Consumers’ attitudes toward virtual try-on technology: an extended TAM model

The proposed virtual try-on model works on synthesizing naturalistic images by superimposition of target clothing item on a person. The proposed model offers a significant advancement in virtual try-on technology, by introducing a lightweight architecture that reduces the system requirements required to run the application. Many different preprocessing methods have been utilized to account for different poses and body shapes. Great efficiency has been achieved by employing the Pix2Pix generative adversarial networks (GAN) architecture with a minimal number of training epochs. The proposed model’s performance shows great results without a discriminator, a change from traditional GAN setups, thus emphasizing the need for simple and effective virtual try-on solutions. While the performance is characterized as good, this novel approach encourages further exploration in lightweight model design for practical and efficient try-on applications. Additionally, this paper showcases results from other GAN architectures providing a comprehensive overview of our research contributions in virtual try-on technology. Received: 10 January 2024 | Revised: 31 July 2024 | Accepted: 22 October 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the VITON-HD repository at https://www.dropbox.com/s/10bfat0kg4si1bu/zalando-hd-resized.zip?dl=0. The code for this research is available in the FashionFlow repository at https://github.com/noughtsamar/fashion-flow. Author Contribution Statement Samar Pratap: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation. Alston Richard Aranha: Methodology, Validation, Visualization. Divyanshu Kumar: Software, Investigation, Writing – original draft. Preethi P: Writing-review & editing, Supervision, Project administration.

Research Aims: This study aims to analyze various factors such as Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Satisfaction, and Attitude in creating the intention to use Virtual Try-on technology in a sustainable manner for Somethinc make-up product users. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses quantitative approach with explanatory research. The research population was Mulawarman University students who experienced using Virtual Try-on. The sample was taken using multistage random sampling and amounted to 298 samples. Research Findings: The present study found that factors such as Confirmation, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Attitude affect Users' Continuance Intention in adopting Virtual Try-on technology to choose Somethinc make-up products. However, Attitude does not mediate the relationship between Perceived Usefulness and Continuance Intention, as well as between Perceived Ease of Use and Continuance Intention. The findings of this study suggest that positive attitudes are more easily formed due to ease of use, while usability is difficult to perceive as a trigger for continued use of technology. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study contributes to the existing literature by generating empirical evidence regarding the mediating role of Satisfaction and Attitude in shaping Continuance Intention. It emphasizes the need for Confirmation, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Usefulness to enhance Satisfaction and Positive Attitude, which ultimately form Continuance Intention, especially in the use of Virtual Try-on. Keywords: Virtual Try-on; Confirmation; Perceived Ease of Use; Perceived Usefulness; Attitude; Satisfaction; Continuance Intention

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether images of female bodies shown in a website influence female consumers' level of body satisfaction and to examine how these variables affect online shoppers' concerns with garment fit and size and their intentions to use a virtual try-on model. We conducted an experiment using a 2 × 2 between-subject factorial design with 249 college students. The results showed the main effects of female bodies associated with body satisfaction on female consumers' concerns with garment fit and size. We also found a negative relationship between body satisfaction and concerns with garment fit and size as well as a positive relationship between concerns and intentions to use virtual try-on technology. However, we found no significant effect of female bodies on female consumers' body satisfaction.

