Composition analysis of the equiliprated solid liquid phases in the bimary eutectic systems with microanalyser

Investigating time-dependent Zn species over Zn-based catalysts in glycerol carbonylation with urea and their roles in the reaction mechanism

The plasmon energy of the solid and liquid phases of pure Al, and an Al-Si alloy, was recorded as a function of temperature. For the case of pure Al, the trend in the solid and liquid phases followed the expected behavior based on a free (specific) volume change. Quantitatively, the slope of Ep versus T was −0.5 meV/K in the solid state and −2.2 meV/K in the liquid state. For the case of the Al-Si alloy, the trend in the solid phase was similar to that of pure Al, however, the trend in the liquid Al-Si phase was exactly opposite to what was observed for the pure Al liquid (i.e., +1.9 meV/K). This unexpected result is explained based on the variation, i.e., partitioning, of Si with temperature in the Al-Si alloy.

Chapter 3 Surface Interaction between the Soil Solid Phase and the Soil Solution

Molecular dynamics study of melting, diffusion, and sintering of cementite chromia core–shell particles

Fabrication of single domain GdBCO bulk superconductors by a new modified TSIG technique

A content of biologically active compounds (BAC) with signified pharmacological activity in distillers grains was proved. It is prospective for applications of these grains as a raw material resource of pharmaceuticals. A composition of BAC distillers grains received from wheat, corn, barley, millet at different spirit enterprises which use hydro fermentative grain processing. Considering polydispersity of distillers grains they were separated on solid and liquid phases preliminary. Physical and chemical characteristics of distillers grains' liquid base were identified. Elementary composition of distillers grains is signified by active accumulation of biogenic elements (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron) and low content of heavy metals. The solid phase of distillers grains accumulates carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in high concentration. The liquid phase of distillers grains contains: proteins and amino acids (20-46%), reducing sugars (5,6%-17,5%), galacturonides (0,8-1,4%), ascorbic acid (6,2-11,4 mg%). The solid base of distillers grains contains: galacturonides (3,4-5,3%), fatty oil (8,4-11,1%) with predomination of essential fatty acids, proteins and amino acids (2,1-2,5%), flavonoids (0,4-0,9%), tocopherols (3,4-7,7 mg%). A method of complex processing of distillers grains based on application of membrane filtering of liquid phase and liquid extraction by inorganic and organic solvents of solid phase, which allows almost full extraction of the sum of biologically active compounds (BAC) from liquid phase (Biobardin BM) and solid phase (Biobardin UL). Biobardin BM comprises the following elements: proteins and amino acids (41-69%), reducing sugars (3,5-15,6%), fatty oil (0,2-0,3%), flavonoids (0,2-0,7%), ascorbic acid (17-37 mg%). Biobardin UL includes: oligouronids (16,4-19,5%), proteins and amino acids (11-21%), fatty oil (3,2-4,9%) which includes essential acids; flavonoids (0,6-1,5%), tocopherols (6,6-10,2 mg%), carotinoids (0,13-0,21 mg%). Proteins of Biobardins are inhomogeneous by their molecular mass and solubility in water and salt solutions. Both Biobardins are characterized by the mineral composition identical to the composition of relative distillers grains phase. During the experiments on animals practical nontoxicity and hepatotoxicity absence of Biobardins were established. Using prednisole stomach ulcers of rats as a model a signified gastroprotective influence of Biobardin BM was established. It was shown in a reduction of the number of ulcerative and hemorrhagic blennoses, secretory and proteolytic functions of stomach. Models of electroreduction, peroxide oxidation of lipids (POL) of oleic acid, POL of egg yolk, and rats' hepatitis proved signified antioxidant activity of Biobardin UL which exceeds comparable substances by 8,3-30,1%; absence of fatty degeneration of rats' lever was shown under the influence of Biobardin UL. Composition of Biobardin BM and Biobardin UL pills as rational medicine form was justified and designed. Distillers grains processing allows reduction of industrial waste toxicity index – chemical consumption of oxygen (CCO) by 74%, making distillers grains ecologically-friendly waste water.

