Conceptual design of a KrF scaling module. Final report

Relationships between operating power gain and bandwidth of an active four-pole network are developed, with particular reference to single-stage tuned transistor amplifiers. The power gain is first investigated in terms of Stern's stability factor, k, the maximum gain for a given value of k being derived by analytical-numerical means without recourse to graphical procedures. It is then shown that the power gain is more fundamentally expressed in terms of a new performance factor, n, and in particular that for large values of n (corresponding to k ≫ 1) the product of maximum power gain and n approaches an invariant, independent of the set of four-pole parameters selected for design purposes. The power gains of amplifier stages with and without unilateralizing feedback are expressed and related in terms of the performance factor, and the conditions under which the latter possibility gives higher gain are indicated.Analytical procedures and expressions for the evaluation of the bandwidth of tuned amplifier stages are presented and the conditions for maximum power gain at a given bandwidth are investigated for amplifiers with and without unilateralizing feedback.Computed results for the performance of a particular high-frequency transistor in the common-base and common-emitter configurations verify the main conclusions of the analysis and indicate the relative merits of the two configurations in regard to power gain with and without feedback applied. It is seen that for bandwidths up to a certain value a simple mismatched stage without feedback is advantageous.

The energy of the acoustic pulse generated by laser-surface interactions and measured by probe beam deflection was used to investigate laser surface damage thresholds of fluoride crystals with optical quality. It was found that damage thresholds decrease with increasing density of surface states. The defect density also controls the energy absorption mechanism: for surfaces with few defects, like polished MgF2 and CaF2, avalanche breakdown occurs at above 1 GW/cm2, whereas for materials with lower damage thresholds, such as LiF, BaF2, and roughened or incubated surfaces of CaF2, multiphoton absorption across the band gap is observed.

We propose a new method for the chirped pulse spectrum shaping, which is significant in chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system to compensate the gain narrowing and the gain saturation, to obtain the shortest compressed pulse, and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the output, while simultaneously increasing the amplifier efficiencies. This method is based on a grating system to decompose the chirped pulse spectrum to a spatial space, a microstructure on a multilayer dielectric thin film as a functional reflector to shape the space distribution, and a synthesis system to compose this space distribution to a shaped frequency chirped pulse before incidence into the next amplifier stage. The results show that the damage threshold by the high-power laser can be enhanced, and this functional reflector can be fabricated in an easy and cheap way, in which the accuracy in lithography is 1 μm, the etching tolerance is 35 nm, and the roughness of the etching surface is 8.5 nm. In addition, the phase aberration is less than 12 mrad in the chirped bandwidth of a few tens of nanometers, and the spatial distribution of the final output almost remains. The studies show that the energy integral of the output chirped pulse is extracted 17% and 29.5% more with center and off-center modulations, respectively, compared with the normal amplification. Moreover, the SNR has enhanced to 1010:1 at 10 ps after spectrum shaping, which enhances the SNR near 1–2 orders than that without the spectrum shaping.