Mobile health (mHealth) applications are widely valued for their potential to increase self-management among older adults and reduce their healthcare demands. However, the intention to use mHealth of Dutch older adults before the COVID-19 pandemic was modest. Healthcare access was considerably reduced during the pandemic and mHealth services substituted for in person health services. As older adults utilize health services more frequently and have been particularly vulnerable to the pandemic, they can be viewed to have especially benefitted from the transition toward mHealth services. Furthermore, one might expect their intention to use these services and reap the potential benefits has increased, especially during the pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine whether the intention of Dutch older adults to use medical applications increased during the COVID pandemic and how the explanatory power of the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) developed for this purpose was affected by the onset of the pandemic. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using two samples collected before (n = 315) and after (n = 501) the onset of the pandemic. Data was collected using questionnaires which were distributed digitally and on paper, by convenience sampling and snowballing. Participants were 65 years or older, lived independently or in a senior living facility, without cognitive impairment. A controlled analysis was performed to test for significant differences in the intention to use mHealth. The before and after differences in extended TAM variables and their relationship with intention to use (ITU) were analyzed using controlled (multivariate) logistic and linear regression models. These models were also used to explore whether the onset of the pandemic had an effect on ITU not captured by the extended TAM model. While the two samples differed in ITU (p = 0.017; uncontrolled) there was no statistically significant difference in ITU in the controlled logistic regression analysis (p = 0.107). The scores of the extended TAM variables explaining intention to use were all significantly higher, except for Subjective norm and Feelings of Anxiety. The relationships of these variables with intention to use before and after the onset of the pandemic were similar, except for Social relationships which lost its significance. We found no indications of effects of the pandemic on intention to use not captured by our instrument. The intention to use mHealth applications of Dutch older adults has not changed since the onset of the pandemic. The extended TAM model has robustly explained intention to use, with only minor differences after the first months of the pandemic. Interventions targeting facilitation and support are likely to promote the uptake of mHealth. Follow-up studies are needed to investigate whether the pandemic has had long term effects on the ITU of the older adult.

Virtual Try-On (VTON) technology has the potential to transform online fashion retail by tackling challenges related to garment fit and visual realism, ultimately reducing product returns. Despite this promise, widespread adoption depends on the practical feasibility of implementing such systems-specifically balancing image quality, computational load, and cost efficiency. This study conducts a detailed feasibility assessment of five cutting-edge VTON models-Leffa, Any2Any, FitDiT, CatVTON, and IDM-VTON featuring various architectures, including Stable Diffusion (1.5, XL, and SD3-like) and FLUX. The evaluation covers VRAM usage and performance across GPU configurations ranging from 16 GB to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$80 ~\text{GB}+$</tex>. Image quality is measured using Frechet Inception Distance (FID) scores on benchmark datasets such as VITON-HD and DressCode, where Leffa and FitDiT achieve the best visual fidelity. Additional analyses include inference speed, throughput, and optimization impacts (e.g., quantization, offloading). Cost-effectiveness is quantified through per-image generation costs based on cloud GPU pricing. Results highlight distinct strengths among the models: CatVTON delivers high throughput and affordability on mid-range GPUs; IDM-VTON offers flexible optimization across hardware levels; and Leffa and FitDiT provide top-tier visual realism at higher computational and financial costs. Overall, this study provides actionable insights to help e-commerce platforms choose VTON solutions that best align with their performance, cost, and scalability requirements.

The journey of virtual try-on technology traces back to the dawn of the Google age when e-commerce began reshaping our shopping habits. It arose as a solution to address the dilemmas posed by online shopping, where shoppers faced limitations in physically experiencing or testing products before committing to a purchase. [1.2]This gap between the physical in-store experience and the suitability of online shopping presented a prospect for innovation. As the technology evolved, so did its significance in the fashion industry. VTO emerged as the bridge between traditional in-store shopping and e-commerce, catering to the growing demand for a more engaging and immersive online shopping experience. It addressed the concerns of hesitant buyers, who were uncertain about how a garment would fit or how a shade of lipstick would look. [2,3,4]By providing a solution to these uncertainties, virtual try-on technology swiftly became an essential tool for fashion retailers, enhancing their customers' shopping journeys.

This study examines virtual-try-on technology (VTO), return policy, and pay-on-delivery (POD) mode of payment as predictors of trust in an online context. The study further investigates trust as an influencer of repurchase intentions while positing habit as a moderator of the relationship between trust and repurchase intention. Data was collected through a self-administered and structured questionnaire targeting online shoppers in North Indian states. A sample of 424 online shoppers was considered in this research. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the constructs. CFA was applied to calculate validity and composite reliability. To examine the hypothesized relationships, path analysis was carried out. The results confirmed that both return policies and POD are significant predictors of trust. Interestingly, VTO has no significant effect on trust, while habit strengthens the positive relationship between trust and repurchase intentions.