Organic and inorganic solids, liquids of various kinds and gases in intimate contact with the solid phase comprise the three-phase system that is soil. Soil management includes management of all three phases but emphasis is typically on the solid and liquid phases. The liquids and gases occupy the soil pores, which are the spaces between the solids. Soil management is challenging because of the great spatial and temporal variability of the liquid and gas phases that are in constant flux. Unless disturbed by growing roots, burrowing animals, or humans, the temporal changes to the solid phase are slow to occur but spatial variability is often great. Physical degradation of soil most often reflects a change in the total volume or size distribution of the pores brought about by reorganization of the solid phase. When reorganization occurs in the subsoil, it is most often called compaction and when it occurs on the surface it is often referred to as soil sealing or crusting. Compaction, sealing and crusting are significant soil physical management problems worldwide. The objective of this chapter is to describe some of these problems, the processes of soil physical degradation, their impacts on wind and water erosion and control of the degradation. Soil hydrology is controlled for the most part by the total volume of pores and the pore size distribution, hence a decrease in either of these has the primary effect of reducing the rate of fluid entry into the soil and the rate of fluid flow and chemicals through the soil.

This work aims to systematically investigate the influence of process temperature, biomass-to-water ratio, and production scales (laboratory and pilot) on the chemical composition of aqueous and gaseous phases and mass production of chemicals by hydrothermal processing of Açaí (Euterpe oleraceae, Mart.) seeds. The hydrothermal carbonization was carried out at 175, 200, 225, and 250 °C at 2 °C/min and a biomass-to-water ratio of 1:10; at 250 °C at 2 °C/min and biomass-to-water ratios of 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 in technical scale; and at 200, 225, and 250 °C at 2 °C/min and a biomass-to-water ratio of 1:10 in laboratory scale. The elemental composition (C, H, N, S) in the solid phase was determined to compute the HHV. The chemical composition of the aqueous phase was determined by GC and HPLC and the volumetric composition of the gaseous phase using an infrared gas analyzer. For the experiments in the pilot test scale with a constant biomass-to-water ratio of 1:10, the yields of solid, liquid, and gaseous phases varied between 53.39 and 37.01% (wt.), 46.61 and 59.19% (wt.), and 0.00 and 3.80% (wt.), respectively. The yield of solids shows a smooth exponential decay with temperature, while that of liquid and gaseous phases showed a smooth growth. By varying the biomass-to-water ratios, the yields of solid, liquid, and gaseous reaction products varied between 53.39 and 32.09% (wt.), 46.61 and 67.28% (wt.), and 0.00 and 0.634% (wt.), respectively. The yield of solids decreased exponentially with increasing water-to-biomass ratio, and that of the liquid phase increased in a sigmoid fashion. For a constant biomass-to-water ratio, the concentrations of furfural and HMF decreased drastically with increasing temperature, reaching a minimum at 250 °C, while that of phenols increased. In addition, the concentrations of CH3COOH and total carboxylic acids increased, reaching a maximum concentration at 250 °C. For constant process temperature, the concentrations of aromatics varied smoothly with temperature. The concentrations of furfural, HMF, and catechol decreased with temperature, while that of phenols increased. The concentrations of CH3COOH and total carboxylic acids decreased exponentially with temperature. Finally, for the experiments with varying water-to-biomass ratios, the productions of chemicals (furfural, HMF, phenols, cathecol, and acetic acid) in the aqueous phase is highly dependent on the biomass-to-water ratio. For the experiments at the laboratory scale with a constant biomass-to-water ratio of 1:10, the yields of solids ranged between 55.9 and 51.1% (wt.), showing not only a linear decay with temperature but also a lower degradation grade. The chemical composition of main organic compounds (furfural, HMF, phenols, catechol, and acetic acid) dissolved in the aqueous phase in laboratory-scale study showed the same behavior as those obtained in the pilot-scale study.

Single component LB film investigated by five scanning probe microscopy methods

The variations of thermal conductivities of solid phases versus temperature for pure Sn and Sn-1 wt% Mg, Sn-2 wt% Mg, and Sn-6 wt% Mg binary alloys were measured with a radial heat flow apparatus. Thermal conductivity variations versus temperature for pure Sn and Sn-1 wt% Mg, Sn-2 wt% Mg, and Sn-6 wt% Mg binary alloys were found to be 60.60 ± 3.63, 61.99 ± 3.71, 68.29 ± 4.09, and 82.04 ± 4.92 W/Km, respectively. The thermal conductivity ratios of liquid phase to solid phase for pure Sn and eutectic Sn-2 wt% Mg alloy at their melting temperature were found to be 1.11 and 1.08, respectively, with a Bridgman type directional solidification apparatus. Thus the thermal conductivities of liquid phases for pure Sn and eutectic Sn-2 wt% Mg binary alloy at their melting temperature were evaluated to be 67.26 ± 4.03 and 73.75 ± 4.42 W/Km, respectively, by using the values of solid phase thermal conductivities and the thermal conductivity ratios of the liquid phase to the solid phase.

