Content Base Image Retrieval Using Fast Phong Shading

As the use of digital media increases, effective retrieval and management techniques become more important. In order to extract useful information from this huge amount of data, many content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been developed. A typical CBIR system captures image features such as color, texture, or shape of objects in the query image and tries to retrieve images from the database with similar features. The main advantage of CBIR systems with relevance feedback is that these systems take into account the gap between the high-level concepts and low-level features and subjectivity of human perception of visual content. In this paper, a CBIR system based on color histogram has been presented and a new approach for image storage and retrieval called association-based image retrieval (ABIR) has been studied. The results of both systems have been shown.

In the field of computer vision and image processing CBIR (Content based image retrieval) system become an active research area. The CBIR technique involves feature extraction based on image features (like color, shape and texture) and defining rules for comparing image. A classifier is also used by authors for image classification. For this purpose an image database taken from James Z. Wang research group website is used by many authors. Due to enormous increase in the size of database traditional methods of image retrieval by using keywords does not provide accurate result. Thus the concept of CBIR system is emerged. In last couple of years many method of feature extraction is developed but since now researcher are not able to develop a system which has gained high accuracy of human visual perception in distinguishing pictures. Therefore earlier researchers have concentrated to increase the retrieval accuracy of CBIR system by using different combination of features. The objective of this paper is to present review on a CBIR technique which combined four kinds of features set including every kind of feature for developing feature vector. Color based features (histogram), statistical features (mean, median and standard deviation), spatial features (Gabor feature and wavelet features) and texture features (GLCM) is used for forming feature vector. A SVM classifier is used with CBIR system to increase retrieval accuracy. SVM (support vector machine) is a machine learning classifier which provides good classification accuracy. Keywords: CBIR, SVM, NN, GLCM, HSV Color space, Euclidean distance matrix.

As we all know, the content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is very time-consuming due to the extraction and matching of high dimensional and complex features. The traditional CBIR systems could not respond to a very large number of retrieval requests at mean time, which are submitted from the Internet. In this paper, we propose a content-based parallel image retrieval system to achieve high responding ability. Our system is developed on cluster architectures. It has several retrieval servers to supply the service of content-based image retrieval. Our system adopts the Browser/Server (B/S) mode. The users could visit our system though web pages. Our system uses the Symmetrical Color-Spatial Features (SCSF)[25] to represent the content of an image. The SCSF is effective and efficient for image matching because it is independent of image distortion such as rotation and flip as well as it increases the matching accuracy. The SCSF was organized by M-tree[16], which could speedup the searching procedure. Our experiments show that the image matching is quickly and efficiently with the use of SCSF. And with the support of several retrieval servers, the system could respond to many users at mean time. (Abstract)

In a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system, indexing feature vectors and the similarity measure between feature vectors are two key factors for retrieval performance. We present a new CBIR system with statistical-model based image feature extraction in the wavelet domain and a Kullback divergence based similarity measure. A two component Gaussian mixture model (GMM) in the wavelet domain is employed and the model parameters are used to form features for image indexing. A new Kullback divergence based similarity measure is then presented for image retrieval. The experimental results demonstrate that the similarity measure based on the Kullback divergence is more effective than conventional similarity measures, such as the city-block distance and the Euclidean distance. It is shown that the new CBIR system, with the combination of the GMM and the new Kullback divergence based similarity measure, outperforms most other methods in retrieval performance for texture images, while keeping a comparable level of computational complexity.

Introduction: Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) retrieves the images from the vast image repositories. Research in the CBIR domain gets attention due to the massive number of images generated by the mobiles and various image-capturing machines. Objectives: Any image retrieval system’s primary goal is to reduce the semantic gap between low-level features and high-level perception. Methods: The CBIR techniques are classified into multiple categories based on the feature extraction and retrieval mechanism. These categories are feature-based, machine-learning-based, and deep-learning-based methods. The pioneer techniques for each category are explained in detail in this chapter. Results: The comparative analysis has been done to highlight the advantages of techniques over others. Conclusion: The various application area of the CBIR has been described. The most evolving application is the content-based medical image retrieval (CBMIR) system. The applicability of the CBMIR system in different medical science domains is explained in detail.

