Considerations for a Guide to Contracting ITS Projects

Compared with the traditional transport infrastructure projects, although Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) projects are of higher amount of investment, their impacts on society, economy, and environment are not easy to predict. On the other side, policymakers, investors, and the public are all very concerned about the benefits brought about by construction of ITS projects on the society, the economy, and the environment, as well as potential risks and possible negative impacts. In consequence, how to evaluate the benefits of ITS projects and how to select right indexes for evaluation have been hot topics in recent years. Since the evaluation of ITS projects contains many aspects including social, economic, and environmental, very often we need to use different methods for evaluation including qualitative and quantitative methods, according to what factors to be evaluated. In general, many ITS projects use both quantitative and qualitative evaluation including methodologies of the traditional cost-benefit analysis and the multi-objective analysis. These evaluation methods serve for the purpose of ITS project feasibility study and the provision of a scientific basis for optimization of the operation of existing systems. This chapter includes two typical examples of ITS project evaluations in P.R. China.

This issue of the International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Research publishes six papers on automated driving. The objective of this issue is to review current research and development studies on automated driving. Six papers on automatic driving, four of which are related to the research on the Energy Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) project funded by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), are published. In this project automatic platoon driving consisting of four trucks was developed, establishing reliable international evaluation methods for the ITS. The first four articles are studies related to the Energy ITS project. The first article deals with a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system, and proposes and develops control procedures and inter-vehicle communication schemes to implement a CACC system for heavyduty vehicles. The second article introduces a braking system for automatic platoon driving. To guarantee safety, a secondary braking system that works in emergency situations was installed. In addition a system was developed to change the maximum deceleration of braking, to avoid collisions between the preceding and following trucks. A schematic shows the brake system for automatic platoon driving. The third article proposes a method for identifying the mass and center of gravity of a truck which vary widely, depending on the condition of the load. Automatic platooning control is not feasible without identifying the loads. The fourth article proposes a method for establishing the position of a truck while travelling in a tunnel, where a GPS sensor cannot function. By detecting emergency telephone indicators with infrared cameras, the position of the truck can be correctly identified. The other two articles concern a driver assist system. The fifth proposes a driver model for a microscopic traffic simulator, developing a model for following a car using adaptive cruise control and verifying behavior through computational platoon experiments with four cars. The last article is about an assist system for less skilled drivers, proposing a system that judges the skill of drivers by extracting features of their driving operations and examining performance through experiments using a driving simulator. Automated driving has become one of the research topics attracting engineers and people in the industry as well as researchers in the control field. Although the six papers published in this special issue do not cover all the technologies needed for automated driving, we would be delighted if it helped promote the development of automated driving in the future.

To help transportation planners, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has recently sponsored the development of a sketch planning analysis tool for estimating the benefits and costs of intelligence transportation system (ITS) deployment. Called the ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS), the tool was developed by Cambridge Systematics for FHWA and operates as a postprocessor to traditional planning models that are based on the four-step planning process. IDAS was used to predict the likely benefits of deploying ITS in Chittenden County, Vermont, a medium-sized region in northwestern Vermont, to gain insight into IDAS’ applicability in evaluating ITS benefits. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to assess the sensitivity of IDAS’ results to the choice of values of some of the model’s parameters. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that some of the model’s parameters tend to have a more significant impact on the results than others. Finally, the results indicate that, for medium-sized areas similar to Chittenden County, coordination of signals along major arterials and transit projects for automatic vehicle location and scheduling appear to be more cost-effective than freeway and incident management systems.