: An integrated MOS RF amplifier-mixer circuit, capable of receiving FM signals in the 30- to 76-megahertz frequency range, was developed successfully. The front end IC essentially met or surpassed contract specifications on sensitivity, power gain, desensitization, and spurious response. The performance of the integrated-circuit compared favorably to results obtained from circuits using discrete devices. The circuit, which consists of seven p-channel MOS enhancement devices fabricated on a common substrate, uses MOS dual-gate devices in both the direct-coupled RF amplifier and mixer stages. The MOS transistors necessary to bias these stages are included on the 30-by 40-mil pellet. The RF amplifier-mixer IC was evaluated in a typical military FM receiver at 30 and 76 megahertz. The circuit exhibited an excellent sensitivity of 0.35 and 0.4 of a hard microvolt at 30 and 76 megahertz, respectively, for a 10-dB signal plus noise-to-noise ratio at the audio output. Power gain and dissipation was 34.0 dB and approximately 100 milliwatts, respectively, for a 9-volt supply at both 30 and 76 megahertz. Desensitization results were very good with interfering signal levels, removed by 10 percent from the desired channel frequency, of at least 122 dB above the reference level required to degrade the 10-dB signal plus noise-to-noise ratio to 6 dB. The integrated RF amplifier-mixer was operated in a varactor-tuned assembly, and performed well over the 63- to 76-megahertz band.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the functional optical zone (FOZ) after correction of high myopic astigmatism and low myopic astigmatism by small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).MethodsIn this prospective study, 30 patients who received SMILE for high myopic astigmatism correction (cylinderical diopters ≤ − 2.0D) were enrolled in the high astigmatism group (HA). The control group comprised 40 patients who underwent SMILE for low myopic astigmatism correction (LA; cylinderical diopters ≥ − 0.5D). FOZ was delineated as the area outlined by a change of 0.5D relative to the power at the corneal vertex on the total corneal refractive power map. An ellipse-fitting program (MatLab) was used to calculate some parameters of the FOZ. Visual quality evaluations were also conducted, including evaluations of wavefront aberrations, optical quality, and intraocular scattering, and completion of a quality of life questionnaire. All of the right eyes were analyzed in the study.ResultsThe preoperative average treatment spherical equivalent (− 5.77 ± 1.86D vs. − 6.49 ± 1.49D; P = 0.074), lenticule thickness (120.87 ± 23.27 μm vs. 118.53 ± 21.66 μm; P = 0.666), and programmed optical zone (6.58 ± 0.17 mm vs. 6.65 ± 0.18 mm; P = 0.104) were comparable between the HA and LA groups. The long axes (6.99 ± 1.14 mm vs. 5.32 ± 0.61 mm; P < 0.001), short axes (4.66 ± 0.96 mm vs. 4.23 ± 0.64 mm; P = 0.047), and area (25.90 ± 8.03 mm2 vs. 17.92 ± 4.36 mm2; P < 0.001) of the FOZ were significantly larger in the HA group than in the LA group. The centration of the FOZ were comparable between the two groups (0.62 ± 0.25 mm vs. 0.70 ± 0.25 mm; P = 0.194). Postoperative spherical aberration was lower in the HA group than in the LA group (0.07 ± 0.05 μm vs. 0.14 ± 0.10 μm; P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the ocular scatter index (0.80 ± 0.46 vs. 0.73 ± 0.46; P = 0.447), modulated transfer function (MTF)cutoff (37.89 ± 9.79 cpd vs. 39.78 ± 7.45 cpd; P = 0.363), and Strehl in two dimensions (Strehl2D) ratio (0.20 ± 0.04 vs. 0.20 ± 0.04; P = 0.363) between the HA group and the LA group. There were no significant differences in the scores on quality of life between the HA and LA groups (45.88 ± 2.15 vs. 45.64 ± 1.84; P = 0.423). Correlation analysis revealed that increase in the spherical aberration was significantly correlated with the long axes, short axes and area in the FOZ in both groups.ConclusionWith a comparable optical design and attempted correction in SMILE, the eyes with higher myopic astigmatism correction achieved larger FOZ than the eyes with lower myopic astigmatism correction. Consequently, less spherical aberration induction was created after higher myopic astigmatism correction. This result may be associated with less corneal volume sculpted by laser for the higher astigmatism treatment, leading to fewer biochemical responses and les change in corneal aspherity. Good retinal image quality and satisfied quality of life were achieved at a comparable level in both study groups.

The optical design of zoom lenses for projection applications is a task which has to take many different aspects into consideration. The optical designer has to achieve a demanding specification with respect to monochromatic and polychromatic aberrations across a significant magnification range. Besides the requirements on image quality there are usually numerous constraints deriving from fixed mechanical interfaces that already have an impact in the very early design stages of the paraxial and monochromatic design. It has been proven essential to also include cost targets in the figure of merit during the design work. This paper will outline a systematic process for projection zoom lenses design. A solid specification of the design task in terms of magnification range, image quality therein, mechanical and cost requirements is necessary as starting point. Paraxial considerations are helpful to gain insight into the design problem and choose the appropriate zoom design type for further design work. Intermediate designs, which are only monochromatically corrected, proofed invaluable while considering mechanical design requirements. As soon the basic design requirements are fulfilled it makes sense to correct chromatic aberrations. Outstanding color correction requires extensive use of expensive glasses for secondary color correction. In order to find an ideal compromise between potential cost of an optical design and image quality achieved therewith, we employ tools to identify cost drivers as well as tools to simulate the perceived imaging performance. Together these tools also enable us to efficiently discuss specifications that drive cost without aiding perceived image quality.

