizing and presenting the first volume of the journal Research in Corpus Linguistics and is, therefore, divided into two main parts. First of all, it provides an introduction to the field of corpus linguistics and its increasingly relevant role in language teaching and learning. Secondly, it briefly introduces and discusses the six articles of the volume. Stemming from oral presentations delivered at the 4th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics (CILC2012, Jaen, Spain), these articles have a number of features in common. They all make extensive use of corpora and at the same time deal with language teaching and language learning, the underlying assumption being that a genuine and mutually beneficial connection can be established between teaching and research. For this reason, each of them constitutes an illustrative sample of how different corpora can be exploited for different research purposes.