Compound anthroponyms

The article analyzes derivational univerbation as one of the forms of compression functioning in word formation. Univerbation is a merging, pulling together of a free or stable word combination, a sentence or a sentence fragment into one verbal whole. The new word-forming construction in its form corresponds with one word, and in its semantics with the whole word combination. It is not uncommon for a new word to “absorb” the meaning of the context. The activity of universalization is closely connected with the need for “economical” nominations of new concepts, as well as with the need for stylistic variation of the name. This way of word formation allows creating compact, economical, concise and succinct forms of expressing thoughts without special speech efforts. The problematic character of this derivational model is that there is an extended interpretation of the essence of word formation methods.

In the following article one way of word formation in proper nouns is investigated. As a result of transition the formation of anthroponym and toponym is explained.

The article is devoted to analysing the terminology of the linguistic works of the famous Ukrainian linguist Yury Shevelyov (Sherekh). The author clarifies the ratio of native and borrowed elements in linguistic terms representing different language levels. The article takes into account the authorʼs manner of introducing terms and their borrowed equivalents into scientific texts. The frequency of use of Ukrainian terms and their borrowed counterparts has been determined. The article characterizes and classifies specifically Ukrainian and borrowed terms, considering their belonging to different language levels. The author outlines a number of linguistic terms that differ from their modern equivalents established in linguistics. Within the terms atypical for a contemporary, the author highlights terms to denote concepts of phonetics and characteristics of sounds, graphic and punctuation marks, concepts of syntax and types of sentences, in particular, word structure, groups of words, grammatical categories, ways of word formation, etc. According to the results of the research carried out on the material of Yury Shevelevʼs linguistic papers within terms with borrowed components, the author singles out terms with a component expressed by a noun (дублет, формант, еквівалент, etc.) and an adjective (атрибутивний, дублетний, релевантний / ірелевантний, контамінований, експіраторний, номінативний, пейоративний, препозитивний постпозитивний, релятивний, секундарний, фіктивний, etc.). In general, the terminology of Yury Shevelevʼs linguistic papers testifies to the famous linguistʼs desire to give preference to specifically Ukrainian terminological word forms. The terms of Ukrainian origin in his scientific idiostyle dominate in the designation of phonetic phenomena and sounds, word components, ways of word formation, parts of speech, their groups, cases and meanings, and types of simple and complex sentences. Instead, borrowed models of word formation represent nominations of groups of words according to various features and terms to denote language processes. Yuriy Shevelyov prefers the borrowed terms, denoting artistic tropes, stylistic figures and techniques. The author concludes that the largest number of terms atypical for modern linguistics are terms used to denote the concepts of phonetics, grammar, graphic and punctuation marks. Keywords: linguistic term, scientific idiostyle, specific / borrowed word, synonymous term, foreign equivalent of the term.

We consider the language-based guessing as one of the ways by which it is possible to make the process of mastering any foreign language simpler. Language-based guessing plays the role of a faithful assistant in working with text and at the same time it is a necessary skill that develops logical thinking, memory and increases the level of proficiency in foreign language speech. The study is relevant due to language-based guessing is very often ignored by both teachers and students though it is one of the most important language skill, its formation and development is influenced by a whole complex of factors. The practical significance of this study is in the fact that its theoretical and methodological materials can be used to effectively form a language guess among students in the process of learning a foreign language. As examples, we consider words formed using one of the most common ways of word formation – affixation.

Purpose . The author considers the verbs of the Mongolian languages characterizing the process of sexual intercourse. Due to the high degree of taboo of the topic under consideration, a large number of the verbs of Mongolian languages appeared in processes of the lexicalization of the figurative meaning of the word and the lexicalization of syntactic phrases. Results . The material of paper contains only two verbs formed using the affixal way of word formation. From the point of view of evaluative variation, euphemisms, dysphemisms, and orthophemisms can be distinguished among the verbs of the sphere under consideration. There are verbs with the initial semantics of impact, representing a semantic universal, are identified. The functioning of substitutive verbs in order to avoid communicative discomfort is noteworthy. The verbs of the field under consideration have nationally marked features due to the cultural originality of the speech culture and traditions of the Mongolian peoples. In particular, cases of the transfer of pastoral vocabulary into the sphere of relations between the sexes have been identified. The presence of a rich layer of imitative words in the Mongolian languages also makes it possible to skillfully conceal inappropriate forms. The analysis of words related to the sphere of intimate relations allowed us to conclude that their semantics contain both the universal and specific character of the mental world of native Mongolian speakers.

