Conceptual representations and figurative language in language shift

This research describes a component of an artifact development method that can be used as a generic method for building target artifacts with different levels of abstraction, such as: class diagrams at the analytical level, class diagrams at the design level, and Java source code at the implementation level. The component is created as an automation enabler of the artifact development method. The component name is concept representation. Currently, we have 3 type concept representation. Three types of concept representation are: concept representation as an entity representation with a separate artifact development method (CR 1); concept representation with an embedded artifact development method (CR 2); and concept representation constructed by the group as a representation of entities used together with different artifact development methods. A trial of CR3 development was conducted with 82 unique data and the findings revealed that the development of CR3 with schema helps to reduce the variability of the number of concepts and helps to guide the building of simpler category trees (ease of non-automated realization).

Statistics Analysis of Multi-Modality and Text-Derived Representations on Concept Learning

Natural languages with their speech communities tend to compete for speakers, very much like firms compete for market shares. As a result, some languages suffer a shifting pressure which might lead them to their extinction. This work studies the dynamics of language shift in the context of modern bilingual societies like the Basque Country, Ireland and Wales. They all have two official languages, linguistically distant: A, spoken by all, and B, spoken by a bilingual minority. They also have a bilingual education system that ensures a steady flow of new bilinguals. However, a decay in the use of B is observed, signalling that shift processes are at work. To investigate this apparent paradox, we use a novel approach in the literature of language competition. We build a behavioural game model with which bilinguals choose either language A or B for each interaction. Thus, they play repeatedly the game. We present a theorem predicting that under reasonable assumptions, any given population of bilinguals will converge into a linguistic convention, namely into an evolutionary stable equilibrium of the game, that always embeds a proportion of bilinguals shifting to A. We validate this result by means of an empirical version of the model, showing that the predictions fit well the observed data of street use of Basque and daily use of Irish and Welsh.

There is still no consensus in the doctrine on the concept and types of representation. There is a “blurring” in legislation and other legal acts of the category of “representation on the basis of the law”. The positions on the concept and classification of representation are summarized by the method of historical and comparative analysis. The problems of representation on the basis of the law in relation to minors and legal entities have been identified. The directions of improvement of legislation and other legal acts on the studied problem are proposed. The article is addressed to legal scientists and law enforcement officers.

This study examined Lina Kostenko's literary expressions, and offers a more profound comprehension of the nuanced connotations associated with ЗЕМЛЯ/LAND concept in the Ukrainian context and its role in shaping Ukrainian cultural identity. The analysis of Kostenko's literary works, with a specific emphasis on significant lexical components such as Україна/Ukraine, рідна земля/native land, and Батьківщина/Motherland, explored the complex interplay between language, culture, and identity. Metaphors, epithets, and figurative language, which encompass ideas of краcа/beauty, родючіcть/fertility, щедрість/generosity are employed to elucidate the conceptual characteristics associated with the LAND concept. Spatial concretizations such as ліс/forest, сад/garden, поле/field, and степ/steppe have gained considerable significance, with the steppe in particular emerging as a prominent symbol of Ukrainian identity constituting approximately 44% of linguistic representations, while approximately 47% of the observed depictions were associated with the forest and garden. Additionally, the study explored the anthropomorphic qualities and identified the axiologemes attributed to the concept of ЗЕМЛЯ/LAND, as well as their role in shaping the nation's consciousness. This academic exploration revealed valuable insights into the linguistic richness and cultural significance of ЗЕМЛЯ/LAND concept and its enduring relevance within the broader context of linguo-culturology and conceptual analysis.

concepts play a central role in human behaviour and constitute a critical component of the human conceptual system. Here, we investigate the neural basis of four types of abstract concepts, examining their similarities and differences through neuroimaging meta-analyses. We examine numerical and emotional concepts, and two higher-order abstract processes, morality judgements and theory of mind. Three main findings emerge. First, representation of abstract concepts is more widespread than is often assumed. Second, representations of different types of abstract concepts differ in important respects. Each of the domains examined here was associated with some unique areas. Third, some areas were commonly activated across domains and included inferior parietal, posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. We interpret these regions in terms of their role in episodic recall, event representation and social-emotional processing. We suggest that different types of abstract concepts can be represented and grounded through differing contributions from event-based, interoceptive, introspective and sensory-motor representations. The results underscore the richness and diversity of abstract concepts, argue against single-mechanism accounts for representation of all types of abstract concepts and suggest mechanisms for their direct and indirect grounding.This article is part of the theme issue 'Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain'.