We provide a concurrent measurement of the hydrogen and oxygen nuclear kinetic energies in the water molecule across melting at 270K in the solid phase and 276K in the liquid phase. Experimental values are obtained by analyzing the neutron Compton profiles of each atomic species in a deep inelastic neutron scattering experiment. The concurrent measurement of the atom kinetic energy of both hydrogen and oxygen allows the estimate of the total kinetic energy per molecule due to the motion of nuclei, specifically 35.3 ± 0.8 and 34.8 ± 0.8kJ/mol for the solid and liquid phases, respectively. Such a small difference supports results from abinitio simulations and phenomenological models from the literature on the mechanism of competing quantum effects across the phase change. Despite the experimental uncertainties, the results are consistent with the trend from state-of-the-art computer simulations, whereby the atom and molecule kinetic energies in the liquid phase would be slightly lower than in the solid phase. Moreover, the small change of nuclear kinetic energy across melting can be used to simplify the calculation of neutron-related environmental dose in complex locations, such as high altitude or polar neutron radiation research stations where liquid water and ice are both present: for neutron energies between hundreds of meV and tens of keV, the total scattering cross section per molecule in the two phases can be considered the same, with the macroscopic cross section only depending upon the density changes of water near the melting point.

Liquid-solid phase regulating excited-state intramolecular proton transfer process of HBT-d-NO2: A QM/MM study

Digestate, as bio-degradable agricultural biogas waste may be subject to the direct management as a fertilizer or, after separation of the solid and liquid phase - solid phase may be subjected to thermo-chemical transformation to biochar. Biochar is a carbonization product with high carbon concentration and relatively low decomposition suscepti- bility, obtained from various types of organic waste (International Biochar Initiative). Biomas carbonization takes place in the torrefac- tion process in the temperature from 200oC to 320oC. The chemical composition and utility properties of biochar depend on the substrate type and the process parameters. Biochar obtained from biodegradable waste may be an element of carbon biosequestration and used as biofuel, whereas in agriculture - as soil improver, which decomposes for a long time and which positively influences soil fertility, number of biogenic components and physical and water properties. The paper presents characteristic of the torrefaction process, process products and utility values of biochar from the point of view of energy and the agricultural value. Keywords: biochar torrefaction biofertilizer biosequestration biofuel

Desorption of PAHs from solid phase into liquid phase during co-fermentation of municipal and coke sewage sludge

The structure of a diblock copolymer solution in the vicinity of the transition between micellar liquid and solid phases was investigated using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). An amphiphilic poly(oxyethylene)–poly(oxybutylene) diblock was studied in water. Static and dynamic light scattering techniques were used to provide an independent measure of micelle dimensions and aggregation number. Dynamic shear rheometry and mobility measurements were used to locate phase transitions. A micellar liquid phase was identified at low concentration and a cubic micellar phase at higher concentration, the transition between the two occurring at higher temperature as the concentration increased. The cubic micellar phase behaves rheologically as a solid and SAXS confirmed a face-centered cubic structure. Intermediate between these two phases, a viscoelastic soft solid was observed, with a finite yield stress but with a much lower dynamic modulus than the crystalline solid. Several distinct suggestions have been put forward for the structure of the solution in this region. In a poly(oxyethylene)–poly(oxypropylene)–poly(oxyethylene) Pluronic triblock, small-angle neutron scattering and rheology provided evidence for a percolation transition between micellar liquid and solid phases [L. Lobry et al., Phys. Rev. E. 60, 7076 (1999)], indicating a fractal structure of micelles aggregated due to attractive interactions. Alternatively, a defective solid phase has been proposed. We analyzed the structure of solutions of our diblock copolymer via detailed model fits to the SAXS data for concentrations spanning the liquid–solid transition. The micellar form factor was modeled as a homogeneous micellar core with attached Gaussian chains; and the intermicellar structure factor could be described using the hard sphere model. Thus there is no evidence for percolation induced by effective attractive interactions between micelles in our system. In contrast SAXS data indicates there is a coexistence region between hard sphere fluid and solid crystal phases, in which small grains of close-packed crystal coexist with fluid. It is apparent that block copolymer micelles acts as model colloidal systems in which it is possible to investigate the influence of attractive and repulsive interactions between spherical particles by varying the copolymer composition.