Objective. The objective of this article is to investigate the etymology of English affixes. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature on the problems of etymology, word formation, affixation; theoretical generalization and concretization; comparative method and methods linguistic research (contrastive and structural). Results. Etymological analysis plays a significant role in comparative linguistics as it determines the origin of words, records the history of changes in their structure, and explains their modern form In the course of the study one of the main ways of word formation in English, namely affixation was analysed. Affixed morphemes make changes to the word, they are divided into word-altering (modify the grammatical meaning) and word-forming (modify the lexical meaning). The former perform a grammatical role without affecting the lexical meaning of the word. Word-altering affixes are universal, i.e. they are applicable to all (or most) words of a given grammatical category. Word- forming affixes introduce a new lexical meaning, additional to that already contained in the root morpheme. Word-formation affixes are not universal, although, at first glance, they are used quite regularly in the process of creating new words from the same root. English suffixes and prefixes are diverse in origin. Along with productive suffixes and prefixes, which help to keep adding new lexical items to the English language, there are non-productive or alloproductive ones that occur either in one or more words or as a morphological feature of parts of speech. The study of prefix and suffix morphemes in English allows us to better understand the structural features of the language and their influence on word formation and the expression of grammatical relations. The study of these morphemes reveals the versatility of the language system, contributes to the enrichment of linguistic richness and improves linguistic expression. References Busel, V. T. (2005). Velykyi tlumachnyi slovnyk suchasnoi ukrainskoi movy : 250000 [A large explanatory dictionary of the modern Ukrainian language : 250000]. Kyiv, Irpin, Perun Publ., VIII, 1728 p. Vakariuk, L. O. & Pantso, S. Ye. (2010). Ukrainska mova. Morfemika i slovotvir. Navchalnyi posibnyk [Ukrainian Morphemics and word formation. Study guide]. Ternopil, Navchalna Knyha Bohdan Publ., 200 p. Horpynych, O. (1999). Suchasna ukrainska mova [Modern Ukrainian]. Kyiv, Vyshcha Shkola Publ., 207 p. Etymolohiia [Etymology]. Encyclopedia of modern Available at: https://esu.com.ua/article-18044 Slovotvorennia v suchasnii anhliiskii movi [Word formation in modern English] Available at: https://speak-up.com.ua/news/sposoby-slovotvorennya-v-anglijskij-movi/ Usi prefiksy v anhliiskykh slovakh zi znachenniamy ta prykladamy, yaki polehshat vam navchannia [All prefixes in English words with meanings and examples to make learning easier] Available at: https://cambridge.ua/uk/blog/prefixes-in-english/ Yaki ye sufiksy v anhliiskii movi? [What suffixes are there in English?] Available at: https://bukischool.com.ua/blog/sufiksy-v-angliiskiy-movi Yankovets, O. (2019). Slovotvirni sufiksy anhliiskykh terminivimennykiv prykordonnoi sfery [Word-forming suffixes of English term-nouns of the border area]. Inozemna filolohiia [Foreign philology], Issue 132, pp. 45–56. Bauer, (2023). The Birth and Death of Affixes and Other Morphological Processes in English Derivation. Languages, Issue 8, 244. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2226- 471X/8/4/244 Online Etymology Dictionary. Available at: https://www.etymonline.com/word/

The object of the research includes the actual designations of the subject with the semantics of enmity, formed with the active foreign language word-formation components, functioning in Russian-language online media and Internet communication in 2000-2020. The approaches used include system-centric and text-centric, semasiological and onomasiological approaches, motivational, definitional, functional-semantic and contextual analysis. It analyses the syntagmatics, semantics, word's inner form, type of motivation, motivational form and meaning, motivational and classification features, lexical and structural motivators, ways of discursive actualising the motivational relations of the studied words. It is shown that selected lexical units with the component –phobe, -phrenic, - saur, -down, -hater, -oid, -oholik, -path, -man, -(e)rast belong to the vocabulary of enmity depending on their significative or pragmatic component, implement a negative assessment of intellectual, psychological, moral qualities of the subject. The actual vectors of developing the nominal vocabulary of enmity in the Russian language are determined by integration, intensification, internationalization, intensification. The relevant word-forming tendencies in the studied group of nouns are highlighted – the frequency of word composition, non-usual ways of word formation, nominations by analogy, the increasing role of onyms, the activity of word-forming components with a negative rating. It is demonstrated that motivational relations of lexemes are discursively implemented through the actualization of lexical and structural motivation, the paradigmatic value of lexemes, the subjective modality that the addressee uses, his/her individual motivation of words.