This paper examines the relationship between public and private investments in intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology and the effects on transportation performance through the highway system. ITS technology is an infrastructure that promotes integrated information sharing that can be used to improve system performance. ITS combines better infrastructure with information and control technologies to ( a) reduce traffic congestion by maintaining traffic flow, ( b) reduce transportation-generated pollution, ( c) improve transport efficiency, and ( d) produce economic benefits. A statistical analysis of partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test three hypothesized relationships. Primary data were collected from U.S.-based commercial vehicle transportation service providers. Respondents were parceled with a geographic information system analysis of secondary data from the U.S. Department of Transportation National ITS Deployment Tracking Survey. On the basis of their level of regional ITS experience, primary data respondents were matched to regions and split between regions with low ITS experience and high ITS experience as a proxy for regional public investments in ITS. Performance measures were based on efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, quality, carbon emissions reduction, and equipment utilization for commercial vehicle operators. Results indicate that private investments in ITS significantly positively affect the responsiveness performance measure for commercial vehicle operators in regions with high public ITS investments. The same relationship is not significant in regions with low public ITS investments, which indicates at least some transportation performance improvements for regions with higher investments in ITS. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

A perspective on ITS deployment

Research in connection with the theme is “ Implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) in Procurement at PLN Bali”. The problems are researched the translation of good corporate governace forms in the procurement of goods and services at PLN Bali and the form of the procurement of goods and services at PLN Bali. This research includes the category of empirical legal research, legal research is a empirical means reviewing the practical reality in daily life - today. The nature of the research is descriptive research that has a goal to paint a picture of something in the area and at a certain moment. Furthermore, the technique used is to study documents, interviews, Non-Probability Sampling, purposive sampling. Procurement of goods or services in PLN involves many parties, the employees who were appointed to take care of such procurement and future providers of goods and services. In this relationship unfair business competition or the price is too high or low in supply. However, the existence of e-procurement and the correct procedures in the procurement of goods and services as well as the concept of GCG which also animates the principles of procurement of goods and services. Procedures in the procurement of goods and services as well as the principles of GCG, the procurement in PLN can be carried out transparently, responsibly, independently, fairly and equitably.

This paper presents a framework to model and analyze the survivability and vulnerability of intelligent transportation system (ITS) networks. The proposed framework includes qualitative and quantitative approaches and can be implemented during the planning and design phase of new ITS projects or assess the survivability and vulnerability of existing ITS networks. The qualitative approach is based on Survivable System Analysis (SSA). It identifies threat mitigation strategies for each threat identified and provides suggestions for improved security and survivability. The paper also presents a quantitative survivable system analysis approach that is aimed to compute the essentiality of ITS network components and rank-order these essentialities to determine the most essential components of the network. The proposed framework provides a significant addition to the current design practices by integration system security, vulnerability, and survivability into the design, operation, and management of ITS networks. While the case-study presented in the paper focused on ITS networks, the proposed framework can be applied to any other critical infrastructure distribution, control, and monitoring networks.

This report describes the development of Kentucky’s Statewide Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture. The process began with the development of an ITS Strategic Plan in 1997-2000. A Business Plan, developed in 2000-2001, translated the goals of the Strategic Plan into specific project recommendations. To develop the Statewide Architecture, the project team first inventoried all existing and planned ITS projects in the state. A project architecture was developed for each identified project, and these project architectures were then merged to form the Statewide Architecture. This report describes the background work that set the stage for the architecture, the actual architecture development process, and some of the key issues and challenges faced during the development. In addition, this report provides a description of the actual deliverables that resulted from the architecture development.

This paper summarizes the authors' practical experiences in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Integration, a key issue in ITS deployment. Concept of ITS integration levels of integration, system architecture for integration, and integration implementation are discussed. Finally, the paper attempts to provide recommendations at the strategic level for China ITS improvements, in particular including general considerations to ensure the success of ITS Integration in China.