Singapore is a multicultural and multilingual country. The four official languages of Singapore are English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil. An "English-knowing" bilingual policy was established in 1953. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards language shift in Singapore families from mother tongue to English. Besides the official languages, Singlish and Singnese have emerged in Singaporeans' daily lives. Linguistic studies in Singapore have mostly followed the language separation norm, which cannot fully represent highly diverse real-life language use in Singapore. Hence, this study analysed language use from the perspective of polylanguaging. Speakers who employ whatever linguistic features they need to achieve their communicative aims are practising polylanguaging. The linguistic features can be described along three parameters: linguistic features associated with different languages, linguistic features associated with different registers, and speakers' positioning. Two research questions were set. First, what is the nature of polylanguaging in the talk of speakers from families of diverse backgrounds? Second, is the choice of linguistic features context-bound? Two Singaporean families (the Hau and the Ngor family), two Malaysian families (the Lim and the Toh family) and two Chinese families (the Chiu and the Zhao family) participated in this study. Each family filled in a language ecology questionnaire and collected spontaneous language data in four different contexts: mealtime, free play or daily routines, Chinese-related context, and English-related context. A total of 12 hours, 11 minutes, 17 seconds of valid video recordings and 12 hours, 25 minutes, 38 seconds of valid audio recordings were transcribed and analysed. All utterances were coded as EO (English Only), MCO (Mandarin Chinese Only), or NEONMCO (Neither English Only Nor Mandarin Chinese Only). Among the Singaporean families, the Haus and the Ngors displayed a greater usage of linguistic features associated with English. The primary register they used was mainly SCE (Singapore Colloquial English). The two Malaysian families, the Lims and the Tohs showed a higher occurrence of linguistic features associated with Mandarin Chinese, particularly in the case of the Tohs. They tended to combine linguistic features from different languages. The registers they used varied between SCM (Singapore Colloquial Mandarin) and SCE. As for the two Chinese families, the Chius and the Zhaos, they predominantly exhibited linguistic features associated with Mandarin Chinese. The main register they used was BSM (Beijing Standard Mandarin), particularly in the case of the Zhaos. All six families engaged in polylanguaging regardless of their linguistic ideology. The major contributions of this study are providing data for theorising polylanguaging, providing a new lens in viewing "a language," and stimulating the rethinking of language learning and language use. Future studies should recruit more varied families within each cultural background and develop a more comprehensive coding system.

Dual coding of knowledge in the human brain.

Representación e intermediación en el ámbito del trabajo: actores, recursos y estrategias

Using linguistic features to detect figurative language has provided a deeper in-sight into figurative language. The purpose of this study is to assess whether linguistic features can help explain differences in quality of figurative language. In this study a large corpus of metaphors and sarcastic responses are collected from human subjects and rated for figurative language quality based on theoretical components of metaphor, sarcasm, and creativity. Using natural language processing tools, specific linguistic features related to lexical sophistication and semantic cohesion were used to predict the human ratings of figurative language quality. Results demonstrate linguistic features were able to predict small amounts of variance in metaphor and sarcasm production quality.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of poetry slam in Switzer-land as a cultural and literary phenomenon. The study, covering the period from 1999 to 2024, aims to investigate the historical development of poetry slam in Switzerland, identifying its key stages of formation and development, determining the influence of linguistic specificity on poetic practice, and characterizing the organizational structure and format of poetry slam in Switzerland. The paper examines key figures of the Swiss slam scene, analyzing the linguistic, stylistic, and thematic features of Swiss slam poetry. The research methodology relies on a comprehensive approach combining elements of historical, cultural, descriptive, and linguistic analysis. The historical method allows tracing the key stages and trends in the genesis of poetry slam in Switzerland. The cultural method focuses on analyzing poetry slam as a poetic phenomenon of the alterna-tive literary scene and entertainment product of the cultural industry in the German-speaking world in general and Switzerland in particular. The descriptive method ena-bles systematic description of the characteristics of poetry slam in Switzerland, includ-ing its format, organizational structure, stylistic and thematic peculiarities. The linguis-tic method involves conducting a qualitative analysis of texts and poetic performances by Swiss slam poets available in the online space. The theoretical basis of the research draws on the analysis of scientific sources, supplemented by studying publications in German-language media and specialized portals on the topic of the study. The empirical base of the research consists of poetry slam works available online in video format as of the time of the study. Video materials allow analyzing the text in its performative implementation. A multimedia catalog compiled during the research systematically cat-egorizes materials by the year of performance, providing access to texts, video record-ings, information about authors, performance locations, and participation categories. Despite clear trends towards standardization of the poetry slam format in Switzer-land, an independent culture of poetic competition persists, founded on accessibility of participation and evaluation for everyone, as well as a focus on creativity, making it a form of social activity. The article examines Swiss poetry slam as a successful example of the commercialization of poetry, where poetry is presented as an entertainment ser-vice in the cultural sphere. Poetry slam, as a synthetic form of contemporary art, combines elements of poetry, stage performance, and competition. Slam poetry is characterized by the absence of a single standard of poetic structure, demonstrating a variety of metric forms and wide-spread use of free verse. The performative nature of poetry slam implies active interac-tion between the soloist and the audience, which affects the linguistic and stylistic fea-tures of the works. Slam poets use vivid imagery, lively intonation, improvisation, and other theatrical elements to attract the audience's attention and create a unique atmos-phere for the performance. The competitive aspect encourages poets to create the most vivid, memorable, and effective performance, adds dynamics to the event, and contrib-utes to the democratization of poetry, as the competition allows both experienced poets and newcomers to express themselves, making poetry more accessible to the general public. Poetry slam in Switzerland is represented in Swiss German, German, French, and Italian. While performers reciting in Swiss German currently constitute the most sig-nificant part of the scene, the presence of French and Italian-speaking poets, such as Pablo Michelli, Loc Nguyen, Patrick Guillen, Celia (French) and Marco Miladinovic (Italian), demonstrates the diversity and multilingualism of the Swiss cultural land-scape. The Swiss poetry slam scene has developed its own identity and unique national character through a gradual shift from literary German to the Swiss dialect in the 2010s. This linguistic shift has allowed slam poets to express their individuality and connection to local culture. The development of the slam scene beyond major cities, with the open-ing of new local venues, has also contributed to linguistic diversity. Poets have had the opportunity to perform in their native dialects, making the slam scene more inclusive and diverse. Thus, the shift in language and the expansion of geographical reach have allowed Swiss poetry slam to shape its own cultural identity. Swiss poetry slam is a space for a lively, dynamic, and expressive language that reflects natural conversational speech and the characteristics of local dialects. Swiss poetry slam, unlike its German counterpart, predominantly focuses on per-sonal and everyday themes, employing humor as a tool to engage the audience and maximize impact. Despite its predominantly entertaining nature, political topics are also present, although less frequently than in German slam.

