Confronting Demographic Denial

Pakistan has been experiencing a decrease in population growth since the early 1990s, which led to increasing the ratio of the working-age population known as the demographic dividend. The demographic dividend may lead to higher savings and investment which resultantly spurs economic growth. Given this postulation, the study is first of its kind to empirically analyze the impact of demographic variables on economic growth through physical capital for Pakistan over the period 1960–2018. In this regard, the demographic change is captured by taking four alternate measures, namely population growth, young-age dependency ratio, old-age dependency ratio, and working-age population ratio. To examine the channel effect, in the first step, the direct impact of demographic changes on physical capital is estimated. Later, the impact of demographically-induced capital stock is estimated on economic growth. By using the FMOLS technique, the study concludes that the total negative impact is highest in the case of old-age dependency, which means that higher old-age dependency is the most threatening demographic change for economic growth. The least harmful demographic change is the young age dependency. Moreover, the empirical findings highlight the importance of capital stock as the mediating channel in the demographic change and economic growth relationship. The study recommends effective long-term policies to increase youth employment and to enhance savings for maximizing the benefits of the demographic dividend.

This research is a quantitative research using survey method. The locations of the research are in the three tourist objects including Goa Cemara Beach, Kuwaru Beach, and Pandansimo Baru Beach. This study aims to analyze the tourist characteristics in the three research location and to learn how to formulate a plan for the most appropriate for tourism products at three locations sights. The approach used to analyze the tourist characteristics is the four elements of market segmentation: geographic, socio- demographic, psychographic, and behavioral. The samples of the research are 156 respondents with the margin of error 8% done using purposive sampling technique during March to April 2015 in the three research locations. The data collection was taken by questionnaires, observation, and documentation. Once the data is collected and processed with quantitative analysis using statistical tools, frequency distribution, and cross table (crosstabs). The result shows that the geographic characteristics of tourists in the three locations are balanced between tourists from outside and inside Bantul Regency. Then, the socio- demographic characteristics of tourists in Goa Cemara Beach and Pandansimo Baru Beach are dominated by private employees/BUMN(state-owned corporation), aged 22-60 years old, married and repeater tourist, while tourists in Kuwaru Beach are dominated by students, under 22 years old, single status and first comer tourists. Furthermore, in terms of psychographics, tourists in the three locations who have psychocentric characteristics prefer to get something plural, popular, and like to do common activities with the frequency of short stay visit. Lastly, the behavior of tourists in the three research locations is dominated by doing recreation or having leisure time to enjoy the main attractions of coastal landscape. The results of tourist characteristics of these three locations are used as the basis for planning of thematic tourism products in accordance with the character of the three research objects. Keywords: tourist characteristics, tourist segmentation, geographic, socio- demographic, psychographic, behavioral

To assess the attitudes towards and practices related to preventive dentistry among Libyan dentists. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among dentists working in Benghazi. All dentists registered with the Dental Association of Benghazi and with two or more years of practice were invited to participate. The questionnaire enquired about dentists' demographic (gender and age) and professional characteristics (practice sector and years of service), attitudes towards preventive dentistry using nine semantic differential scales and the frequency with which they performed eight preventive measures to patients. Non-parametric tests were used to compare attitudes towards and practices related to preventive dentistry by participants' demographic and professional characteristics. Of the 175 dentists returning questionnaires (response rate 79%), 166 had complete information on all the variables needed for analysis (75%). Dentists felt preventive dentistry was useful and essential to the community as well as of scientific merit for dentists. As for practices, oral hygiene instruction and recommending fluoridated toothpaste were the most commonly reported preventive measures performed by dentists whereas the application of topical fluoride and fissure sealants were the least reported. Attitudes towards and practices related to preventive dentistry varied by professional but not demographic characteristics. Dentists showed a generally positive attitude towards preventive dentistry. However, certain preventive measures, particularly those that incur costs, were less frequently practised.

Demographic characteristics and trends in the prevalence of low birth weight from singleton pregnancies in Taiwan, 1978-1997.

Objective: Because of the insufficiencies of the current theoretical and empirical endeavors for explaining the systematic relationship between demographic transition and epidemiologic transition, this study is an attempt to theorize and empirically test a demographic transition thesis for explaining favorable conditions for population health and subsequent epidemiologic transition outcomes in less developed countries. Methods: OLS regression and cross-tabulation methods were used to conduct a cross-national analysis of all available data from less developed countries. Findings: Demographic transition, as measured by global fertility and cultural transition, exerts robust positive effects on the index of favorable conditions for population health and subsequent epidemiologic transition outcomes regarding the communicable- to non-communicable diseases transition and communicable diseases- to- injuries transition. Conclusions: Theorizing and testing a demographic transition thesis of epidemiologic transition contributed to theory development and interdisciplinary research for bridging demography and epidemiology.Theory, research, policy implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.

