CONTROL OF THE GASOLINE HYDROTREATING PROCESS

Local or district heating by natural gas: Which is better from energetic, environmental and economic point of views?

International and domestic experience in use of delayed coking units (DCU) is generalized. Methods and prospects for developing this process at Russian oil refineries (OR) are examined.

The requirements against the quality of motor fuels were rendered more rigorous in the past decade; the most important ones were the major reductions of the sulphur and aromatic content. Besides the changing of the regulation of the motor fuels, the harmful material emission of the Otto- and Diesel-engine built vehicles was also limited significantly. These effects make necessary the greater use of the environmentally friendly, relatively “clean burning”, technically heteroatom- and aromatic free, great n- and i-paraffinic containing blending components in the case of gasoline and diesel gas oils. During our experimental work we studied the possibilities of producing motor fuel blending components like these blending components with the oligomerization of the olefin content of light FCC-naphtha – assuming later industrial application – on Amberlyst-15 acidic ion exchange resin type catalyst. This topic is very important in a modern oil refinery, because different isoparaffin-rich motor fuel blending components can be produced (depending on the catalyst and the process parameters), and this technology can grow considerably the gasoline- and diesel gas oil flexibility of the oil refinery, too. The aim of our experiments was to produce motor fuel blending components with the oligomerization of C4-C6 olefins in light FCC-naphtha matrix. Working on the acidic ion exchange resin catalyst under different process parameters (T: 80–130 °C, P: 15–30 bar, LHSV: 0.5–3.0 h-1) we determined that in the studied process parameter range in preferable case (T: 100–110 °C, P: 25–30 bar, LHSV 0.5–1.0 h-1) the liquid product yield was: greater than 95%, the conversion of olefins: 90–92%, the selectivity of C8-C11: 70–76%, while the selectivity of C12+: 24–30%.

In the article, the author analyzes the emerging transition of the country's oil industry to the mobilization type under the conditions of sanctions, examines the rapidly changing world market of oil and petroleum products. The subject of the study is the accelerated modernization of the oil industry, trends in the sale of Russian oil on the world market. The purpose of the article is to analyze the emerging anti–sanctions model of the development of the Russian oil industry and the export of oil and petroleum products on the basis of statistical data and an example of the development of vertically integrated oil companies, formulate recommendations to public administration bodies and business participants for the implementation of strategic plans of the state. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the article consists of statistical methods, methods of analysis and synthesis for considering the role of the state in the development of vertically integrated oil companies, import substitution of the oil industry, systemic and structural-functional approaches for formulating proposals for the development of the Russian oil industry and the sale of Russian oil on the world market. Results. The analysis of statistical data on the extraction (production) and export of oil and petroleum products, the possibilities of stimulating mechanisms of the state are presented, proposals for further development and improvement of the oil industry are formulated. Conclusions. The results of the analysis of the process of transition of the country's oil industry to the mobilization type in the current conditions of sanctions and the activities of the state and business revealed the forced termination of cooperation with most developed countries in terms of oil and petroleum products exports and imports of equipment and technologies for oil production and refining. The proposals formulated by the author on the development of the oil industry will help minimize losses in the oil and petroleum products market and maintain the efficiency of oil industry enterprises. Application. The results obtained can be used to analyze trends in the development of the oil industry and the world market of oil and petroleum products.

The analyses of individual organic sulfur compounds in petroleum distillates are the key to understanding the kinetics of the chemistry involved in hydrodesulfurization, HDS. A sample of vacuum gas oil (VGO) produced commercially by distillation of treated atmospheric residue was analyzed by GC-FID-SCD method for individual organic sulfur compounds characterization and quantification. Dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene and their alkyl derivatives were found to constitute almost the entire organic sulfur compound range present in the VGO. Using a relationship between the total sulfur determined by “X-ray” and “Coulomax” methods and the composition of individual sulfur compounds determined by SCD, the quantity of those organic sulfur compounds present in VGO was estimated. Despite the limit in temperature raise (325°C) in the capillary column and that the range studied (346-555°C) is higher than those limits, optimum conditions were chosen to overcome those obstacles. From the analyses the behavior of refractory and unrefractory sulfur compounds in the VGO region can now be followed easily.

