Conclusions and Problems for Future Study

The decisions people make, and the actions they take, depend on how they conceptualize and experience time. This fundamental and influential factor is seldom acknowledged, little understood, and rarely considered explicitly in planning; be that for the material systems or the knowledge systems in the water sector. The objectives of the research that is described in this thesis were (1) to characterize similarities and differences in the Time Perspectives of people working in the water sector worldwide and (2) to theorize about how this temporal ambiguity influences, and can be used for, water planning and setting research agendas. First an interpretive framework was developed including a model of Time Perspective, which was designed to make clear the most fundamental assumptions about the (relationships between) aspects of an individual’s Time Perspective that influence the decisions they make and the actions they take. This model builds on explicit foundations from Critical Realism and brings together psychological theories of motivation and internal time consciousness. The model formed a framework that was used to develop the Foreseeable Future Multi-measure Method. This new method was designed to characterize relevant aspects of an individual’s Time Perspective in an integrated fashion. It is a structured interview with five successive steps that are sequenced to account for socially acceptable responses and to facilitate triangulation: 1. Describe the goals and events that motivate the interviewee’s decisions and actions 2. Characterize the structure and orientation of the interviewee’s concept of time 3. Measure the temporal extension of the interviewee’s motivational objects 4. Triangulate the indirect measures with direct questions by completion of sentences 5. Triangulate the preceding measures with an inventory for typifying orientation The Foreseeable Future Multi-measure Method was used to interview 309 managers, practical workers, and scientists in the Netherlands, Ghana, Brazil, and Japan. The author of this thesis conducted all of the interviews in person together with a local interpreter in each country. The four countries were chosen to represent the international diversity in Time Perspectives and the three professional roles provided a sample of the diversity in the level of abstraction of water professionals from theory to practice. The most noteworthy conclusions of the empirical study concern differences in the temporal extent of the goals and events that motivate people. Scientists are motivated by objects that lie furthest into the future followed by managers and then practical workers (Group medians: 8.4; 3.5; 1.7 years). Across national cultures, the time horizons of the Japanese and Brazilian interviewees were found to be longest. The differences across professional roles are greater and more significant than those across countries. But the characteristics of national cultures were found to amplify the differences across professional roles. Within the context of national cultures that were characterized as being most orientated towards the future, for example, scientists had especially long-term Time Perspectives. To map ambiguity in Time Perspectives on a global scale the data from the empirical study was extrapolated and reinterpreted using correlations with national scale cultural dimensions for 22 countries. This theoretical study resulted in an indicator of the potential for intercultural cooperation on wicked problems in water sector worldwide. Brazil, India, and China, countries whose answers to wicked problems in the Water-Energy-Food nexus will be of global importance, are likely to frame problems quite differently from each other but, more importantly, with a longer term vision than recent world powers such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The conclusions are important because the time horizons considered in planning and setting research agendas influence what problems are perceived, what questions are asked, and what solutions are sought. An important recommendation is to invest more resources in the framing of problems, goals, and questions. This is particularly important for participatory planning and transdisciplinary research where the diversity in Time Perspectives is greatest. Insight into Time Perspectives can be used in planning to define milestones with temporal targets that are most likely to motivate the relevant actors. It is also useful for directing strategic horizon-scanning activities. For setting research agendas it is important to match the Time Perspectives of those who prioritize the questions with the purpose of the research.

Currently several thousands of objects are being tracked in the MEO and GEO regions through optical means. The problem faced in this framework is that of Multiple Target Tracking (MTT). In this context both, the correct associations among the observations and the orbits of the objects have to be determined. The complexity of the MTT problem is defined by its dimension S. The number S corresponds to the number of fences involved in the problem. Each fence consists of a set of observations where each observation belongs to a different object. The S ≥ 3 MTT problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. There are two general ways to solve this. One way is to seek the optimum solution, this can be achieved by applying a branch-and- bound algorithm. When using these algorithms the problem has to be greatly simplified to keep the computational cost at a reasonable level. Another option is to approximate the solution by using meta-heuristic methods. These methods aim to efficiently explore the different possible combinations so that a reasonable result can be obtained with a reasonable computational effort. To this end several population-based meta-heuristic methods are implemented and tested on simulated optical measurements. With the advent of improved sensors and a heightened interest in the problem of space debris, it is expected that the number of tracked objects will grow by an order of magnitude in the near future. This research aims to provide a method that can treat the correlation and orbit determination problems simultaneously, and is able to efficiently process large data sets with minimal manual intervention.