In this paper, we present a novel approach for medical content based image retrieval (searching for images which are pathologically similar to a given example) and demonstrate its performance on a dataset containing maxillofacial lesions. Recently, distributed databases at hospitals and CT scanning centers are related through Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS). Hence, a content based image retrieval system is helpful for radiologists in medical diagnosis. In our proposed framework, a feature vector is extracted for each image and SIFT sparse codes are employed in this step. After feature extraction based on sparse coding and maximum pooling, we have utilized different similarity measures such as Euclidean norm, Manhattan distance and SVM classifier to choose most relevant images to the query image. We have evaluated our proposed framework on a dataset containing 2023 images belonging to 5 different categories: cleft, impaction, fracture, maxillary sinus cyst and healthy. Classification rate of 97.3% and precision versus recall curve indicate the effectiveness of sparse coding in content-based medical image retrieval.

This paper presents an image representation and matching framework for image categorization in medical image archives. Categorization enables one to determine automatically, based on the image content, the examined body region and imaging modality. It is a basic step in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems, the goal of which is to augment text-based search with visual information analysis. CBIR systems are currently being integrated with picture archiving and communication systems for increasing the overall search capabilities and tools available to radiologists. The proposed methodology is comprised of a continuous and probabilistic image representation scheme using Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) along with information-theoretic image matching via the Kullback-Leibler (KL) measure. The GMM-KL framework is used for matching and categorizing X-ray images by body regions. A multidimensional feature space is used to represent the image input, including intensity, texture, and spatial information. Unsupervised clustering via the GMM is used to extract coherent regions in feature space that are then used in the matching process. A dominant characteristic of the radiological images is their poor contrast and large intensity variations. This presents a challenge to matching among the images, and is handled via an illumination-invariant representation. The GMM-KL framework is evaluated for image categorization and image retrieval on a dataset of 1500 radiological images. A classification rate of 97.5% was achieved. The classification results compare favorably with reported global and local representation schemes. Precision versus recall curves indicate a strong retrieval result as compared with other state-of-the-art retrieval techniques. Finally, category models are learned and results are presented for comparing images to learned category models.

Histogram refinement for texture descriptor based image retrieval

A significant amount of multimedia data consists of digital images, and multimedia content analysis is used in many real-world computer vision applications. Multimedia information, especially photos, has become much more complicated in the last several years. Every day, millions of photos are posted to various websites, such as Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. Finding a suitable image in an archive is a difficult research subject for the field of computer vision. Most search engines use standard text-based techniques that depend on metadata and captions in order to fetch photos. Over the past 20 years, a great deal of research has been conducted on content-based image retrieval (CBIR), picture categorization, and analysis. In image classification models and CBIR, high-level picture representations are represented as feature vectors made up of numerical values. Empirical evidence indicates a considerable disparity between picture feature representation and human visual understanding. Reducing the semantic gap between human visual understanding and picture feature representation is the aim of this study. This study aims to do a thorough analysis of the latest advancements in the domains of Content-Based picture Retrieval and picture representation. We performed a comprehensive analysis of many models for image retrieval and picture representation, encompassing the most recent advancements in semantic deep-learning methods and feature extraction. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the key ideas and important studies related to image representation and content-based picture retrieval. In an effort to stimulate more research in this field, it also offers a preview of potential future study topics.

There is a growing trend for using content‐based image retrieval (CBIR) systems these days because of the constantly growing interest in digital content. Therefore, the ability of the CBIR to perform the CBIR process will depend on the feature extraction process and its basis, for the retrieval will be done on. Numerous researchers put forward various techniques for feature extraction to enhance the nature of the system. Since features play a very key role in enhancing performance, various features can be used collectively to attain the requisite goal. To retain this in mind, we present in this paper a multifeature fusion system, where three features are integrated and form one feature to improve the situation of retrieval. For this purpose, scale‐invariant feature transform (SIFT), speeded‐up robust features (SURF), and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) features are adopted. These features are common features that deliver information about the shape of the object and for matching purposes, two techniques of distance matching such as Euclidean and Hausdrauff distance are adopted. To assess the performance of the proposed multifeature‐based CBIR approach, experiments were conducted with the usage of a MATLAB simulator. The Corel‐1000 dataset, consisting of 10,000 images in 100 semantic classes, turned into applied, with each magnificence containing 100 images. A subset of 2500 images across 50 semantic classes was used to train the system. This research aligns with industry, innovation, and infrastructure by contributing to advancements in image processing and retrieval systems. Key characteristic descriptors, along with SIFT, SURF, HOG, texture, and multicharacteristic combinations, were extracted for retrieval functions. The results display that the usage of the Hausdrauff distance as a similarity degree outperforms Euclidean distance, accomplishing retrieval accuracies of 80.02% for HOG, 77.9% for SIFT, 79. 8% for SURF, 77.2% for texture, and 84.2% for multicharacteristic combinations, surpassing Euclidean distance results via 1.7%–3.6% across capabilities. These findings underscore the effectiveness of Hausdrauff distance in enhancing retrieval precision within the CBIR framework.

