Conceptualizing and achieving industrial system transition for a dematerialized and decarbonized world

A major focus of the current discussions in International Relations (IR) research about new forms of governance beyond the state (Brozus et al. 2003; Wolf 2006, 2008; Zürn 1998) lies on the role of non-state actors, their changing relationships with public actors and the conditions under which transnational corporations (TNCs), in particular, are gaining political authority (Cutler et al. 1999; Haufler 2001). In fact, global governance researchers have already discovered TNCs as potent partners for solving collective action problems that call for the extension of traditional public policy approaches beyond the state realm (Higgott et al. 2000; Reinicke 1998; Reinicke and Deng 2000).

Indonesia faces significant challenges in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while maintaining economic growth. Carbon pricing, encompassing carbon taxes and Emission Trading Systems (ETS), has emerged as a vital tool in achieving global decarbonization goals. This study aims to assess the adaptation of indirect carbon pricing strategies in Indonesia by synthesizing insights from 27 countries using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 315 scholarly articles. The research identifies Indonesia's unique economic, social, and regulatory challenges, including dependency on fossil fuels, limited renewable energy infrastructure, and governance gaps. The study highlights the effectiveness of indirect carbon pricing mechanisms, such as renewable energy subsidies, energy efficiency programs, and public awareness initiatives, in addressing dispersed emissions from transportation, agriculture, and residential energy use. Additionally, the integration of carbon pricing with complementary policies, including sector-specific benchmarks and international carbon trading, enhances the potential for successful implementation. By adapting best practices from countries like Canada, Sweden, and Germany, Indonesia can establish hybrid carbon pricing models tailored to its context. These strategies can accelerate renewable energy investments, promote economic diversification, and support the country's goal of reducing GHG emissions by 29-41% by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2060. This research provides actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to ensure sustainable energy transitions and global climate commitments.

Valuation of water and emissions in energy systems

Since the 1980s, a growing number of developing nations have been governed to a significant extent by transnational entities, such as international financial institutions (IFIs) and multinational corporations (MNCs), which in themselves are not governments but function in close (though not seamless) coordination with each other and with advanced industrialized states. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, perhaps the most renowned of such IFIs, have now acquired a place in popular vernaculars around the world. In this chapter what interests us are the networked processes that enable forms of transnational governance. In particular, we are concerned with the elaborate nexus of power that intertwines states, IFIs, and MNCs, and how this power nexus then influences local communities in the context of resource extraction.

The interaction of wholesale electricity market structures under futures with decarbonization policy goals: A complexity conundrum

Current models of capacity market designs in the U.S. and elsewhere ignore the important issue of carbon emission produced by power generators. While the current designs may produce optimal and efficient capacity market prices, these designs contribute little or nothing to reduce such emission. In this paper, we present a novel alternative to the current capacity market design which can realistically achieve the noble goal of power system decarbonization. While there are a number of possible design choices, the new design developed in this work explicitly models the carbon pricing in the market clearing problem. Using PJM capacity market as a base model, we show that the new capacity market design can achieve the decarbonization goal with some reasonable increase of capacity market prices.

This article offers a socio-legal analysis of the role played by the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) in the development, diffusion, and implementation of jurisdictional REDD+ activities throughout the developing world. It employs a qualitative research method known as process tracing to uncover whether and, if so, to what extent and how actors have used CBDR to support the emergence and effectiveness of the transnational legal process for REDD+. The article argues that the transnational legal process for REDD+ reflects a conception of CBDR in which developing country governments may take on voluntary commitments to reduce their carbon emissions, with the multilateral, bilateral, and private sources of financial support and technical assistance provided by developed countries, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and corporations. This creative conception and application of CBDR has fostered the construction and diffusion of legal norms for REDD+ because it has influenced the interests, ideas, and identities of public and private actors in the North and South. However, the early challenges associated with the implementation of REDD+ reveal a worrying gap between the financial pledges made by developed countries and the costs associated with the full implementation of REDD+, as well as contradictions in the very way in which the responsibilities of various countries have been defined in the context of REDD+. The analysis has important implications for the transnational governance of REDD+, as well as for scholarship on the role of differentiation in the pursuit of effective and equitable climate change solutions.

What Difference Does CBDR Make? A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Role of Differentiation in the Transnational Legal Process for REDD

Discussions of security order in Asia typically revolve around questions of geopolitics, the balance of power, the purported grand strategies of major powers, and the form and contribution of formal regional institutions or the so-called "regional security architecture". This essentially realist approach operates with a notion of states as coherent, territorially bounded, strategic actors. The chapter argues that it misses important developments in regional security order associated with the transformation of states beyond this "Westphalian" model, such as transnational governance networks to address non-traditional security threats or the fragmentation and internationalisation of Chinese state apparatuses associated with China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Kingdom of the Sun: a critical, multiscalar analysis of Morocco’s solar energy strategy

As current policy frameworks are expiring soon, the EU is revisiting its energy technology policy for the post-2020 horizon. The main long-run objective for energy technology policy is to foster the achievement of ambitious EU goals for decarbonisation. We discuss how European energy technology policy towards 2050 can be effective despite: 1) uncertain carbon prices; 2) uncertain technological change; and 3) uncertain or alternating policy paradigms shifting the focus from decarbonisation towards competitiveness or energy supply security. Public support to innovation in energy technologies is needed to correct for market failures and imperfections, as well as to fully exploit trade opportunities of such technologies on global markets. Benefits from EU intervention can be expected from the coordination of national policies. Effective European technology push should put strong emphasis on pushing consumption-oriented and enabling technologies, as these offer a no-regret strategy vis-a-vis any future context.