Congestion mitigation in a vehicular network using DBSMA

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) has become a very interesting technology for future generation vehicles. This is mainly due to its embedded and promising advantages which primarily include improvement of safety conditions on public road through exchange of critical safety messages amongst involved nodes. The success of VANET heavily relies on successful messages dissemination amongst involved vehicles. However, a successful message exchange can only be possible if the transmission medium is collision free. Under the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), the cooperative Awareness messages (CAM) have to be transmitted at the rate of 10 Hz as per standard. To account for congestion management, the Distributed Congestion Control (DCC) mechanism was proposed. However, under higher node density, the DDC becomes inefficient and dramatically contribute to the deterioration of the VANET environment. The present work proposes a Dynamic Broadcast Storm Mitigation Algorithm (DBSMA) which can be used to combat the broadcast storm problem in a Vehicular Network (VN). Results from several simulations confirmed that the DBSMA has a potentiality to conquer the effect of broadcast storm by offering more than 150% improved efficiency against the DCC approach. Another advantage of the DBSMA is that it is simple to compute and easy to implement.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.

Vehicular Networking is of immense importance and continuous research is going on in this field for building the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are distributed, self-organizing communication networks which progressed from traveling vehicles. Therefore VANET's are characterized by very high speed of vehicles and limited degree of freedom in vehicles movement pattern. VANETs are infrastructure less which allows communication between vehicles without any type of configuration and any worthy cellular networks. Mobility Management for VANET is a challenging task because of the fast mobility of the vehicles. The main goal of VANET is to improve road traffic safety and to efficiently achieve intelligent intervehicle communications. In this paper, the scalability and efficiency of mobility management protocol MMIP6 has been further enhanced to accommodate more number of vehicles with reduction in total cost of the entire network. Numerical analysis has been carried out for comparing the total communication cost of enhanced MMIP6 with Network Mobility protocol (NEMO) of VANET.

SummaryThe recent breakthroughs in the automobile industries and telecommunication technologies along with the exceptional multimodal mobility services brought focus on intelligent transportation system (ITS), of which vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) gain much more attention. The distinctive features of software‐defined networking (SDN) leverages the vehicular networks by its state of the centralized art having a comprehensive view of the network. Its potential to bring the flexibility, programmability and other extensive advancements to vehicular networks has set the stage for a novel networking paradigm termed as software‐defined vehicular networks (SDVNs). Many researchers have demonstrated the SDN‐based VANETs with the various configuration of the SDN components in VANET architecture. However, a compilation of the work on the SDN‐based VANET system as a whole, incorporating its architecture, use‐cases, and opportunities, is still inadequate. We start with the summary of the recent studies that exist on the SDVNs, followed by the comprehensive explanation of its components. Next, we present the taxonomy of SDVN based on the architecture modes, protocols, access technologies, and opportunities with trending technologies. Finally, we highlight the challenges, open research issues, and future research directions.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a class of wireless networks built dynamically in an ad hoc network manner. VANET is a key technology for smart and Intelligent Transportation System. Efficient and intelligent algorithms for routing in VANETs are critically required for safety information propagation. Routing in highly dynamic VANET topology is important for the achievement of any vehicular safety applications. The routing mechanism in vehicular networks is critical because of VANETconstraints such as unpredictable network topology, frequent disconnections, varying network densities, etc. Multi agent scheme based routing scheme for VANETs is addressed in the paper. We address the challenge of how to route the data with short communication delay, overhead, and the complexity. Specifically, we consider the scenario for (V2V) vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Multi agent scheme consists of static agent and mobile agents. The scheme operates as follows: (1) establishing a connectivity pattern between the vehicles; (2) creating a set of beliefs; (3) desire development; (4) finalizing the intention. We validate the proposed scheme by simulation. Evaluated simulation results are packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization, and route identification delay.

Vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) are made by applying the standards of mobile adhoc networks (MANETs)-the unconstrained making of a remote network of cell phones to the area of vehicles. VANETs were first referenced and presented in 2001 under ”vehicle to-vehicle specially appointed versatile correspondence and systems administration” applications, where networks can be shaped and data can be handed-off among vehicles. It was shown that vehicle-to- vehicle and vehicle-to-road side exchange designs will exist together in VANETs to give street security, route, and other side of the road administrations. VANETs are a vital piece of the intelligent transportation frameworks (ITS) system. At times, VANETs are known as Intelligent Transport Networks. They are perceived as having advanced into a more extensive “Web of vehicles”. Which itself is relied upon to eventually advance into a “Web of self-sufficient vehicles”. The vehicles send some data about street status and traffic. But sometimes the information send from one vehicle to another can be malicious. This malicious information is added by the intruders to cause problem in vehicular network so that accident can occur. In this report, we will analyse the throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay in sending information from vehicle to vehicle when the network is attacked by some malicious nodes.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged as an exciting research and application area. The envisioned applications, as well as some inherent VANET characteristics such as highly dynamic topology, frequently disconnected network, and different and dynamic network density, make data dissemination a challenging task in these networks. Several approaches for data dissemination in VANETs have been recently proposed in the literature. However, more work needs to be done since most of the proposed solutions do not effectively address some or all of the main challenges in these scenarios such as the broadcast storm, network partition and temporal network fragmentation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and critical review of proposed techniques for data dissemination in VANETs and identify the main challenges in this area. For this, we first define suitable criteria to classify and organize some of the existing solutions. Next we identify and discuss some open issues and conclude with possible future research directions.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road and making their journey safe and comfortable to fulfill the users’ requirements. It is a challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET. Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges. Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) are considered a promising application in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). It is characterized by a high mobility, a high density of nodes, and a very constrained topology that require a more suitable and more reliable routing protocol. Hence, the need to optimize the current routing protocols used in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), in order to increase their performance in VANET. Broadcast communication method remains a very important step to adapt the broadcast information to other nodes and to select the routes in better conditions. In this article, we propose a new broadcast approach based on the neighborhood broadcasting methods. Based on this solution, we present an improving Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) to reduce the number of dropped packets, and minimize network overhead. The simulation shows encouraging results of our proposed approach.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is an integrated approach being developed to exchange relevant information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a variant of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), is a core component of ITS. Performance of this smart ITS mainly owes to the design of efficient routing protocols in VANETs. Distinct features of VANETs like unsteady connectivity, high mobility and partitioning of the network have made routing of the information in VANETs difficult and challenging, hence dictating the development of efficient routing protocols. The computation of the best route measures the performance of communication whereas routing protocols takes care of communication & routing of the data. Provision of smart communication, necessitates the analysis of routing protocols in VANET. Accordingly in this paper we have reviewed various types of existing routing protocols in VANET, listing their advantages and disadvantages. Lastly possible inclinations of forthcoming research linked to VANET routing are discussed.

As the automotive and telecommunication industries advance, more vehicles are becoming connected, leading to the realization of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) supports various ITS services, including safety, convenience, and infotainment services for drivers and passengers. Generally, such services are realized through data sharing among vehicles and nearby infrastructures or vehicles over multi-hop data routing mechanisms. Vehicular data routing faces many challenges caused by vehicle dynamicity, intermittent connectivity, and diverse application requirements. Consequently, the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm offers unique features such as programmability and flexibility to enhance vehicular network performance and management and meet the quality of services (QoS) requirements of various VANET services. Recently, VANET routing protocols have been improved using the multilevel knowledge and an up-to-date global view of traffic conditions offered by SDN technology. The primary objective of this study is to furnish comprehensive information regarding the current SDN-based VANET routing protocols, encompassing intricate details of their underlying mechanisms, forwarding algorithms, and architectural considerations. Each protocol will be thoroughly examined individually, elucidating its strengths, weaknesses, and proposed enhancements. Also, the software-defined vehicular network (SDVN) architectures are presented according to their operation modes and controlling degree. Then, the potential of SDN-based VANET is explored from the aspect of routing and the design requirements of routing protocols in SDVNs. SDVN routing algorithms are uniquely classified according to various criteria. In addition, a complete comparative analysis will be achieved to analyze the protocols regarding performance, optimization, and simulation results. Finally, the challenges and upcoming research directions for developing such protocols are widely stated here. By presenting such insights, this paper provides a comprehensive overview and inspires researchers to enhance existing protocols and explore novel solutions, thereby paving the way for innovation in this field.

The vehicular ad hoc network is an emerging area of technology that provides intelligent transportation systems with vast advantages and applications. Frequent disconnections between the vehicular nodes due to high-velocity vehicles impact network performance. This can be addressed by efficient clustering techniques. Several recent studies have attempted to develop optimal clustering algorithms to improve network performance metrics using soft computing techniques. Although sufficient work on soft computing techniques has been carried out, it seems less commonplace to find an analysis of various algorithms’ network parameters together. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the clustering-based routing protocols used in vehicular networks that are aware of soft computing techniques. The categorization is performed according to various soft computing techniques: particle swarm optimization, k-means, neural networks, artificial bee colony, genetic algorithm, firefly algorithm, and fuzzy logic. A comparative study of soft computing strategies is also provided in the survey with a focus on their objectives, along with their strengths and limitations. This survey makes it easier for researchers to pick the required soft computing technique used in vehicular networks in order to improve metrics such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, cluster lifetime, and message overhead.

SEGMETRIK: Protocol and metrics for advertisement performance tracking in VANETs

An Optimistic Approach for Data Retrieval in Vehicular Adhoc Networks