The amount of digital medical image data is increasing rapidly in terms of both quantity and heterogeneity. There exists a great need to format medical image archives so as to facilitate diagnostics and preventive medicine. To achieve this, in the past few decades great efforts have been made to investigate methods of applying content-based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques to retrieve images. However, several critical challenges remain. Recently, CBIR research has become intertwined with the fundamental problem of image understanding and it is recognized that computing solutions that bridge the “semantic gap” must capture higher-level domain knowledge of medical end users. We are investigating the incorporation of state-of-the-art visual categorization techniques into conventional CBIR approaches. Visual attention deployment strategies of medical experts serve as an objective measure to help us understand the perceptual and conceptual processes involved in identifying key visual features and selecting diagnostic regions of the images. Understanding these processes will inform and direct feature selection approaches on medical images, such as the dermatological images used in our study. We also explore systematic and effective information integration methods of image data and semantic descriptions with the long-term goals of building efficient human-centered multi-modal interactive CBIR systems.

This paper presents novel approaches for combining re-ranking and rank aggregation methods aiming at improving the effectiveness of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems. Given a query image as input, CBIR systems retrieve the most similar images in a collection by taking into account image visual properties. In this scenario, accurately ranking collection images is of great relevance. Aiming at improving the effectiveness of CBIR systems, re-ranking and rank aggregation algorithms have been proposed. However, different re-ranking and rank aggregation approaches, applied to different image descriptors, may produce different and complementary image rankings. In this paper, we present four novel approaches for combining these rankings aiming at obtaining more effective results. Several experiments were conducted involving shape, color, and texture descriptors. The proposed approaches are also evaluated on multimodal retrieval tasks, considering visual and textual descriptors. Experimental results demonstrate that our approaches can improve significantly the effectiveness of image retrieval systems.

Medical imaging is becoming a vital component of war on cancer. Tremendous amounts of medical image data are captured and recorded in a digital format during cancer care and cancer research. Facing such an unprecedented volume of image data with heterogeneous image modalities, it is necessary to develop effective and efficient content-based medical image retrieval systems for cancer clinical practice and research. While substantial progress has been made in different areas of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) research, direct applications of existing CBIR techniques to the medical images produced unsatisfactory results, because of the unique characteristics of medical images. In this paper, we develop a new multimodal medical image retrieval approach based on the recent advances in the statistical graphic model and deep learning. Specifically, we first investigate a new extended probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis model to integrate the visual and textual information from medical images to bridge the semantic gap. We then develop a new deep Boltzmann machine-based multimodal learning model to learn the joint density model from multimodal information in order to derive the missing modality. Experimental results with large volume of real-world medical images have shown that our new approach is a promising solution for the next-generation medical imaging indexing and retrieval system.

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has been widely researched for medical images. In application of histo- pathological images, there are two issues that need to be carefully considered. The one is that the digital slide is stored in a spatially continuous image with a size of more than 10K x 10K pixels. The other is that the size of query image varies in a large range according to different diagnostic conditions. It is a challenging work to retrieve the eligible regions for the query image from the database that consists of whole slide images (WSIs). In this paper, we proposed a CBIR framework for the WSI database and size-scalable query images. Each WSI in the database is encoded and stored in a matrix of binary codes. When retrieving, the query image is first encoded into a set of binary codes and analyzed to pre-choose a set of regions from database using hashing method. Then a multi-binary-code-based similarity measurement based on hamming distance is designed to rank proposal regions. Finally, the top relevant regions and their locations in the WSIs along with the diagnostic information are returned to assist pathologists in diagnoses. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated in a fine-annotated WSIs database of epithelial breast tumors. The experimental results show that proposed framework is both effective and efficiency for content-based whole slide image retrieval.

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has suffered from the lack of linkage between low-level features and high-level semantics. Although relevance feedback (RF) CBIR provides a promising solution involving human interaction, certain query images poorly represented by low-level features still have unsatisfactory retrieval results. An innovative method has been proposed to increase the percentage of relevance of target image database by using graph cuts theory with the maximum-flow/minimum-cut algorithm and relevance feedback. As a result, the database is reformed by keeping relevant images while discarding irrelevant images. The relevance is increased and thus during following RF-CBIR process, previously poorly represented relevant images have higher probability to appear for selection. Better performance and retrieval results can thus be achieved.