Smart contact lens: A promising therapeutic tool in aniridia.

We present a fiber fed spectrograph linked to a 2m telescope for stellar line variability observations. We use a 133µm silica-silica FOI fiber with or without a glass fiber image slicer. The optical design is of the Czerny-Turner perpendicular type and uses a parabolic collimator on axis. The optical quality, tested on photograph plate, leads to a spectral resolution of 6xl04. With a CCD, our regular detector, the resolutions are 104and 3.5xl04. We use this instrument for multiple site observations on the same star, and we present variability results on Herbig Ae stars obtained in France, Lick and Hawaii.

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to analyze the optical properties of a new hydrophilic enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) using optical bench analysis and compare it with its monofocal counterpart.MethodsThis laboratory study investigates the enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (L-333) and the monofocal counterpart (L-313) IOL by Teleon Surgical, Spankeren, Netherlands on the optical bench, using OptiSpheric IOL PRO2 (Trioptics, Germany) in order to assess the optical quality according to ISO 11979 with ISO-2 Cornea. IOLs (power 22.0 D) were evaluated regarding through frequency modulation transfer function (MTF), Strehl ratio (SR), and through focus MTF at 50 lp/mm using a 3.0-mm and a 4.5-mm aperture. Tilt and decentration were applied. In addition, wavefront measurements were obtained using WaveMaster® IOL 2 device (Trioptics, Germany) and analyzed.ResultsCentered: The MTF (mean) at 50 lp/mm (L-333/L-313) with 3.0 mm aperture was 0.606/0.724 and with 4.5 mm aperture 0.330/0.409. The SR (mean) with 3.0 mm aperture was 0.586/0.809 and with 4.5 mm aperture 0.330/0.348. Decentered by 1 mm: The MTF (mean) at 50 lp/mm (L-333/L-313) with 3.0 mm aperture was 0.485/0.705 and with 4.5 mm aperture 0.255/0.374. The SR (mean) with 3.0 mm aperture was 0.457/0.739 and with 4.5 mm aperture 0.185/0.268. Tilted by 5 degrees: The MTF (mean) at 50 lp/mm (L-333/L-313) with 3.0 mm aperture was 0.577/0.657 and with 4.5 mm aperture 0.345/0.336. The SR (mean) with 3.0 mm aperture was 0.583/0.702 and with 4.5 mm aperture 0.269/0.237. In through focus MTF and aperture of 3.0 mm, the L-333 showed a peak of 0.41 with some enlarged depth of power of about 2 D. For the aperture of 4.5 mm, the MTF values of L-313 and L-333 were slightly reduced; L-333 showed an MTF peak of 0.23 and some reduced depth of power of about 1.5 D. Wavefront measurements showed no major aberrations for the L-313, while a combination of moderate increase in Z 4-0 and Z 6-0 with opposite sign was revealed for the L-333.ConclusionThe enhanced monofocal Lentis Quantum (L-333) produces some enlarged depth of focus by combining spherical aberration of different order and opposite sign. The Lentis Quantum performs very well in comparison to the aspherical monofocal counterpart owing to its optical design. Results with large apertures were sufficient too, suggesting that the lens is a good option in eyes with a wide pupil and thus in refractive surgeries of young patients.

This paper presents a theory for single-stage circulator-coupled negative resistance reflection amplifiers based on proposed realistic circuit models for frequency-dependent band-limited circulators and broadband negative resistance devices such as the tunnel diode. In particular, gain bandwidth limitations are derived which are imposed by both the inherent resonance associated with the nonreciprocal circulator junction and the reactive parasitic associated with the active device. These limitations are generally more restrictive than past results which assumed a "perfect" frequency-independent circulator and took into account only the device parasitic. In addition, a synthesis procedure is presented for realization of an absolutely stable amplifier with a prescribed nth-order Butterworth or Chebyscheff approximation to an ideally flat band-pass power gain characteristic. The approach employed is based upon the theory of reflection coefficient equalization between two reactively constrained resistances representing the pass band circulator and device immittance models. In addition, a band rejection out-of-band stabilizing network is absorbed in the pass band equalizer in accordance with an over-all synthesis procedure. Finally, the theory is verified by the construction and testing of an L-band tunnel diode amplifier having third-order maximally flat power gain centered at 1.46 Gc/s and with half-power bandwidths (430 Mcls and 355 Mc/s at 10 dB and 16dB midband gain) within six percent of those predicted by theory.