Non-stationary control objects, especially with varying transmission coefficient, are fairly common in practice. Creation of automatic control systems (ACS) for them is topical issue. This task of creating ACS for these kind of control objects is more difficult than for stationary control objects (with constant parameters) because process value deviations relative to set point value are caused not only by coordinate disturbances but also by parametric ones. The issue of offset absence order increase impact on the levels of stabilization and reference tracking errors traditionally is dealt with when making synthesis of stationary ACS, particularly follow-up and program systems. For analytical solution of the non-stationary ACS analysis and synthesis problems, which contain control objects with varying transmission coefficient ko(t), it is necessary to utilize mathematical methods of linear systems with varying parameters. They are based on the concept of parametric transfer function. At the same time analytical calculation of stabilization and reference tracking errors, even for steady processes, is, apparently, extremely difficult, because there were found no examples of solution to this problem in technical publications. Computer modeling is considered more productive. It does not allow to obtain analytical expressions for control errors. But computer experiment goal planning allows to mark out their basic features and to evaluate effective methods of decreasing these mistakes.

Context. The issue of self-tuning was and still remains relevant when controlling objects of technological type, because changing properties of raw materials and energy carriers, equipment degradation during technological process do change not only the values of the controlled variables, but also the nature of own motion of the automatic control systems (ACS) in the closed loop. In the mathematical models such impacts attribute to parametric disturbances and reflect them including with changing transition coefficient of the control object (CO). For a number of technological type CO the range of its change can exceed the value of ten. For all that typical ACS with constant controller parameters loose the stability in small and turn to position mode. To maintain a compromise between quality indicators and the processes stability in ACS of such CO, it is necessary to use self-tuning of controller parameters. Objective. Increase of effectiveness in self-tuning automatic control system, which uses own part of motion to identify varying transitioncoefficient of the control object. Method. The enhancements of principles and operating algorithms of self-tuning automatic control system (STACS) are proposed. They increase its stability and dynamic accuracy. To achieve this, new links and connections are inserted in the system. Taking into account the presence of non-linear and non-stationary links in the system, for its research the modeling in Simulink environment of the MatLab program package was chosen. Results. Computer experiments with the models of alternative system structures were planned and carried out for the conditions, which are close to the real conditions of its operation. Testing with the typical models of CO transition coefficient change was carried out. The diagrams and numeric values, which characterize the effectiveness of STACS of initial and enhanced structures, were obtained. Conclusions. To increase the stability and dynamic accuracy of the system, it is necessary to decrease the lag of its self-tuning loop, influence of filtered variables phase shifts in this circuit on forming the evaluations of the stochastic characteristics, as well as control object transition coefficient influence on the control error of the self-tuning loop.

Determination of combustion and emission characteristics of liquid Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel synthesized from coal in a diesel engine

Effect of injecting mixed-biodiesel upon performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection single fuelled diesel engine

Abstract. Petroleum refineries play a crucial role in producing various petroleum products through processes such as distillation, redistillation, cracking, and reforming. As the second-largest consumer of energy among industries, petroleum refineries significantly contribute to GHG emissions, particularly through combustion-related sources like process heaters and boilers. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt sustainable approaches to control and reduce these emissions. Simulation software like Aspen Plus/Symmetry can be utilized to quantify greenhouse gas emissions in petroleum refineries. This software allows for the selection of appropriate utility sources and energy strategies, ensuring compliance with sustainability regulations and facilitating the improvement of the refinery's carbon footprint in the future. Hence, this paper focuses to the quantification and mitigation of carbon footprints in petroleum refinery processes, with specific emphasis on the application of Aspen HYSYS. The results show 9.12 percentage differences in comparison with the manual calculation. A several mitigation options has been considered for different case and the differences in terms of GHG emissions has been analysed.

A wide range of oil sludges requires efficient, feasible, and cost effective treatment technology. Based on the research conducted by the Petroleum Engineering Department, NIP Technologiya LLC organized the collection, transportation, and treatment of oil sludges and oil-contaminated soils. Oily waste is treated at a small-sized treatment unit UPPN-1.6-2.5-U1, with a capacity of 2.4 tons per day; through the process of low-temperature pyrolysis, the three units annually produce 355 tons of gasoline fraction, 544 tons of diesel fraction, and 415 tons of fuel oil. Plant capacity is 800 kg per load, while gasoline yield amounts 13.7%, and diesel yield amounts 21.0%. Plant power is 13 kW that allows you to use solar and wind electrical substations as a source. Physic-chemical methods of slop products disposal unlike thermal methods allows you to improve resource recovery, reduce atmospheric emission of pollutants, fuel and equipment costs. When developing new methods of oily wastes disposal one should take into account not only the environmental and economic requirements, but also the level of efficiency and productivity of disposal plants. Method of low-temperature pyrolysis of hydrocarbon wastes allows you to obtain the basic components of fuel for furnaces and internal combustion engines. Fractions containing a large amount of asphalt and resinous substances are used for paving bitumen. Due to the fact that amount of processed slop products is much smaller than the amounts of secondary oil products recycling it is advisable to include disposal plants in the layout of oil refineries.

