Conceptualizing and measuring power addiction: scale development and validation

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the short-version for clinical nurses on a communication competence scale developed to measure the communication competence of clinical nurses.Methods: Data were collected from 396 clinical nurses who work at general hospitals in Korea. The original version of the Communication Ability Scale was shorted and content, construct, item-convergent/discriminant, convergent validity and also internal consistency and test-retest reliability were evaluated. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Pearsons's correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s ⍺.Results: As a result of item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, 5 subscales and a total of 20 items were derived. The confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate model fit indices (Normed <i>x</i><sup>2</sup>=1.88, RMR=.04, RMSEA=.07, GFI=.87, CFI=.90, TLI=.87, IFI=.89). The items convergence and discrimination validity were verified using the Average Variance Extracted (.50~.56), composite reliability (.76~.86) and <i>Φ</i>±2SE (.42~.99). Convergent validity was demonstrated using Korean Version of Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (r=.59, <i>p</i><.001). Internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were found to be acceptable, as indicated by a Cronbach’s ⍺ of .65~.79 and an intra-class correlation coefficient of .82~.90. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified.Conclusion: The NACCS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring communication competence for clinical nurses in Korea.

As the global population ages and life expectancy increases, older adults encounter challenges like chronic illnesses and losing loved ones; resilience is crucial for adapting to these difficulties. This study aims to culturally and linguistically adapt the psychological resilience scale designed for older adults to the Turkish context. This methodological study included 566 individuals aged 65 and older. All participants completed the Resilience Scale for Older Adults, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Quality of Life in Older Adults Scale-Short Form. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, while convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated through the correlation of the scales. Reliability was determined using internal consistency and the split-half method. The scale retains its original structure with 33 items and four sub-dimensions (Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Spiritual, and Experiential). The content validity index of the scale is 0.98, with item loadings ranging from 0.406 to 0.947, according to exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates good fit indices. Convergent validity is supported by a strong positive correlation (r = 0.657, p < 0.001) between the Resilience Scale for Older Adults and the Quality of Life in Older Adults Scale-Short Form. Reliability measures include a Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of 0.93 and a Guttman split-half reliability coefficient of 0.723. The results show that the Turkish version of the Resilience Scale for Older Adults is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

BackgroundSelfishness, defined as the prioritization of one’s own interests at the expense of others, can significantly influence the career choices and professional behavior of medical students. Understanding the levels of selfish tendency and preemptively detecting possible manifestations of selfish intents among medical students is essential for developing educational strategies that foster ethical and responsible conduct within the medical profession. This study aimed to develop and validate the Medical Students’ Self-Reported Selfishness Questionnaire (MSSSQ), specifically designed to assess selfish tendencies amongst medical students.MethodsTwo studies were conducted to develop and validate the MSSSQ. Study 1 involved developing the initial MSSSQ items pool. Study 2 focused on developing and validating the factor structure of the MSSSQ. Additionally, the reliability (including Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and test–retest reliability), measurement invariance, as well as the convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity of the MSSSQ were evaluated.ResultsThrough exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a 6-item, single-factor structure for the MSSSQ was established. The MSSSQ demonstrated strong internal consistencies (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.80), convergent validity (r = −.23 −.61), discriminant validity (r = −.28 −.34), criterion-related validity (r = −.27 −.47), and test-retest reliability(r =.65). Measurement invariance was confirmed across gender, locality, only child status, and college year distribution.ConclusionsThe MSSSQ can be utilized to identify medical students at risk of developing unethical behaviors, inform educational interventions, and contribute to the broader understanding of how medical training influences selfish tendencies. Ultimately, the MSSSQ represents a promising tool for enhancing the quality of medical education and promoting the development of professional values and ethical sensibilities among medical students.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences has been widely translated and commonly used as a measure for psychotic experiences and psychosis proneness in clinical and research environments worldwide. This study aimed to establish the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) and factor structure of a Korean version of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (K-CAPE) in the general population. A total of 1,467 healthy participants completed K-CAPE and other psychiatric symptom-related scales (Paranoia scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Dissociative Experiences Scale-II, and Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) via online survey. K-CAPE's internal reliability was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to investigate whether the original three-factor model (positive, negative, and depressive) and other hypothesized multidimensional models (including positive and negative subfactors) were suitable for our data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to explore better alternative factor solutions with a follow-up CFA. To assess convergent and discriminant validity, we examined correlations between K-CAPE subscales with other established measures of psychiatric symptoms. K-CAPE showed good internal consistency in all original three subscales (all greater than α=0.827). The CFA demonstrated that the multidimensional models exhibited relatively better quality than the original three-dimensional model. Although the model fit indices did not reach their respective optimal thresholds, they were within an acceptable range. Results from the EFA indicated 3-5 factor solutions. In 3-factor solution, "negative-avolition" items were founded to be loaded more consistently with depressive items than with the negative dimension. In 4-factor solution, positive items were divided into two subfactors: "positive-bizarre experiences" and "positive-delusional thoughts," while negative symptoms were separated into two distinct subfactors in 5-factor solution: "negative-avolition (expressive)," and "negative-social (experiential)." The correlation coefficients between K-CAPE subscales and corresponding measurements were significant (p<0.001), confirming the convergent and discriminant validity. Our study provides evidence to support the reliability and validity of the K-CAPE and its use as a measure of psychotic symptoms in the Korean population. Although alternative factor structures did not improve the model fit, our EFA findings implicate the use of subfactors to investigate more specific domains of positive and negative symptoms. Given the heterogeneous nature of psychotic symptoms, this may be useful in capturing their different underlying mechanisms.