Mental illness is widespread among Indigenous people in Australia and mental disorders are reported to be the leading cause of disease burden after cardiovascular disease. Indigenous males are affected by mental health problems at higher rates than their non-Indigenous counterparts. This is evident from the higher levels of psychological distress, higher hospitalisation rates and higher death rates due to mental and behavioural conditions among Indigenous men. However Indigenous men do not commonly receive treatment from mental health services. The literature highlights two important reasons. One is that they do not access mainstream mental health services in proportion to their need and the second is the suggestion that mental health services may be culturally inappropriate and inaccessible. This study sought to establish the qualitative factors that influence Indigenous male help seeking and aspects of the service setting that impede access. The specific objectives of this study were fourfold. The study sought to first examine the factors that influence Indigenous male help seeking for mental health problems. Second, the study aimed to identify the factors affecting utilisation of mental health services. Third, the study intended to determine the barriers and facilitators to care for Indigenous men with mental disorders and finally, it sought to identify strategies to improve access to and utilisation of mental health services by Indigenous men in Gippsland. The study was informed by the guidelines on values and ethics proposed by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Decolonising Methodology of Linda Tuhiwai Smith as well as methods suggested by other authors who have worked in the field of Indigenous health. Within a Qualitative Description design,semi-structured interviews were utilised to obtain narratives from Koori men and carers and mental health professionals. A total of seventeen Koori were interviewed including men, carers, social and emotional wellbeing workers and a hospital liaison officer. In addition, 28 staff from the mental health services were interviewed individually or in focus groups. A total of thirteen themes emanated from the data. These have been categorised into three results chapters. The first results chapter relates to obstacles faced by Koori men in seeking help for a mental illness. This chapter covers the four themes of recognising a mental illness, disclosing one‟s mental illness, reluctance to contact a service, and alternate ways of coping. The second results chapter focuses on the mismatch between mainstream mental health services and includes the three themes, barriers to gaining entry into services, barriers to engagement with services and staffing problems in the services. The final results chapter relates to future directions and outlines six themes. The first two themes relate to improving help seeking among Indigenous men. They include improving mental health awareness among the Community and empowering men to talk about problems. The next four themes relate to rendering services more accessible. They include, building men‟s confidence in services, developing relationships with the Koori community, enhancing flexibility of services and strengthening the role of the Koori Mental Health Liaison Officer. The results are then discussed in relation to the literature on help seeking and available services. In this section, the unique experiences of Koori men with regard to help seeking and service utilisation together with implications for future research and interventions are discussed. Other co-incidental learnings from the study include the need to provide for a long time frame for research involving Koori men, the need to adopt a flexible approach to research and the need to engage cultural advisors who represent different sections of the Koori community. The distinctive aspects of this research are multiple. First, it provides the first in-depth exploration of help seeking among Indigenous men with mental health problems. Second, it sheds light on the various barriers to Indigenous men accessing mental health services. Third, it gives voice to Koori people to indicate how they expect mental health services to be culturally appropriate. Fourth, it provides the first report of dual perspectives of Koori men and carers as well as service providers in improving services. The best solutions for a difficult situation are usually those that include perspectives of all stakeholders. Finally, the research was carried out in a culturally appropriate way and in so doing the researcher has not only been able to identify real challenges and solutions but has also taken a step forward in improving the reputation of research among Indigenous men in Gippsland. Future research will have to determine the feasibility and usefulness of the interventions suggested.

According to the recent development of the Computational Mechanics, the future development and competitive ability of finite element analysis software seems to be related with the implementation of complicated physical, mechanical and geometric models of solids and fluids. These are coupled models, problems that include physical and geometric nonlinearities, the models or boundary-value problems with small physical or geometric parameters. Thin-walled solids, deformation with large strains and shape distortions, problems coupling solids and fluids supply well- known examples. The modeling of composite materials is another and quite important example nowadays. It begins with solving so- called cell problems and leads to modeling deforming and damaging of composite structural elements as well as to technological problems simulation. The latter type of problems is the problem of a resin with short fibers flow into a mold of complex shape. Another example concerns the process of a resin with long fibers polymerization in a mold followed by the problem of laminate warping. Porous ground and fractured rock are not composites in the commonly used meaning of the term. However, Compositional Mechanics methods are used for their analysis. It is reasonable to mention rather complicated problem of fluid filtration in a porous media experiencing large strains. It seems that a multi scale approach is the most general technique of composite mechanics. It results in so-called local problems in the representative volume element. This paper shows finite-element implementations of local problems developed by the author. Mechanical models and computational algorithms were implemented as home-made computer code. The code has been thoroughly tested and can be used together with FIDESES finite element analysis software as third party package. I may be noted that the developed numerical simulations were elaborated during long term cooperation with the Technical University of Berlin, Dr. Mirtsch GmbH and famous French tire maker Michelin. Further development of the package can be associated with the use of a multi scale approach aiming composite structural elements deformation and progressive damaging modeling, resin with short fibers flow simulation as well as numerical simulation of laminate production process.

