Conclusion: Keepin’ on Keepin’ on

A decade ago, we queried the unfolding of a 'paradigm shift' in illicit opioid use in North America, specifically involving a shift away from heroin to prescription opioid (PO) use. Today, this situation is more acute than ever, with prescription opioid misuse, morbidity and mortality amounting to one of the most severe substance use-related public health crises ever, now even impacting life expectancy in key population segments. Despite medical system-based PO dispensing and practices being recognised as core drivers of the PO crisis, effective policy measures have been long absent or limited-including those to reduce medical PO use to levels supported by best evidence for pain care. At the same time, heroin use has been increasing again, now commonly tied into interdependent opioid use trajectories, initiated with POs yet shifting to heroin as influenced by economic or availability factors. For policy, there are now two major and urgent-yet partly conflicting-tasks: one is to reduce the determinants of PO misuse and harms by reducing medical prescribing to levels supported by good evidence, while the other is to effectively protect those many active problematic PO users from acute harms (including overdose mortality) by providing effective treatment and survival aids (e.g. naloxone). Surprisingly, it appears that a major 'homemade' and medical system-induced drug crisis has been at least as challenging for North American policy systems to address as other, more conventional illicit drug problems. Lessons for policy hence need to be urgently identified and applied for the future. [Fischer B, Rehm J. Revisiting the 'paradigm shift' in opioid use: Developments and implications 10 years later. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000-000].

The purpose of the study is to conduct a philosophical analysis of the mechanisms, forms, and consequences of cultural heritage updating to understand the direction of cultural space's evolution in the era of global civilizational transition. The scientific novelty lies in substantiating the concept of cultural heritage updating as a key, dialectical mechanism that not only determines a paradigmatic cultural shift in the context of contemporary transformations but also acts as a powerful counter-discursive tool against unification and instrumentalization, while ensuring cultural autonomy and personal development. The study revealed that a paradigmatic cultural shift in modern society is not destructive, but a complex adaptive process, the central catalyst of which is cultural heritage updating. Culture provides the opportunity for an active reinterpretation of the past, in the context of the transmission of cultural experience, imbuing it with existential and epistemological relevance.

Between Paradigm Shift Judaism and Neo-Hasidism

Religious conversion, the process of adopting religious doctrines, beliefs, rituals and practices of another group or of convincing others to adopt one's religious doctrines, beliefs, rituals and practices, is a phenomenon that occurs in all social settings almost on a daily basis. As an area of investigation, religious conversion has received considerable attention during the last three decades. James, Starbuck, Stark and Rambo may be considered the pioneering investigators of this phenomenon. This paper reports the findings of a study among a group of Filipinos who now call themselves Balik -Islam. Balik -Islam are individuals who have made a 'paradigm shift in their ordered view of life from one perspective to another'. The 'paradigm shift' is from Christianity to Islam. Recent available data on the number of Balik -Islam in the Philippines indicate that it is a rapidly growing phenomenon. While they may be denominated as converts to Islam, without exception, none of them wants to be called a convert. They insist on being designated as Balik -Islam ('returnees' to Islam) rather than converts. The group follows a standard explanation by Muslims of why they insist on being designated as returnees to Islam rather than as converts.

This study was conducted with the aim of examining the paradigm shift theories of unification education. Each of these paradigm shifts had the following problems. The paradigm shift from security to peaceful unification has issues such as incompleteness of paradigm shift, the still central position of security, and the unclear status and conceptual establishment of the concept of “unification” when transitioning from security education to unification education. The paradigm shift to unification education by various theories of education has a problem either the maintenance or replacement of unification education, and there is also a problem that it does not present the systematic relationship between education and unification education by various theories of education. Following the emergence of post-modernity, the theory of paradigm shift in unification education has problems such as appropriateness of alternatives, appropriateness of application to the Korean modernity, and problems that do not show great difference in content from the existing new paradigm of unification education.
 In order to achieve the correct shift in the paradigm of unification education while overcoming these problems, this study suggests several things as follows.
 First, in the era of post-Cold War inter-Korean reconciliation, unification education needs to achieve a complete paradigm shift from security to unification, which refers to education for “unification” itself, which converts division consciousness to unification-oriented consciousness, and education that seeks to shift awareness from division to unification.
 Second, in order to properly realize the paradigm shift to unification education in various theories of education, such as democratic citizenship education and peace education, it is necessary to include it in the systematic connection of unification education through education theory by and sub-education for unification ideology.
 Third, the paradigm shift to post-division education following the emergence of post-modernity needs to be pursued in the context of inclusion and convergence in unification education.