The purpose of this panel is to introduce the safety and security issues related to the development and operation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to Compass participants. Many of these issues need to be addressed by the system safety and computer security communities prior to the development and deployment of ITS. For example, how can information technology be applied in the context of a fully automated highway system (AHS) such that the safety, security, and performance of the system are not compromised? At present, the US and other countries are funding academia and industry to build prototype automated highway systems in which vehicles are controlled via drive-by-wire technology, with vehicles traveling at high speeds (in excess of 30 m/s) at close spacing (1 to 4 m). The potential impact of software errors or hardware errors on system safety and security are great.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have progressively incorporated machine learning to optimize traffic efficiency, enhance safety, and improve real-time decision-making. However, the traditional centralized machine learning (ML) paradigm faces critical limitations regarding data privacy, scalability, and single-point vulnerabilities. This study explores FL as a decentralized alternative that preserves privacy by training local models without transferring raw data. Based on a systematic literature review encompassing 39 ITS-related studies, this work classifies applications according to their architectural detail—distinguishing systems from models—and identifies three families of federated learning (FL) frameworks: privacy-focused, integrable, and advanced infrastructure. Three representative frameworks—Federated Learning-based Gated Recurrent Unit (FedGRU), Digital Twin + Hierarchical Federated Learning (DT + HFL), and Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks (TFL-CNN)—were comparatively analyzed against a client–server baseline to assess their suitability for ITS adaptation. Our qualitative, architecture-level comparison suggests that DT + HFL and TFL-CNN, characterized by hierarchical aggregation and edge-level coordination, are conceptually better aligned with scalability and stability requirements in vehicular and traffic deployments than pure client–server baselines. FedGRU, while conceptually relevant as a meta-framework for coordinating multiple organizational models, is primarily intended as a complementary reference rather than as a standalone architecture for large-scale ITS deployment. Through application-level evaluations—including traffic prediction, accident detection, transport-mode identification, and driver profiling—this study demonstrates that FL can be effectively integrated into ITS with moderate architectural adjustments. This work does not introduce new experimental results; instead, it provides a qualitative, architecture-level comparison and adaptation guideline to support the migration of ITS applications toward federated learning. Overall, the results establish a solid methodological foundation for migrating centralized ITS architectures toward federated, privacy-preserving intelligence, in alignment with the evolution of edge and 6G infrastructures.

Deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is one of the 12 key areas of research and development in China's 10th five-year plan, lasting from 2000 to 2005. China's highway system has grown significantly over the last decade. Traffic congestion and air pollution have been the two major problems facing Beijing for decades and are the two central concerns for the successful execution of the 2008 Olympics. Recently, Beijing's government has made tremendous efforts toward solving those problems, and ITS technology will likely play an important role in the solutions. This installment deals with ITS issues in China. Clearly, ITS will play a role in the future, and all major cities are working on integrating systems into their current scenarios. Along with this, we're witnessing the boost of China's economy and, particularly, its great effort constructing its new transportation network. This installment presents the architecture and the technology that will be the starting point for the construction of the ITS, that will be used in Beijing 2008 Olympics.

Recent years have seen a more intensified deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in Polish cities. Work is also underway on the implementation of ITS on the national roads within the National Traffic Management System (KSZR). The research project RID-4D (part of Road Innovations), is designed to fill the gap, which is the lack of systematics of ITS services in Poland. The paper presents a proposal of ITS services systematics, which was developed based on an analysis of key international standards. FRAME architecture and American standards were the basis for the preparation of a standard scheme of ITS services. The results of the work on the KSZR architecture as well as local and regional architectures of urban systems were also taken into account.

Managing efficiency in the procurement of goods and services in non-profit organizations is a crucial aspect in supporting the continuity and sustainability of social missions. In the era of globalization and digital transformation, the role of Information Technology (IT) cannot be ignored. Non-profit organizations are often faced with challenges in improving procurement efficiency, including managing limited resources and limited access to the latest information. The main objective of this research is to analyze and document the impact of applying Information Technology in improving the efficiency of procurement of goods and services in non-profit organizations profit. The research design that can be used is a case study or field experiment. The results of this research show that the adoption of Information Technology (IT) in the procurement of goods and services in non-profit organizations makes a significant contribution to operational efficiency and achieving humanitarian goals. This success depends not only on the technology itself, but also on the organization's commitment to continuously developing IT policies and infrastructure.