Background and Objectives: Despite critically low levels of chronic kidney disease (CKD) awareness worldwide, there is no psychometrically validated instrument to comprehensively assess CKD awareness across socioecological levels. This study aimed to develop, psychometrically evaluate and validate a multidimensional awareness scale grounded in socioecological theory for patients with stage 3-4 CKD. Materials and Methods: This methodological study enrolled 908 stage 3-4 CKD patients. Scale development proceeded through systematic stages: comprehensive literature review, qualitative interviews (n = 15), expert panel evaluation (n = 25), and pilot testing. The initial 72-item pool was refined to 41 items (Content Validity Index = 0.912). The sample was randomly split for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 454) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 454). Psychometric evaluation encompassed internal consistency (Cronbach's α, McDonald's ω), test-retest reliability (n = 30; 4-week interval), convergent validity (average variance extracted [AVE], composite reliability [CR]), discriminant validity (Fornell-Larcker criterion), and criterion validity (correlation with Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32 [TSOY-32]). Results: EFA revealed a seven-factor structure with an acceptable explained variance of 43.8%. Following iterative item elimination based on communalities (h2 < 0.20) and factor loadings (λ < 0.30), CFA confirmed the final 34-item model with good fit (CFI = 0.972; RMSEA = 0.070 [90% CI: 0.067-0.074]). The factor structure captured awareness across core socioecological levels (Individual, Interpersonal/Institutional, Community, and Systemic), complemented by Treatment Adherence and Social Impact dimensions. Internal consistency coefficients were α = 0.884 and ω = 0.889 for the total scale. Test-retest reliability yielded an ICC of 0.954 (95% CI: 0.907-0.978). Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed via composite reliability (CR: 0.740-0.953) and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. Criterion validity analysis revealed a significant correlation with TSOY-32 (r = 0.810, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The CKD Awareness Scale (CKD-AS-34) represents a novel, psychometrically validated, multidimensional awareness instrument for CKD. This scale enables clinicians to identify awareness deficits spanning individual to systemic levels, facilitating personalised patient education and targeted public health interventions.

Measuring the violence prevention climate: Development and evaluation of the VPC-14

Adaptive learning in digital environments involves learners' growth-oriented beliefs and their capacity to reflect on and adjust learning strategies in response to challenge and feedback. However, psychometrically validated instruments specifically designed to assess this adaptive learning orientation among secondary school students remain scarce, particularly in non-Western contexts. This study reports the development and validation of the Technology-Enhanced Adaptive Learning Mindset Scale (TEALMS) using a cross-sectional psychometric design. Participants were 752 Jordanian secondary school students. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to examine the factorial structure. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, while convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using composite reliability, average variance extracted, and inter-factor correlations. Analyses supported a five-factor model comprising Innovative Integrative Thinking with Learning Technologies, Dynamic Growth Orientation, Cognitive Flexibility, Metacognitive Self-Regulation, and Resilient Adaptation, accounting for 65.22% of the total variance. The first-order model demonstrated acceptable fit (χ²/df = 2.67, CFI = 0.919, RMSEA = 0.067), with strong internal consistency (α = 0.925-0.943; ω = 0.904-0.930) and satisfactory evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. The TEALMS provides a reliable and valid instrument for assessing secondary school students' adaptive learning orientation in technology-enhanced educational contexts. Its contribution lies in offering a context-sensitive measure of growth-oriented and self-regulatory responses to challenge and feedback in digital learning settings.