The present study examines virtual try-on technology (VTO), return policies, pay-on-delivery (POD) mode of payment, vendor-specific guarantees, and free shipping policy of online retailers as antecedents of trust. The study also examines the role of perceived effectiveness of e-commerce institutional mechanisms (PEEIM) as a moderator between repurchase intention and trust. Data were collected through an online survey. The link to the questionnaire for the online survey was shared on different social media platforms and social networking sites. A total of 614 responses were considered for the study. Results revealed that return policies, POD mode of payment, free shipping policy, and VTO technology emerged significant predictors of trust. Surprisingly, vendor-specific guarantee had a negative relationship with trust. Trust, in turn, influenced repurchase intention. Considering the trust and survey responses, the results confirmed that PEEIM negatively moderates the relationship between trust and repurchase intention. This study contributes to the literature by empirically validating the impact of return policies, VTO technology, POD mode of payment, free shipping policies, and vendor-specific guarantees on trust. Most of these constructs have been analyzed as solitary constructs. In this study, the impact of these constructs is measured collectively, thereby indicating their importance as compared with other policies implemented by an online retailer. This is a first-of-its-kind study that validates the policies of online retailers in the Indian context.

This study focuses on predicting the online purchase intention of consumers purchasing from e-commerce platforms using an integrated model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and extended technology acceptance model (TAM). The results showed that TAM factors, perceived value, and perceived enjoyment had significant effects on attitude toward online purchase, while the TPB inputs, perceived enjoyment, and e-commerce exchange image played strong roles in influencing online purchase intention. The results also showed that perceived enjoyment helped to raise the predictive power of attitude dramatically, while the e-commerce exchange image contributed a high portion to explain online purchase intention variation. The results indicated that the e-commerce trading platforms need to focus on improving their images and on increasing customers’ experience to improve their business performance.

Abstract: By leveraging digital technology, Laporkitong enhances transparency and accountability, as well as facilitates public participation in the oversight and enforcement processes related to land use and natural resource management. The Laporkitong website functions as an online reporting application aimed at documenting instances of spatial planning violations in the West Papua Province. The lack of public knowledge about the Laporkitong application has led to numerous issues. Therefore, an analysis of the adoption of the Laporkitong application is necessary. This study aims to investigate the influence of Perceived Quality, Perceived Control, and Perceived Ease of Use factors as determinants of the residents' willingness to use the Laporkitong application, employing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and DeLone and McLean IS Success (IS D&amp;M) theories. As many as 160 valid respondents are gathered based purposive sampling technique and evaluated using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results inform that all seven hypotheses are accepted with the R-square of the intention to use is 0.273 indicationg 27.3% variance of the model can determine the outcome. Further discussion and conclusion regarding the implication of theoretical and practical contribution are also discussed. Keywords: laporkitong; perceived control; perceived ease of use; perceived quality; technology acceptance model Abstrak: Dengan memanfaatkan teknologi digital, Laporkitong meningkatkan transparansi dan akuntabilitas, serta memfasilitasi partisipasi publik dalam proses pengawasan dan penegakan terkait penggunaan lahan dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam. Website Laporkitong berfungsi sebagai aplikasi pelaporan online yang bertujuan untuk mendokumentasikan pelanggaran perencanaan tata ruang di Provinsi Papua Barat. Minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap aplikasi Laporkitong menyebabkan banyak permasalahan. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukan analisis mengenai adopsi pada aplikasi Laporkitong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki pengaruh faktor Kualitas yang Dirasakan, Kendali yang Dirasakan, dan Kemudahan Penggunaan yang Dirasakan sebagai penentu keinginan penduduk untuk menggunakan aplikasi Laporkitong, dengan menggunakan Model Penerimaan Teknologi (TAM) dan teori Kesuksesan Sistem Informasi (IS D&amp;M) DeLone dan McLean. Sebanyak 160 responden valid dikumpulkan berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling dan dievaluasi menggunakan Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa semua tujuh hipotesis diterima dengan R-square niat untuk menggunakan adalah 0,273, menunjukkan bahwa 27,3% variasi model dapat menentukan hasilnya. Diskusi lebih lanjut dan kesimpulan mengenai implikasi kontribusi teoritis dan praktis juga dibahas. Kata kunci: laporkitong; pengendalian yang dirasakan; kemudahan penggunaan yang dirasakan; kualitas yang dirasakan; model penerimaan teknologi