In this paper, we examine the large and expanding area of Environmental Justice (EJ). The research in this area has developed from examining relatively simple comparisons of current demographic characteristics near environmental nuisances to performing multiple regression analysis and considering demographics at the time of siting. One area that has received considerably less attention is the identification of potential mechanisms that could be driving observed EJ correlations. We extend the current literature by examining one possible mechanism: the intensity of regulatory enforcement activity. If regulators pay less attention to the environmental performance of plants located near poor and minority areas, those plants might feel less pressure to pursue pollution abatement projects, increasing environmental hazards in those areas. We perform our analysis on a sample of manufacturing plants located near four large U.S. cities: Los Angeles, Boston, Columbus, and Houston. Our analysis of regulatory activity found little evidence that demographic variables have a significant impact on the allocation of regulatory activity. In particular, regulatory activity does not seem to be less intense in plants located near particular demographic groups. It is true that plants located in minority neighborhoods are inspected less often and face fewer enforcement actions, but these effects are nearly always small and insignificant, and plants located in lower-income areas seem to face (surprisingly) more regulatory activity. In a separate analysis, we also find very little evidence that demographic variables significantly influence pollution emissions. . In summary, the results presented here do not show much evidence to support EJ concerns about either regulatory activity or pollution emissions, at least within the set of plants, pollutants, and time periods covered in our analysis.

Introduction: Spiritual health has a substantial effect on other aspects of health. Due to the important role of university students in the development of a country, it is necessary to examine the correlates of different dimensions of health using appropriate tools in this community. This study aimed to determine the role of demographic variables in the spiritual health of the students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Method: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, the statistical sample comprised 473 students selected by convenience sampling method. To collect data, a researcher-made demographic questionnaire and the spiritual health questionnaire, which has been developed by Amiri et al., were used. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS software. Results: According to the Mann-Whitney U test, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of spiritual health in women (78.51) and men (70.41). This difference was also significant between married (80.42) and single (74.81) students. This is while there was no significant differences between various groups in terms of other demographic factors. Conclusion: It can be concluded that women and married students have higher spiritual health in comparison to men and single ones. This is while other demographic variables such as age, education, employment position, and place of residence could not predict the level of spiritual health in university students.

Demographic changes have an impact on the economic situation of all West European countries. Aging of the population and falling fertility rates are challenges that every government on the continent must deal with. The analysis was based on data concerning demographic situation in Germany. It is the most populous country of the European Union, which has been struggling with crucial demographic changes for several decades. The German government has an active pro-family policy, which mainly aims to increase the number of births. Yet, according to forecasts, the population of Germany will decrease, reaching 80% of the population of 2012 by 2060. The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes of demographic changes in Germany, their effects on the public finances, and the potential effects of the implementation of measures to neutralize the unwanted economic phenomena. The main conclusion is that the public finances of Germany will have to cope with new demographic situation, which may involve the need to further reform the pension system, develop a comprehensive family policy, and the activization of the elderly.

In the forthcoming decades, the problem of baby boomer retirement will put
\npressure on the sustainability of social security systems in a large number of countries in the
\nworld. We refer to this phenomenon as a demographic wave problem and in this paper we
\npropose an operating method, developed on the basis of a general principle, which allows us
\nto manage the issues of sustainability and intergenerational equity that arise when the demographic
\nwave disrupts the demographic, economic, and financial stability of a defined contribution
\npension system. This principle overcomes the classical juxtaposition between the two
\nalternative schemes of financial management of a pension system, funded or pay-as-you-go.
\nIndeed, our approach shows that only the unmanageable pay-as-you-go part of the pension
\nsystem, namely the group of individuals of the demographic wave, needs to be fully funded
\nand not the whole pension system as is argued in the existing literature.

Fil: Serafini, Vanesa Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente; Argentina

Background In recent years, there has been an increase in prescription drug abuse, particularly among adolescents and young adults. While substance abuse on college campuses has remained a pervasive public health concern, rates of nonmedical prescription drug use surpass commonly abused drugs. The three most commonly abused prescription drugs (central nervous system (CNS) depressants, opioids, and stimulants) were assessed to identify differences among student characteristics, as well as their relationship with abuse. Purpose The purpose of this study is to conduct a secondary analysis to explore demographic variables (race, gender, academic performance, living arrangement, alcohol and other drug usage, and affiliation with a fraternity/sorority) and their relationship with nonmedical prescription drug use. Also, this study aims to identify potential strategies and provide suggestions to address nonmedical prescription drug abuse for future interventions. Methods Data was obtained from the 2009 National College Health Assessment. The study consisted of n = 1,417 undergraduate students attending Virginia Commonwealth University. Initially, overall prevalence rates for past-year illicit use of prescription CNS depressant, opioids, and stimulant use were examined. Bivariate analyses were conducted to identify differences among users and nonusers for each class of prescription drug using Pearson’s Chi-Square test of significance. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine associations between these demographics and illicit use of each prescription drug. Interactions between individual demographics and drug use were also examined. Results The past year prevalence use of nonmedical prescription central nervous system depressants, opioids, and stimulants use were 4, 11.2, and 8.7% respectively. According to bivariate analyses, nonmedical use was higher among certain college students, however characteristics varied by type of prescription drug. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that students living off campus (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.35) and reported use of alcohol (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.21, 12.64) and marijuana (OR = 4.41, 95% CI = 2.28, 8.54) were more likely to use prescription depressants. Students with a GPA of a C or lower (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.17), and reported use of marijuana (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 2.22, 4.78) were more likely to use prescription opioids. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use was highest among White students (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.28, 3.30) with a GPA of a B or lower (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.28, 3.30) and reported lifetime use of alcohol (OR = 7.96, 95% CI = (2.50, 25.41). Conclusions The results of this study provide insight into the demographic variables and their relationship with nonmedical prescription drug abuse. The findings have important implications for identifying potential strategies to address nonmedical prescription drug abuse and will assist in the development of targeted and tailored interventions.