Introduction: Chinese hospitals still face various barriers to implementing pharmaceutical care. The quantitative instrument for measuring these barriers in China is scarce. This study aims to develop and validate a scale for measuring barriers to providing pharmaceutical care in Chinese hospitals from the perspective of clinical pharmacists. Methods: The scale was developed based on existing literature and qualitative interviews with 20 experts. The scale was included in a small-range pilot survey and then administered to a validation survey in 31 provinces in China. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to verify the structure of the scale and to validate the scale's convergent and discriminative validity. Known-group validity was also examined. Cronbach's alpha examined the internal consistency reliability of the scale. Results: 292 scales were completed and returned for a response rate of 85.6% in the pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale suggested a five-factor solution (Cognition and attitude, Knowledge and skills, Objective conditions, External cooperation, and Support from managers) accounting for 66.03% of the total variance. 443 scales were sent out in the validation study, with a response rate of 81.0%. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of the structural model for pharmaceutical care barriers. It showed the scale's good convergent and discriminative validity (The average variance extracted >0.5 and composite reliability >0.7). The scale could also identify the differences in total score among the clinical pharmacists from different hospital grades (p < 0.05). Cronbach's alpha is between 0.658 and 0.896, indicating good internal consistency. Conclusion: From the perspective of clinical pharmacists, this study has developed a scale to assess obstacles to pharmaceutical care. The scale comprehensively encompasses barriers to clinical pharmacists' cognitive and ability-related aspects, hindrances encountered in collaborating with other health professionals and patients, and barriers to the working environment. The reliability and validity have been established through verification.

ObjectiveTo determine the psychometric properties of the Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) in order to find the most appropriate fit for the tool.MethodsPatients who had received treatment at the physiotherapy service of nine hospitals in Spain were invited to complete the 31 items of the PCTR-PT scale. To select the most appropriate items of the PCTR-PT, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed using the maximum likelihood and oblique rotation (promin) methods. Factor validity, goodness-of-fit and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent (CFA) and discriminant validity were calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability.Results366 patients over 18 years old who had received, at least, 15 physiotherapy treatment sessions completed the questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a tool with 15 items in four factors [Relational Bond (N items = 4); Individualized Partnership (N items = 4); Professional Empowerment (N items = 3) and Therapeutic Communication (N items = 4)], explaining 78.4% of the variance of the total variables of this tool. The confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha in all four dimensions, as all were above .70, ranging from .84 (Individualized Partnership) to .91 (Professional Empowerment). = 0.94. Test-retest was performed with two-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.900).ConclusionThe Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It would be interesting to investigate the predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of the PCTR-PT scale.

Strategic Self‐Regulation for Speaking English as a Foreign Language: Scale Development and Validation

Background: The widely used Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale (RSES) has not been evaluated for psychometric properties in Sweden.Aims: This study aimed at analyzing its factor structure, internal consistency, criterion, convergent and discriminant validity, sensitivity to change, and whether a four-graded Likert-type response scale increased its reliability and validity compared to a yes/no response scale.Methods: People with mental illness participating in intervention studies to (1) promote everyday life balance (N = 223) or (2) remedy self-stigma (N = 103) were included. Both samples completed the RSES and questionnaires addressing quality of life and sociodemographic data. Sample 1 also completed instruments chosen to assess convergent and discriminant validity: self-mastery (convergent validity), level of functioning and occupational engagement (discriminant validity). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling, and conventional inferential statistics were used.Results: Based on both samples, the Swedish RSES formed one factor and exhibited high internal consistency (>0.90). The two response scales were equivalent. Criterion validity in relation to quality of life was demonstrated. RSES could distinguish between women and men (women scoring lower) and between diagnostic groups (people with depression scoring lower). Correlations >0.5 with variables chosen to reflect convergent validity and around 0.2 with variables used to address discriminant validity further highlighted the construct validity of RSES. The instrument also showed sensitivity to change.Conclusions: The Swedish RSES exhibited a one-component factor structure and showed good psychometric properties in terms of good internal consistency, criterion, convergent and discriminant validity, and sensitivity to change. The yes/no and the four-graded Likert-type response scales worked equivalently.

BackgroundScreening for secondary traumatic stress (STS) is lacking in China. It is unclear whether Western models of STS can be adapted satisfactorily for use in non-Western regions. The 20-item Secondary Trauma Questionnaire (STQ) is a self-report measure of traumatic stress symptoms in individuals who have been influenced indirectly by suicide or violent injury of people important to the respondents.MethodsHere, we assessed the psychometric properties of a newly developed Chinese version of the STQ in a potentially traumatized sample (N = 875) composed of doctors, nurses, teachers, civic administration staff, and social workers in China. We performed reliability and validity analyses. Subsequently, we split the total sample into two subsamples for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for measurement invariance analyses.ResultsThe full scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.95–0.97), convergent validity, discriminant validity, and factorial validity. CFA affirmed a one-factor structure; the configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariances of the STQ were acceptable across genders.ConclusionThe present results indicate that the STQ is a reliable and valid self-report assessment for use with potentially traumatized people in China, and further supports the notion that the STQ is amenable to additional future cross-cultural adaptation.