Background The big changes produced during the last two decades have produced a reality that requires physicians to reconsider the role they play in their new working scenario. These changes include regulations in health care working, work styles, health organization, use and importance of technology and how the physician is socially considered. The causes are complex and multifactorial, yet they share common elements as worse payment to physicians, an absolute and relative reduction in professional fees and physicians’ perception about their own profession. Objectives A “medical problem” is defined as any problematic experience or situation felt by a physician during his/her practice. In the last years, there are plenty of information and several opinions about this matter, in reference to the working conditions of physicians and to their negative self-perception about medical practice. The goal of the present study was to explore if the Argentine Congress of Cardiology dealt with the medical problem. Material and Methods Observational and descriptive study about open-topic sessions and roundtable sessions dealing with the medical problem –and under which field the medical problem was considered– during the past/latest three Argentine Congresses of Cardiology. The following key words were used: working reality, medical practice, burnout, bioethics, ethics and working conditions, among others. Results Of 2254 open topics presented in the three years, 8 (0.35%) dealt with the medical problem. The open topics were considered under “miscellany”, psychosocial, medical education or public health fields. Thirteen roundtable sessions were identified and organized by the Committee on Bioethics, the Research Area of the Argentine Society of Cardiology, the CONAREC and the Argentine Cardiology Foundation. Conclusions We found very few roundtable sessions and opened-topic sessions –and without an adequate preestablished conceptual framework– focused on the medical problem. Thus, the medical problem is not considered an important topic of study. Discussion and investigation are convenient to search for arguments and solutions at multiple levels, otherwise it will not be possible to make a diagnosis and treatment of the topic, with the eventual and important future implications.

Background: Development of tools for measuring stress has been considered by mental health researchers for many years. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a "Stressful Events Inventory"(SEI) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Methods: Using a representative sample (n=6000) from all people who reside in Tehran, the validity of the inventory was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and its reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Results: Eleven major sets of stressful events were identified as follow: political problems (α=0.731), neighborhood’s problems (α=0.739), livelihood problems (α=0.609), fear of the future (α=0.663), educational events (α=0.635), educational changes (α=0.704), individual changes (α=0.463), occupational difficulties (α=0.64), housing problems (α=0.69), problems related to occupational relations (α=0.46), and family problems (α=0.69). The value of correlation between the factors was equal to 0.82 and the value of variance determined by these factors was 0.49 (r^2=0.49). In the confirmatory factor analysis, these factors also had an appropriate fitness (RMSEA=0.02). Conclusion: The developed instrument has suitable psychometric properties, which make it appropriate for future research on psychosocial stress.

Recently environmental problems are increasing all over the world with increasing population and industrialisation which is the increasing human requirements. In the same way, there are many environmental problems in the Konya Closed Basin, such as scarcity of water supplies in the region for realization of the unplanned agricultural production with related irrigations, since water storage difficulties owing to geologic and topographic characteristics of the area and drainage problems of irrigated agricultural areas. Climatic conditions are shaped large flat steppe ar eas in Konya basin. There will be important water shortage problems in the basin and irrigation water demand should be planned. Water losses should be kept to a minimum so that the amount of water obtained from underground water resources can be reduced and eventually the possible biological and ecological adverse impacts of the project will decrease and the diversity of species of flora and fauna will be preserved and endemic species will be protected. With this investigation, we aimed to put forward source of problems come from the future, appeared recently and continue in the future. Our effort may help to reduce critical problem or save our environment for our children.