The article is devoted to the study of the originality of literary anthroponyms in the works of Boris Ukachin. This problem has been little studied and requires further research. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to interpret the artistic anthroponymicon in order to comprehend the deep meaning of the text. The anthroponymic vocabulary of Boris Ukachin's artistic works has a significant potential for understanding the ways of the individual author's organization of the artistic space and the system of subtext connections. Therefore, the study of the anthroponymy of the author's works makes it possible to expand and streamline information about the traditional and new in the writer's artistic heritage. Literary anthroponyms serve as a means of designating characters, isolating and distinguishing them, concretizing and generalizing. The anthroponymic space of Boris Ukachin's works is extraordinarily rich, there are names in it that reflect the customs, traditions and worldview of the Altai people, which are formed by different ways of word formation. The name and her appearance largely determine the artistic thought of the author, it is closely related to the plot, portrait, landscape of Boris Ukachin's works. Since people call an object by their personal names, they do not attribute any properties to it, however, in a literary text, thanks to anthroponyms, the writer hides a certain meaning that reflects the character of the hero. It is thanks to proper names that the reader becomes clear which character is in front of him. Anthroponymic semantics manifests itself especially vividly and profoundly in the title of the stories. According to the author, anthroponyms are widely and variously represented in the work of B. Ukachin. Many of them are divided by lexical and semantic characteristics into descriptive names, wish names and names that give some information about a person's personality.

Issues related to various aspects of the establishment, formation and development of terminology are constantly in the focus of attention of linguists. The developmental features of these language subsystems provide an excellent opportunity for modeling and studying the features of linguistic evolution in general. From our point of view, an analysis of economic terminology is particularly relevant at the moment. This is due, on the one hand, to the fact that the economy penetrates all spheres of life of a modern person, and on the other hand, to the rapid development of the economy itself, which requires an adequate reaction from the language, primarily at the lexical level. This article is devoted to the study of some aspects of the functioning of the French economic terminology system. It describes the features of synthetic and analytical morphological word formation and provides data on the productivity of the models used. The article also analyzes the relationship between the productivity of each way of word formation and the degree of understanding of the derived term by students of French. Research in this area is of great importance not only for terminography, lexicography, but also for the theory and practice of translation.

This article describes the semantic potential of German deverbatives that perform various taxis functions in utterances with prepositions having adverbial semantics. The material of this study includes German utterances containing deverbatives with prepositions, obtained by purposive sampling using the databases of the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache) and Leipzig Corpora Collection (Wortschatz Leipzig). The author applied the following methods: descriptive, inductive, and hypothetical-deductive, as well as generalization and interpretation of linguistic material and contextual analysis. Taking on the lexical meanings of the source verbs, deverbatives demonstrate semantic correlation with them. Along with verbal semantics, they inherit “taxisness”, i.e. an ability to actualize categorial taxis meanings. In addition to the semantics of the source verb, “taxisness” is associated with the way of word formation of the corresponding deverbative. In this regard, the purpose of the article was to describe German deverbatives with various lexical and derivational semantics acting as a means of actualizing categorial taxis meanings in utterances with prepositional constructions. In the course of the study, the author found that stative deverbatives, which have the maximum degree of “taxisness”, actualize primary taxis meanings. The implemented taxis functions of processual deverbatives include primary and conditional taxis functions. Stative and processual nouns include nominalized infinitives and nouns ending in -ung. Actional deverbatives with various derivational semantics (nominalized infinitives, suffixal derivatives ending in -ung, -e, -t and non-affixal nouns) perform the maximum number of taxis functions (primary and secondary taxis functions). Some processual and actional deverbatives ending in -ung are characterized by “objectified” meanings of stativeness and result of an action and are, therefore, limited in their taxis realizations.

Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example ‘noun-adjective’ relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages’ structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words’ grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.

Semantic derivation is a way of word formation, as a result of which the semantic structure of lexemes, including somatisms, expands. The article examines the similarities and differences of the somatism "hand" in the Crimean Tatar and Turkish languages. With the help of component analysis, the semantic structure of the "hand" somatism, the types of connections between lexico-semantic variants of the polysemant are considered. The purpose of the article is to study the "hand" somatism in the Crimean Tatar and Turkish languages, analyze the semantic structures of polysemants and identify similarities and differences. The semantic structures of the somatisms "k'ol", "el" ("hand"), "avuch" ("palm"), "parmak" ("finger"), "tarnak" ("nail"), "tirsek" ("elbow"), "bilek" ("wrist"). The analysis revealed a number of similarities in the lexical and semantic composition of multivalued somatisms. The semantic structures of polysemantic lexemes nominating different parts of the hand are largely identical, however, there are some differences. The main ways of formation of lexical meanings were determined. Thus, in the Crimean Tatar and Turkish languages, secondary meanings are formed by metaphorical, metonymic and functional transfers, which is due to the similarity of appearance, color, quality, functions, etc. Lexico-semantic variants formed as a result of semantic derivation are interconnected by radial, catenal and radial-catenal types of connections.