Kuhn's ( 1962 ) acknowledgement of a paradigm as a way that scientists make sense of their world and its reality gave recognition to the idea of 'paradigm shift'. This shift exposes the transience of paradigm development shaped by societal and scientific evolution. This ongoing evolutionary development provides the researcher with many paradigms to consider regarding how research is undertaken and the search for understanding achieved. An understanding of paradigm development is necessary when planning a study and can shape the search for understanding. It is hoped that the discussion presented here will assist novice and experienced researchers in articulating the rationales for their paradigm choices. An overview of the dominant paradigms is presented, reflecting ongoing paradigm development shaped by ontological, epistemological and methodological perspectives. Potential paradigm choices that shape research aims, objectives and focus in the search for understanding are considered. The inherent debates about paradigm shift, division, war and synthesis leave the researcher many perspectives to consider. Articulating the world views underpinning constructivism, interpretivism and pragmatism is particularly challenging because of the blurring of boundaries between them. The evolutionary nature of paradigmatic development has provided nurse researchers with the opportunity for methodological openness to the myriad research approaches, methods and designs that they may choose to answer their research question. However, it is imperative that researchers consider their ontological stances and the nature of their research questions. This is challenging in constructivism, interpretivism and pragmatism, where there is often an overlap of paradigm world views.

The unrecognized paradigm shift in nursing: Implications, problems, and possibilities

The Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP) is a new milestone in managing its oceans since Indonesia ratified the UNCLOS 35 years ago. Indonesia underwent several paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance from 1957 to 2014. This research aims to analyse three paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance in Indonesia. The research revealed that the milestone of the first shift was the 1957 Djuanda Declaration, recognised by the UNCLOS in 1982, regarding the concept of an archipelago state, called the ‘ocean space paradigm.’ The second, which occurred in the Reformation period (1998-2014) was called the Ocean Development paradigm, while the third paradigm shift was after President Jokowi launched Indonesia’s vision as a Global Maritime Fulcrum. This third paradigm shift was also associated with the emergence of the IOP, which contributes to national development and pays comprehensive attention to the constellation of relations between the countries in Asia and various initiatives in the region.

The Emperor's new cloth

Throughout the history of the W. E. A. there have been arguments, and sometimes bitter conflicts, about the relationship between educational aims and political objectives. This thesis examines the tensions and the dilemmas generally experienced in any education involving social and political values, by taking the clash of principles between the W. E. A. (non-party, unsectarian, with its formal emphasis upon objectivity in teaching) and the N. C. L. C. (with its proclaimed Marxist partisanship) as a fundamental challenge for critical re-assessment in the light of contemporary thinking and research. The study begins with a consideration of six crucial, and even determining, individual experiences and contributions: those of Albert Mansbridge, R. H. Tawney, J. M. Mactavish, J. P. M. Millar, G. D. H. Cole and Raymond Williams. This is followed by detailed surveys of three particular areas of work - Residential Adult Education, Literature as a W. E. A. Subject, and Community Education from 1960 to 1980 - each of which illustrates how a basic tension between political commitment and academic neutrality permeates all aspects of thinking and practice in the adult education movement. The final chapter draws together the threads from the survey of particular lives, histories and thematic studies to address theoretical questions about the concepts of liberal education and academic neutrality; - about Marxist and other attitudes towards objectivity and dogmatism; about the nature of the relationship between the Labour movement and the adult education movement. The tensions are shown to be deep, enduring and seemingly irreconcilable but changes of emphasis and intensity are apparent as the general history and the wider forces and movements in society determine the ideological parameters and the 'paradigm shifts' within which, or against which, the W. E. A. operates. On the strength of eighty four years' experience, if the W. E. A. celebrates its one hundredth birthday in 2003, it will (and should) do so embodying similar fundamental tensions.