Digital competences represent essential skills for adapting to 21st-century conditions; encompassing the safe and critical use of information society technologies for work, daily life, and communication. Determining the digital competence levels of individuals is crucial to guide interventions aimed at enhancing these competences. This study presents the development process of a Digital Competence Scale for Faculty Members (DCS-FM), designed specifically to assess the digital competence levels of higher education instructors. The data collection process took place during the 2020–2021 academic year among faculty members working at ... University in ... province of Türkiye. Researchers collected the data themselves to ensure consistency and reliability throughout the process. As part of the validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding a six-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the six-factor structure demonstrated good model fit indices. In the process of developing the scale and conducting validity and reliability studies, data were collected from a total of 740 unique faculty members. The scale development process involved two pilot applications and one main application, with exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, and item analyses conducted throughout. Confirmatory factor analysis of the collected data yielded a 30-item scale encompassing six factors. These factors align with the European Framework for Digital Competence of Educators (known as ‘DigCompEdu’) developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Based on the validity and reliability analysis results and findings, it can be concluded that the scale possesses the sufficient psychometric properties sought in the literature.

Background The Thai version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF-THAI) has been verified among a variety of populations. However, there is a lack of existing research on its comprehensive psychometric properties, specifically when used with nursing students. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties (construct validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity) of the WHOQOL-BREF- THAI among nursing students in northeastern Thailand. Methods In this methodology study, Thai nursing students were recruited using multi-stage simple random sampling from universities located in the northeast of Thailand. The data was collected via self-assessment questionnaires, and the 3,570 participants were then randomly split into two subsamples. After reducing the number of items using statistical methods, construct validity was identified by performing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 2,000), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 1,570), and convergent validity using average variance extracted (AVE). For scale reliability, the internal consistency and stability were performed using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient and composite reliability (CR). Results Principal component analysis on a random subsample supported a four-factor model with 24 items, originally suggested for factorial construct validity; these 24 items were distributed across the original four domain with a cumulative variance of 75.6%. CFA of the model revealed satisfactory indices of fitness (Chi-square/degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) = 113; root mean square error of approximation = 0.05; goodness of fit index = 0.97; and Tucker-Levis index = 0.91). The internal consistency was highly satisfactory (Cronbach’s alpha was greater than 0.70) for both the total scale and ksubscales, and the CR values of the four domains, ranging from 0.76 to 0.95, indicated evidence of acceptable reliability. In terms of convergent validity, AVE revealed that all WHOQOL-BREF-THAI subscales achieved convergence, with AVE values ranging from 0.50 to 0.69. Conclusion These results reveal that the WHOQOL-BREF-THAI is a valid and reliable tool which health care providers can utilize to measure QOL among Thai nursing students. Therefore, the WHOQOL-BREF can serve as an essential tool for researching the factors influencing nursing students’ QOL, with implications for nursing education.

Background and objectiveMany studies have been conducted in Iran on the postpartum quality of life, and the majority have used the general quality of life questionnaire. With a specific tool in this context, the dimensions of maternal postpartum quality of life can be more accurately determined. The present study was conducted to determine psychometric properties and validate the Persian version of the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire (MAPP-QOL).Materials and methodsThe present methodological study was conducted in 2018. The original version of MAPP-QOL was translated into Persian by both forward and backward translation. In a cross-sectional study, the Persian version was completed by 407 eligible postpartum women aged 18 to 47 and living in Tehran. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test–retest. For construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used.ResultsThe MAPP-QOL showed good content validity; content validity ratio (CVR) ranged from 0.6 to 1.00, and content validity index (CVI) ranged from 0.7 to 1.00. Using exploratory factor analysis, five factors, including Socioeconomic; Relational/Family-Friends; Psychological/Baby; Health & functioning; and Relational/Spouse-Partner, were extracted, which together explained 78.84% of the total variance. After modifications of CFA, the confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable goodness-of-fit. AVE value Above 0.5 exhibited appropriate convergent validity, and AVE greater than MSV confirmed divergent validity. The Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's Omega, Composite reliability and maximum reliability H of the five extracted factors were excellent (> 0.9). Also, the AIC values of the factors were good (between 0.721 to 0.859).ConclusionThe 38-item Persian version of the postpartum quality of life questionnaire is adequately reliable for postpartum women in Iran. Given its appropriate psychometric properties, this scale is fit to be used in future studies on postpartum women.