This article considers the semantic derivation of applied geometry terms in Kazakh language. The actuality of the topic is conditioned by the fact that in spite of rather extensive research in the field of semantic derivation of both lexicon in general and terms of various sciences, the problem of semantic derivation in the sphere of terms of applied geometry in Kazakh language has not been devoted to special works. The aim of our research is to study the terms-metaphors of applied geometry in terms of semantic derivation, to determine the change in the scope of meaning of applied geometry terms depending on their transition from the common language to the branch terminology, and vice versa the transition of terms into the common language. The article defines the term «semantic derivation» and briefly describes the history of the development of this phenomenon in linguistics. Special attention is paid to the modern consideration of the issue of semantic derivation from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The perspective of this study lies in the fact that these metaphorical terms are able to express the connection between the language of the nation and the language of science by means of certain images and associations that are inherent of metaphor. As a result of research in this area, it was concluded that semantic derivation is the volume of the most productive way of word formation in the field of applied geometry terms. Cognitive approach to semantic derivation of applied geometry terms, which is based on the idea that the human conceptual system is metaphorical in its essence and is reflected not only in language, but also in thinking processes.

The article is devoted to phrases and double words in the language of cinema. It is noted that the history of word combinations dates back to ancient times. Various studies have been carried out in this area in different decades. From time to time, research by famous linguists was presented to people. The article says that most of the work done in this direction belongs to the 19th century. When talking about phrases, expressions such as hand-foot, hand-branch, noise, valley-hill, river-may, book-mitab, which are very common in Turkish languages and are known as double words, attract special attention. ... According to research, in European languages, as in Russian, only certain forms of oral speech are used, but in Turkish this is one of the most productive ways of word formation, widely used both in vernacular and in written literary speech. Elsewhere in the article, it is argued that although the basic forms are given in the order of compound words, they are approached from different angles in works written in Turkish, in some cases they differ from compound words or other groups of compound words and are interpreted as independent topics. ... To determine these different relationships between double words, it is enough to look at the names assigned to them. The article uses rich literary works and feature films.

<p><strong><em>The purpose </em></strong><em>of the study </em><em>is to identify the features of the means of creating neologisms in language of telegram channels on official pages of mass-media, city authorities, representatives of regional military administration and military bodies.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology</em></strong><em>. Scientific work was carried out mainly through the use of methods of content analysis (in studying language of telegram channels), and analysis (in scientific literature reviewing on the topic of research, analyzing means and ways of word formation), synthesis and induction (in verifying data and formulating conclusions).</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> It was examined the meaning of the concept of «linguistic novations» in conditions of war and their types (writing proper names associated with the aggressor country with small letters, the spread of hate speech, the use of national slogans, the use of transliteration of names and surnames of Russian politicians), there were also highlighted the ways of forming neologisms (language game, semantic rethinking, use of images from feature films and artistic works).</em></p><p><em>The language of the mentioned telegram channels is studied. It was revealed that all novations are included in communication at different levels of public information. The writing words with a small letter is typical for all selected sources, but A. Kurtev also adds emotionally colored lexical markers, while the channels of O. Starukh and the «General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine» prefer standardized spelling of proper names. It was emphasized that the national slogans «Glory to Ukraine!» and «Glory to the Heroes!» have become widely used.</em></p><p><em>An important novation is the replacement of the terms Southern / Eastern / Northern / Western / Central Ukraine with «South of Ukraine», «East of Ukraine», «North of Ukraine», «Center of Ukraine» and «West of Ukraine». It was found out that among the most popular neologisms, which are created on the basis of language games, are the word «russcist» and its variations (occurs in all sources), semantic rethinking occurs only in the channels of UNIAN and AK ZMR, but neologisms-images from feature films and books are «horde», «orcs», «mordor».</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty. </em></strong><em>It was made an attempt to identify linguistic novation caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war in the posts of telegram channels.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance. </em></strong><em>The results can be used in further researches. Some aspects will be useful for journalists, editors, and philologists.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>linguistic novation, neologism, telegram channel, language of war, language game, semantic rethinking</em><em>.</em></p>