Objective To explore the correlation between psychiatric nurse burnout and demographic variables. Methods A total of 160 nurses were investigated with Burnout Questionnaire and self-designed generally questionnaire. Results Various dimensions of job burnout scores by 160 nurses were lower than the Maslach samples (P ＜0. 01 ), the detection rate of severe burnout were 22.5% for the emotional exhaustion,6.9% for depersonalization, 50% for low personal accomplishment respectively; Male nurses burnout was more than female nurses (P＜ 0.05 ); older and higher titles groups got more serious emotional exhaustion. Single nurses, nurses of secondary school education, primary nurses had the lowest sense of personal achievement. 6 to 15 years old nurses had the most serious personalized care and low personal accomplishment. Contract nurses emotional exhaustion was lower than formal nurses, the differences had statistically significant (P＜0.05 ).Conclusions The psychiatric nurses had serious burnout and generally had low personal accomplishment;besides, the psychiatric nurses' burnout depends on the different demographic variables. The differences showed significant. Key words: Psychiatric nurses; Job burnnout; Demographic

Abstract. A simple but useful method of reciprocal values is introduced, explained and illustrated. This method simplifies the analysis of hyperbolic distributions, which are causing serious problems in the demographic and economic research. It allows for a unique identification of hyperbolic distributions and for unravelling components of more complicated trajectories. This method is illustrated by a few examples: growth of the world population during the AD era; growth of population in Africa; economic growth in Western Europe; and the world economic growth. They show that fundamental postulates of the demographic and economic research are contradicted by data, even by precisely the same data, which are used in this research. The generally accepted postulates are based on the incorrect understanding of hyperbolic distributions, which characterise the historical growth of population and the historical economic growth. In particular, data used, but never analysed, during the formulation of the Unified Growth Theory show that this theory is based on fundamentally incorrect premises and thus is fundamentally defective. In this theory, distorted representations of data are used to support preconceived and incorrect ideas. Precisely the same data, when properly analysed, show that the theory is incorrect. Application of this simple method of analysis points to new directions in the demographic and economic research. It suggests simpler interpretations of the mechanism of growth. The concept or the evidence of the past primitive and difficult living conditions, which might be perhaps described as some kind of stagnation, is not questioned or disputed. It is only demonstrated that trajectories of the past economic growth and of the growth of population were not reflecting any form of stagnation and thus that they were not shaped by these primitive and difficult living conditions. The concept or evidence of an explosion in technology, medicine, education and in the improved living conditions is not questioned or disputed. It is only demonstrated that this possible explosion is not reflected in trajectories of the economic growth and of the growth of population. Growth trajectories were increasing monotonically during the generally claimed epoch of stagnation and during the claimed explosion. Keywords. Hyperbolic distributions, Reciprocal values, Economic growth, Growth of human population, Industrial revolution, Unified Growth Theory, Growth regimes, Gross Domestic Product. JEL. A10, A12, A20, B41, C02, C12, C20, C50, Y80.

This study investigated general health, self efficacy, social support and demographic variables as predictors of attitude to mental illness and care givers burden of psychiatric patients. For the study, five hypotheses were tested, one was confirmed, while four were partially confirmed. The study used 200 participants (89 (44.5%) males and 111 (55.5%) females) who are caregivers at the Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Aro-Abeokuta. An 89 item questionnaire was used to tap information on the care givers’ demographic and psychological variables. Multistage sampling technique was used. The study adopted multiple regression, 2x2x2x2x2 analysis of variance and Manova to test the significance of the demographic and psychosocial variables on attitude to mental illness and care givers burden of psychiatric patients.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between demographic factors, training and developing the performance of employees in BPS Kapuas District of Central Kalimantan. This research is a quantitative study menggunakam testing methods Spearman Rank Order Correlation analysis of the overall employee population BPS Kapuas totaling 22 people. The results showed that partially each variable X (Demographic factors (X1), Training (X2) and Development (X3)) positively and significantly related to performance (Y). The relationship of each variable X (Factor Demographics, Training and Development) simultaneously be in a very strong category with a variable Y (Performance). Among the tested three variables X, Development variable (X3) have the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient greatest. Keywords: Demographic factors, training, development, performance, quantitative