Thomas Kuhn (1922-96) transformed the philosophy of science. His seminal 1962 work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" introduced the term 'paradigm shift' into the vernacular and remains a fundamental text in the study of the history and philosophy of science. This introduction to Kuhn's ideas covers the breadth of his philosophical work, situating "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" within Kuhn's wider thought and drawing attention to the development of his ideas over time. Kuhn's work is assessed within the context of other philosophies of science notably logical empiricism and recent developments in naturalized epistemology. The author argues that Kuhn's thinking betrays a residual commitment to many theses characteristic of the empiricists he set out to challenge. Kuhn's influence on the history and philosophy of science is assessed and where the field may be heading in the wake of Kuhn's ideas is explored.

Health care for our bones: A practical nutritional approach to preventing osteoporosis

This review outlines the biological basis and clinical protocols currently used in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) and discuss future directions in pulp regeneration approaches. The treatment of immature teeth with REPs has been described as a 'paradigm shift' as there is the potential for further root maturation. Clinically, REPs involve disinfection of the root canal system without damaging the endogenous stem cell potential present in the apical papilla and other tissues. These stems cells are introduced into the root canal space by inducing a blood clot followed by placement of an intracanal barrier to prevent microleakage. The biological concept of REPs involves the triad of stem cells, scaffold and signalling molecules. Currently, repair rather than true regeneration of the 'pulp-dentine complex' is achieved and further root maturation is variable. However, may clinicians consider the treatment of teeth with REPs as the optimal treatment approach for immature teeth with pulp necrosis.

Carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries are closely tied to their economy and play a crucial role in the world’s future emissions. In this paper, we put forward an alternative energy use paradigm shift of low-carbon emissions from operational, governance, institutional, and cultural viewpoints (OGIC). An urbanization factor is introduced into the Kaya identity, and three simulations are conducted to forecast the carbon footprint and to explore the effects of the energy use paradigm shift policy. The simulation results show that, in the context of the energy use paradigm shift, the years 2015 and 2024 are the two inflection points that separate the carbon footprint into three periods of extensive consumption (2000–2015), early energy transition (2016–2023), and late energy transition (2024–2030). Overall, the peak carbon emission value is forecasted to appear during the third stage. The findings are expected to demonstrate the effects of the energy use paradigm shift on carbon emissions and assist policy makers formulate a scientific policy framework for low carbon development.

As much as we have used the notion of the paradigm shift since Thomas Kuhn had coined that phrase in 1962, it has also hampered us in many ways to understand cultural continuities, traditions, literary patterns, and the staying power of the book markets and public tastes throughout the centuries.One of those major paradigm shifts was the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, or the early modern age, and we have happily lived by the notion that by ca.1500 profound changes in literary tastes, world views, themes, and narrative topics occurred, leading to the ultimate death of medieval culture and literature.Undoubtedly, the invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in ca.1450 meant a major transformation in the way how texts were disseminated, but recent research has begun to indicate that this did not mean at all the end of all those texts written and published prior to the late fifteenth century, whether as manuscripts or as incunabula/early modern prints.This study will illustrate this phenomenon in light of a number of specific cases (literary, philosophical, religious, etc.) that prove the existence of a tremendous stream of texts that continued to appeal to readers far into the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.The situation on the early modern book market changed, of course, but not at all as dramatically as the traditional concept of the paradigm shift has implied.And we can also identify specific cases where the essential ideas developed in the Middle Ages carried on well into the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, if not until today.When Europeans suddenly learned of the existence of America, this triggered a shattering of all of their geographic notions and forced yet another paradigm shift after a series of other major changes in the history of mentality.In fact, we could easily claim that much of human history has been determined by the constant break-up of traditional worldviews, by upheavals in the political arena, and by revolutions in the sciences and medicine (Classen, ed., 2019).Both the Enlightenment and the subsequent American (1786) and