There are many problems that need to be resolved in this world, but many problems can not only simply solve by discipline but also need for creativity and problem-solving ability. Thus, creativity have been seen as the main objective of education in the East and the West countries. And creativity and problem-solving ability can also be said to be one of the most important ability in future society. With advances in technology, there are many supporting systems for creativity and problem-solving ability, and these systems could be divide into be divided into physical interface system and virtual interface system by user interface. However, there are some following problems with current physical interface system : The problem is that the activities provided by these systems are not the activities of the existing popular creative activities in current society, so it is more difficult that users immediately interest in these systems when they use. We must re-establish user’s interest in these system. The virtual interface system have the following problem: the user is facing the perfect computer world, therefore the user can’t faced the real-world problems. The purpose of this research is improving three problems caused by current supporting systems for problem-solving and creativity ability to develop a new learning environment. Thus, this environment have the following three characteristics: (1) interest (Habit): this learning environment is designed based on existing popular creative activities, so users do not need to re-cultivate their interest. (2) Construction (Construction): This learning environment provide users opportunity to create and solve problems through the process of building the world (3) The physical environment (Physics):This system provides with physical environment simulation, and through the simulation system could enables students to learn how to solve authentic problems.

Radziyevsky V. P. Theoretical analysis of the problem of physical education of students of medical universities, taking into account the peculiarities of their future professional activity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(8):1221-1227. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1039733 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4999 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/835828 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.07.2017. Revised: 26.07.2017. Accepted: 30.07.2017. Theoretical analysis of the problem of physical education of students of medical universities, taking into account the peculiarities of their future professional activity Radziyevsky V. P. National Medical University named after O.O. Bogomolets Kyiv, Ukraine Abstract The article presents a generalization of the results of scientific researches concerning the peculiarities of the professional activity of doctors. The necessity of their consideration during the construction and orientation of physical education classes with students is shown. It is determined that the most important among the physical qualities in the professional activity of the future physician is physical endurance, which involves low fatigue and high physical capacity. The obtained data of the conducted correlation analysis indicate the presence of neuro-emotional stress and decrease in motor activity of the students of the I-II courses, which are the main reason for unsatisfactory dynamics of physical preparedness of students during their studies at the university. In the conditions of physical inactivity, the physical capacity and physical readiness of the future specialist to the future work of work decreases significantly, which in the end does not lead to the successful implementation of the chosen kind of professional activity. Key words: analysis, physical education, students, medical universities, professional activity.

The following article presents a typology of images of the future and focuses primarily on the analysis of the relationship between the present and the future. The objective is to elaborate a critical semantic of the historical times of the future. While Koselleck developped a temporal analysis of the times of the past, I propose a temporal analysis of the times of the future. The result will be a philosophy of the future which is coherent with a practical philosophy of history. Future in the emphatical sense of the word necessarily implies a possible change or break from the present – and the problems of action and moral responsibility that go along with it. The deliberations presented here end with an ethics of the future.