Factors Influencing the Behavioural Intention to use the Internet as a Teaching-Learning Tool in Home Economics

Sharing bicycles into the university campus provides a new and convenient way for teachers and students to travel.In order to explore the influencing factors of the willingness to use shared bicycles on campus, based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), three factors of perceived characteristics of shared bicycles on campus are introduced: perceived convenience, perceived preference and perceived safety.An extended TAM model is constructed and research hypotheses are proposed.Taking the students in the south campus of Henan Polytechnic University as the research object, the data were collected by questionnaire survey.Finally, using AMOS software to construct a structural equation model of the willingness to use shared bicycles on campus, test the research hypothesis and analyze the results of the model.The research shows that perceived usefulness and perceived safety have no significant impact on the willingness to use shared bicycles.Perceived convenience and perceived preference have a significant impact on the willingness to use shared bicycles.Among them, perceived preference has the greatest impact on the willingness to use.Through this conclusion, relevant improvement suggestions are put forward for the operation and management of shared bicycles on campus, hoping to provide reference for relevant campus shared bicycle operation and management personnel.

The aim of this study was to examine factors that influenced experienced teachers’ intention to use E-learning in their teaching of mathematics. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 161 secondary school mathematics teachers who completed a six-month in-service online training provided by the Indonesian Ministry of Education. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used as the framework while E-learning experience was included as an additional construct. An extended TAM model was proposed and tested in this study. It consisted of five constructs, namely: intention to use, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward using, and experience. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling with SMARTPLS 3.0. The findings showed that attitude toward E-learning use and E-learning experience were the two most significant constructs in predicting E-learning use. Contrary to previous studies, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were non-significant factors for the prediction of the behavioral intention. Implications for future research and practices are discussed.

The study examines the effect of perceived risk, trust, perceived benefits, electronic word of mouth (eWOM), and brand attitude on online purchase intention and user satisfaction in India. The study refers to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and an analytical research design to test the effects of selected variables in its theoretical framework. The research questions are focused on the relationship between perceived risk, trust, and perceived benefits on online purchase intention, user satisfaction, and user loyalty. The study found that perceived risk negatively affected online purchase intention and user satisfaction, while trust positively influenced them. Perceived benefits had a positive relationship with online purchase intention and user satisfaction. Hedonic, utilitarian, and social values of perceived benefits were significant predictors of online purchase intention. The study contributes to the existing model by adding selected variables for further testing. The study found that online trust, perceived benefits, electronic word of mouth, and brand attitude have a significant positive impact on user satisfaction, while perceived risk has a significant negative impact. Brand attitude had the largest impact on user satisfaction, followed by online trust. The study suggests that businesses should focus on improving brand attitude to increase purchase intention, mitigate perceived risk by emphasizing benefits and providing credible information over the net, and maintain a positive online identity and reputation to increase trust. The study also suggests that there is a moderate positive relationship between User Satisfaction and User Loyalty.

In the development of digitalization, online shopping is the main choice for consumers, especially generation Z in Surabaya City. However, online purchasing decisions are still influenced by several factors such as perceived risk, trust, price, and consumer attitudes. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of these factors on online purchase intentions in this generation. This study aims to analyze the effect of Perceived Risk, Trust, and Price on Online Purchase Intention with Attitude as an intervening variable in generation Z in Surabaya City. This research uses quantitative methods with purposive random sampling techniques. The sample consisted of 100 Gen Z respondents in Surabaya City. The data was collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, and analyzed using IBM SPSS STATISTIK 25 path analysis. The results showed that Perceived Risk, Trust, and Price have a significant effect on Online Purchase Intention directly or indirectly through Attitude as an intervening variable. Consumer trust plays an important role in strengthening positive attitudes towards online shopping, while perceived risk has a negative effect on purchase intention. Consumer attitudes play an important role in mediating the influence of Perceived Risk, Trust, and Price on Gen Z online purchase intentions. Increasing trust and decreasing perceived risk can increase Gen Z's intention to make online purchases.