Recently, automatic classification of IT tickets has gained notable attention due to the increasing complexity of IT services deployed in enterprises. There are multiple discussions and no general opinion in the research and practitioners' community on the design of IT ticket classification tasks, specifically the choice of ticket text representation techniques and classification algorithms. Our study aims to investigate the core design elements of a typical IT ticket text classification pipeline. In particular, we compare the performance of TF-IDF and linguistic features-based text representations designed for ticket complexity prediction. We apply various classifiers, including kNN, its enhanced versions, decision trees, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, support vector machines, as well as semi-supervised techniques to predict the ticket class label of low, medium, or high complexity. Finally, we discuss the evaluation results and their practical implications. As our study shows, linguistic representation not only proves to be highly explainable but also demonstrates a substantial prediction quality increase over TF-IDF. Furthermore, our experiments evidence the importance of feature selection. We indicate that even simple algorithms can deliver high-quality prediction when using appropriate linguistic features.

ABSTRACTRecent studies have revealed that the temporal lobe, a cortical region thought to be in charge of episodic and semantic memory, is involved in creative insight. This work examines the contributions of discrete temporal regions to insight. Activity in the medial temporal regions is indicative of novelty recognition and detection, which is necessary for the formation of novel associations and the “Aha!” experience. The fusiform gyrus mainly affects the formation of gestalt-like representation and perspective taking. The anterior and posterior middle temporal gyri (MTG) are individually associated with extensive semantic processing and inhibiting salient or routine word associations, which are necessary to form non-salient, novel and remote associations. The anterior and posterior superior temporal gyri (STG) are individually responsible for integrating/binding and accessing various types of available conceptual representations. Based on the current knowledge, an integrated model of the temporal lobe's role in insight and some future directions are proposed.

This article investigates the categorization of an ambiguous product (i.e., one that may be categorized in multiple ways) by applying insights from recent psychological and artificial-intelligence research on concept representation. In particular, the article introduces a type of prototype representation (attribute-value structure) that utilizes the notion of attribute diagnosticity. Attribute diagnosticity is defined as an attribute's usefulness for distinguishing instances from noninstances of a category and proposed as a determinant of an ambiguous product's typicality as a member of a category. A new measure of attribute diagnosticity is also developed based on a linear combination of cue validity and category validity. Attribute diagnosticity is shown to influence the perceived typicality of an ambiguous product. Several suggestions are provided for future use of attribute diagnosticity in research on product categorization. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Цель. Настоящая статья посвящена изучению языковой репрезентации художественного концепта ʻЕдаʼ в рассказе Николая Кононова «ЕГЭ в два этапа». Автор ставит целью выявить основные функции авторского концепта ʻЕдаʼ. В соответствии с поставленной целью в работе формируются и решаются следующие задачи: 1. обосновать актуальность концепта ʻЕдаʼ для современных лингвистических исследований; 2. изучить языковую репрезентацию концепта ʻЕдаʼ в тексте рассказа; 3. выявить роль концепта ʻЕдаʼ в формировании смыслового пространства рассказа.Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование опирается на следующие методы и приемы: сравнительно-сопоставительное описание, структурно-семантический анализ лексических единиц, анализ словарных дефиниций, историко-этимологическое комментирование.Результаты. Исследование выявило, что большая часть сцен в рассказе так или иначе связана с едой, которая играет существенную роль в формировании структуры образа персонажей. Концепт ʻЕдаʼ участвует в формировании концепта ʻТелоʼ, который представлен на эксплицитном уровне. Концепт ʻЕдаʼ формирует основу смыслового пространства текста и участвует в формировании концептуальной оппозиции ʻДуша-Телоʼ.Область применения результатов. Результаты данного исследования могут быть полезны, в частности, при изучении когнитивных особенностей художественных текстов, в интерпретационной лингвистике, при чтении спецкурсов, посвященных современному российскому постмодернизму, а также при разработке лекционных и практических курсов по лингвистике текста.