Research on artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been carried out for more than five decades. A renewed interest appeared in the 80's with the finding of powerful models like J. Hopfield's recurrent networks, T. Kohonen's self-organizing feature maps, and the back-propagation rule. At that time, there was no platform that was at the same time versatile enough for any ANN model to be implemented and fast enough to solve large problems. Super-computers were the sole exception to this rule, but were prohibitively expensive for most applications. However, both research scientists and application engineers clearly identified the need for such a computing power. This triggered many projects in the field. In parallel, research on multi-processor systems started during the 60's. Systolic arrays have been proposed in 1979 as a means to fully exploit the possibilities of VLSI. Two previous theses, by F. Blayo and C. Lehmann, have studied the use of bi-dimensional systolic arrays for neural computation. At first, the presented system, called GENES, has been designed for the Hopfield model. Extensions to other ANNs have also been proposed. The goal of the present thesis is to study, design, build, and analyze an efficient accelerator for neural computation. In a first step, the GENES architecture has been extended towards generality and efficiency. This includes a thorough analysis of ANN models, of other neural computers, and of previous GENES implementations. The result of this work is the GENES IV integrated circuit, whose architecture has been co-designed by P. Ienne and the author. The main part of this thesis discusses the architecture, the design and the analysis of the MANTRA I machine, a neural computer based on a GENES IV array with up to 40 × 40 processing elements (PEs). The delta rule (and hence the Perceptron and Adaline rules), the back-propagation rule, the Hopfield model, and the Kohonen model can be implemented on this system. Although not a generic system, such a machine may be regarded as a multi-model neural computer. A prototype has been running for a year and is used daily by software designers. Several novel features distinguish the MANTRA I machine from other neural systems. First, it belongs to the few existing neural computers, contrary to the majority of implementations, which are specific to an application or to an algorithm. The machine does not hard-wire any algorithm, but provides the necessary primitives to implement the target models. This is a key feature for research, since several algorithms or versions of an algorithm can be tested on a problem. It is an important aspect for applications as well, because different ANN models are often cascaded to solve a problem. The GENES IV array — that is, the computing core of the MANTRA I machine — features synapse-level parallelism (i.e., one real or virtual PE is allocated per synapse or neural connection), while most other systems exploit only neuron-level parallelism (i.e., one PE per neuron). Hence, this system aims at a much finer parallelism grain and is well suited for massively parallel architectures. The problem size that can be computed by a neural accelerator should not be limited by the hardware (except for memory size). Therefore, it is essential to support time-sharing of PEs. On the MANTRA I machine, this is achieved by the concept of virtual arrays. Matrices are divided into sub-matrices that can be mapped onto the physical array, which is then time-shared among them. An efficient mechanism has been implemented to swap sub-matrices in background, while some other computation is performed. Since systolic arrays are pipelined systems, it is important to avoid emptying and re-filling them too often, in order to keep the hardware utilization rate high. Therefore, a systolic instruction flow has been implemented, so that each instruction follows the data for which it has been issued. Like any SIMD system, the MANTRA I machine is composed of a parallel or SIMD module and a control module. The SIMD module consists of the GENES IV array and a set of dedicated units designed for the computation that scales with the number of neurons and would poorly fit on a bi-dimensional array. A complex system of FIFOs and memories sustains the required input/output streams for the systolic array. The control module is a complete SISD system. Its tasks are (1) to control the SIMD module by dispatching instructions, (2) to manage data input and output, (3) to communicate with the external world, and (4) to perform data pre- and post-processing. The SIMD instructions are of the very long instruction word (VLIW) type. Synchronization between the two modules is achieved by an instruction FIFO. The performance of the MANTRA I machine has been analyzed using the delta rule. Measurements show that the sustained performance is very close to its peak value, as long as the problem fits in the memory banks connected to the GENES IV array. Experiments have also been run to investigate the impact of the constraints imposed by the hardware on the convergence of algorithms. Finally, the use of systolic arrays as neural accelerators is discussed in the light of the experience acquired with the GENES IV array and the MANTRA I machine. The weaknesses of the machine are analyzed, and several solutions are proposed to avoid them in a future design. A general discussion of the future of neural computers concludes this thesis.

We provide simple but surprisingly useful direct product theorems for proving lower bounds on online algorithms with a limited amount of advice about the future. Intuitively, our direct product theorems say that if b bits of advice are needed to ensure a cost of at most t for some problem, then r*b bits of advice are needed to ensure a total cost of at most r*t when solving r independent instances of the problem. Using our direct product theorems, we are able to translate decades of research on randomized online algorithms to the advice complexity model. Doing so improves significantly on the previous best advice complexity lower bounds for many online problems, or provides the first known lower bounds. For example, we show that - A paging algorithm needs Omega(n) bits of advice to achieve a competitive ratio better than H_k = Omega(log k), where k is the cache size. Previously, it was only known that Omega(n) bits of advice were necessary to achieve a constant competitive ratio smaller than 5/4. - Every O(n^{1-epsilon})-competitive vertex coloring algorithm must use Omega(n log n) bits of advice. Previously, it was only known that Omega(n log n) bits of advice were necessary to be optimal. For certain online problems, including the MTS, k-server, metric matching, paging, list update, and dynamic binary search tree problem, we prove that randomization and sublinear advice are equally powerful (if the underlying metric space or node set is finite). This means that several long-standing open questions regarding randomized online algorithms can be equivalently stated as questions regarding online algorithms with sublinear advice. For example, we show that there exists a deterministic O(log k)-competitive k-server algorithm with sublinear advice if and only if there exists a randomized O(log k)-competitive k-server algorithm without advice. Technically, our main direct product theorem is obtained by extending an information theoretical lower bound technique due to Emek, Fraigniaud, Korman, and Rosen [ICALP'09].