The effect of ignition intensity and in-cylinder pressure on the knock intensity and detonation formation in internal combustion engines

New device for time-averaged measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the reuse of the elastomer with the addition of some solvents and additives from discarded tires, with the aim of manufacturing an ink for common and diverse use applied to the ink industry. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. Environmental pollution originating from the inappropriate disposal of damaged and/or worn automobile tires has led to the search for alternative byproducts for recycling. These products are made with elastomers, among other chemicals and plastics, that take hundreds of years to disintegrate and are harmful to the ecosystem, since their reuse is poor, stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises that the elastomer was ground from damaged and/or worn tires, melted, allowed cooling to 21°C and turpentine was applied as a diluent. Three concentrations of elastomer with additive were formulated in the laboratory. The tires were collected from streets. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that the three formulations resulted in different applications; since the characteristics of the inks were odorless, washable, do not run, and were waterproof. In addition to being an ecological, economical product, that promotes the culture of recycling. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. This section also considers possible discrepancies and limitations of the study like the spectrophotometry analysis. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The development of the process of obtaining an ink from recycled tyre elastomer has several significant implications both environmentally, economically and socially. Firstly, from an environmental point of view, the use of recycled tyres as raw material for the production of inks contributes to the reduction of solid waste and the reduction of environmental pollution, as it prevents these tyres from being disposed of in landfills or incinerated, which releases toxic substances into the environment. In addition, reusing this material reduces the demand for natural resources and reduces the carbon footprint associated with the manufacture of conventional inks based on petroleum products. Secondly, in economic terms, the production of inks from recycled tyre elastomers can represent a business opportunity for companies dedicated to tyre recycling and for those dedicated to the manufacture of inks, generating employment and promoting the circular economy. Additionally, the use of recycled raw materials can lead to savings in production costs and an improvement in the competitiveness of companies in a market that is increasingly aware of sustainability. Finally, on a social level, the development of this type of innovative processes promotes awareness of the importance of the circular economy and the reuse of resources, encouraging the adoption of more environmentally responsible practices. Furthermore, the creation of new products from recycled materials can contribute to changing consumer perceptions of these materials and encourage more sustainable consumption habits. In summary, the development of the process of obtaining an ink from recycled tyre elastomer has positive implications in environmental, economic and social terms, promoting sustainability and innovation in the industrial sector. Originality/Value: The present study contributes to highlighting the socio-economic and environmental impact by providing an alternative use of discarded rubber tyres, adding value by uncertainty in the life cycle, thus contributing to the common good. Obtaining an ink from recycled tyre elastomer would be a highly innovative process with great value for both industry and the environment. On the one hand, the originality of using a recycled tyre material to create an ink opens up a wide range of possibilities in the printing and ink manufacturing industry. This would allow companies to reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to the environment by reusing materials that would otherwise be discarded. In addition, producing an ink from recycled tyre elastomer would also offer economic benefits, as it would save on production costs by reusing an existing material instead of purchasing new inputs.

Owing to unstable diesel fuel prices in the world market, many farmers have been looking for alternative fuels. Vegetable oils are one of the alternatives, which can be used as fuel in diesel engines either in the form of straight vegetable oil or in the form of biodiesel. This study aims to present experimental data by utilization of home and industrial biodiesel as fuel in an agricultural tractor diesel engine. The home biodiesel production was made from different vegetable oils (crude rapeseed, edible sunflower and waste oil) with the process of one-stage-based catalyzed transesterification. A commercially available agricultural tractor ZETOR 7745 was employed. Measurements were taken on the power take-off shaft by electrical dynamometer FROMENT XT200. According to the results, agricultural tractor diesel engine operating on home biodiesel fuels had better performance characteristics related to industrially produced biodiesel and similar to conventional diesel fuel. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.