The design and manufacture of intraocular lenses (IOLs) depend upon the identification and quantitative preclinical evaluation of key optical properties and environmental parameters. The confocal laser method (CLM) is a new technique for measuring IOL optical properties, such as dioptric power, optical quality, refractive index, and geometrical parameters. In comparison to competing systems, the CLM utilizes a fiber-optic confocal laser design that significantly improves the resolution, accuracy, and repeatability of optical measurements. Here, we investigate the impact of changing the beam diameter on the CLM platform for the evaluation of IOL dioptric powers. Due to the Gaussian intensity profile of the CLM laser beam, the changes in focal length and dioptric power associated with changes in beam diameter are well within the tolerances specified in the ISO IOL standard. These results demonstrate some of the advanced potentials of the CLM toward more effectively and quantitatively evaluating IOL optical properties.

A method based on liquid-liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV) in human blood, semen and saliva samples. The acquisition was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, monitoring the transitions: m/z 629 > 447.1 for LPV, 721.18 > 268.02 for RTV and m/z 747.22 > 322.03 for the internal standard (IS). The limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for both analytes in all matrices. The method was linear in the studied range (1-2000 ng/mL for LPV and 1-200 ng/mL for RTV), with r2 > 0.99 for each drug, and the run time was 4.5 min. The intra-assay precisions (%) were in the ranges of 0.1-14.2 (LPV) and 0.4-12.7 (RTV), the inter-assay precisions were in the ranges of 2.8-15.3 (LPV) and 1.1-12.8 (RTV) and the intra-and inter-assay recoveries were >85% for both drugs. The extraction efficiencies were 73.5-118.4% for LPV and 74.4-126.2% for RTV. The analytical method was applied to measure LPV and RTV concentrations in blood plasma (total and unbound fraction), saliva and semen of six HIV+ individuals under stable treatment with Kaletra soft gel capsules. The results were consistent with previously published data.

IntroductionModern intraocular lens (IOL) designs for cataract treatment can be broadly classified into three focal range categories; monofocal, extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) and multifocal IOLs.Monofocal IOLs allow spectacle independence for one...

On the basis of optical correlation detection, photoelectric hybrid joint transform correlator(JTC) is widely used in military, aviation and intelligentization, etc. It has the advantages of great flexibility and high precision of recognition. However, the optical system which is in front of joint transform correlator(JTC) is applied to receive the infrared radiation of the target. It also has a certain influence on JTC’s detecting precision and tracking ability. Dual band infrared imaging system can receive different wave band of infrared radiation. Therefore, the image quality of optical system plays an important role in the joint transform correlator(JTC). According to the requirements of the joint transform correlator (JTC), the processes of optical design including the allocation of parameters and the selection of initial structure are presented. The infrared dual band coaxial telephoto system is designed for target detection. The system which is composed of four lenses can image in both 3μm~5μm and 8μm~12μm wavebands. The focal length is 200 mm and the relative aperture is 1:3. The system has the characteristics of small volume and compact structure. The optical system image quality is evaluated with ZEMAX optical design software. The results have shown that MTFs of the system are 0.62 and 0.35 for both wavebands respectively at 17lp/mm of spatial frequency which are closed to the diffraction limited curve. The relative aperture, field of view, and focal length are same for both spectral regions. The system meets the requirements of technical specification and improves the ability of JTC in target tracking and recognition.

Birefringence induced by spatial dispersion (BISD), also called intrinsic birefringence, can cause a serious deterioration of the optical imaging quality of deep UV lithographic objectives at wavelengths below 193 nm. Recently the mathematical formalism for analyzing those aspects of the BISD effect that are relevant for optical design has been published. In this paper we give an equivalent but simplified derivation of these results. This mathematical formalism is then applied to optical system design and a compensation strategy is discussed. An example of an optical system is given where the phase retardation caused by the BISD effect has been corrected.