<p>The article deals with the problem of formation and transformation of a professional position of a specialist involving in the processes of professional communication. It is proved that the professional position of the individual is formed on the basis of the general personal position, the determining factor of which can be considered to be how much a person seeks conditions in which his potential can develop most effectively. As professional activity is connected with interaction, the processes of creating, maintaining (maintaining and restoring) contacts, which promote the efficiency of professional activity become important. It is determined that the communicative competences of the future specialist should be regularly updated. Constructive professional position is formed on the basis of realising of the values of activity, performance, respect for others, indifference, pragmatism. It leads to the necessity of developing the skills of future specialists to organize and maintain professional communication. Professional communication acquires features of social orientation, since it allows searching for clients effectively, carry out indirect professional communication in social networks, and to supplement communication communications, using all possible means of verbal communicative influence on the person. The role of reflection of professional activity within the limits of the person’s professional development problem as a person's ability to isolate, analyze, evaluate, learn, understand their capabilities, personal and professional qualities are presented. It is determined that the factors of the professional activity reflection are self-awareness, self-examination, self-esteem and self-knowledge. The characteristic of self-consciousness is given as the ability to evaluate the activities of others through the prism of personal professional criteria; self-knowledge as an understanding of the personality of the contradiction between personal harassment and the assessment of his professional activities and qualities on the part of the professional group; self-examination and self-assessment as regulators of professional growth of a person. It is concluded that the direction of future specialists to social and communicative activity is a factor in the transformation of their professional and personal position.</p>

The aim of this work is to provide a solver for viscoelastic multi-phase flows within the Bounded Support Spectral Solver (BoSSS) currently under development at the Chair of Fluid Dynamics at the Technical University of Darmstadt. The discretisation in BoSSS consists of a high-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for single-phase flow and a high-order eXtended Discontinuous Galerkin (XDG) method for the multi-phase purpose. The solver shall be used to investigate numerically the behaviour of viscoelastic droplets. The macroscopic Oldroyd B model which is used in a wide range of applications is chosen as the constitutive model. A detailed derivation of the system of equations including the modeling principles for the Oldroyd B model is presented. A DG discretisation of the system of equations including the Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is presented after introducing the field of the DG method. The derivation of appropriate flux functions for the constitutive equations and the extra stress tensor are one of the key derivations of this scientific work. Difficulties arising in the numerical solution of viscoelastic flow problems for higher Weissenberg numbers for different discretisation methods are due to the convection dominated, mixed hyperbolic-elliptic-parabolic nature of the system of equations. Several strategies are presented which overcome these problems and are known from the literature. A key achievement of this scientific work is the application of the LDG method, originally developed for a hyperbolic system of equations for a Newtonian fluid, on the viscoelastic system of equations which renders methods for preserving ellipticity unnecessary. Furthermore, various strategiesn to enhance and to support convergence of the solution of the DG discretised system are presented. These are the Newton method with different approaches determining the Jacobian of the system, a homotopy continuation method based on the Weissenberg number for a better initial guess for the Newton method, and a troubled cell indicator combined with an artificial diffusion approach or an adaptive mesh refinement strategy, respectively. For the completeness of this work the XDG method is presented using a sharp interface approach with a signed distance level-set function as it is implemented in BoSSS. The single-phase solver is combined with these methods and appropriate flux functions for the interface are implemented to enable multi-phase applications for viscoelastic fluid. Several numerical experiments are conducted to verify and to validate the viscoelastic singlephase solver and to show the capability of the viscoelastic multi-phase solver to simulate viscoelastic droplets. Advantages and disadvantages of the implementation and an outlook for future research can be found in the conclusion.

The periodic event scheduling problem (PESP) is a well studied problem known as intrinsically hard. Its main application is for designing periodic timetables in public transportation. To this end, the passengers' paths are required as input data. This is a drawback since the final paths which are used by the passengers depend on the timetable to be designed. Including the passengers' routing in the PESP hence improves the quality of the resulting timetables. However, this makes PESP even harder. Formulating the PESP as satisfiability problem and using SAT solvers for its solution has been shown to be a highly promising approach. The goal of this paper is to exploit if SAT solvers can also be used for the problem of integrated timetabling and passenger routing. In our model of the integrated problem we distribute origin-destination (OD) pairs temporally through the network by using time-slices in order to make the resulting model more realistic. We present a formulation of this integrated problem as integer program which we are able to transform to a satisfiability problem. We tested the latter formulation within numerical experiments, which are performed on Germany's long-distance passenger railway network. The computation's analysis in which we compare the integrated approach with the traditional one with fixed passengers' weights, show promising results for future scientific investigations.