COOL-2: an object oriented support platform built above the Chorus micro-kernel

Laboratory experiments are an excellent way to visualize and improve our understanding of the hydraulic fracturing process. However, in order to truly apply the results of laboratory work to the field, an understanding of what artificial conditions are being created during the laboratory process must also be developed. This paper describes 3D finite element modeling and associated results using actual laboratory block tests as a basis. These models consisted of seven basic block systems, including a single layer system, with and without a wellbore, as a control case; a three-layer model with and without a wellbore; and a seven layer system, with a wellbore, without a wellbore, and with a cased wellbore. These seven systems were based on actual triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments that were performed on mid-sized blocks (11 × 11 × 15 in) consisting of the same single, three, and seven-layers. The fracture growth patterns in the actual laboratory tests were extremely complex, not at all like the planar fractures dictated by hydraulic fracturing theory. The intent of the modeling was to 1) determine the spatial stress contrasts being created by the material property contrasts of the layered systems in the triaxial system and 2) determine if the complex fracture growth could be accounted for by these modeled contrasts. Results were also used to determine the potential for shearing across the layered systems. A commercial, modeling software, capable of numerically determining the 3D stress distributions in the various porous media, was used. Numerical results were validated with analytical calculations. The results of the modeling provide insight into the time-dependent application of stresses in a laboratory setting. It helped to explain the complex fracture growth in the actual experiments and gave some insight into the conditions that would cause vertical or horizontal fracture growth in a layered system of different material properties. The modeling also documented the creation of shear stresses which accounted for some fracture path deviation. The results of this paper aid in understanding the mechanisms of complex hydraulic fracture growth in reservoirs settings. Additionally, insight into the shear and tensile fracture mechanisms that generate acoustic events was gained.

Systemic hypothermia has been shown to reduce neurological damage in postcardiac arrest patients. Most doctors conductively cool patients with liquid-circulating devices or ice. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the thermal response of tissue to localized cooling. Current thermal models are designed for determining human comfort and have not been evaluated for the targeted low temperatures required for inducing hypothermia. Metabolic heat generation and tissue perfusion rate can significantly change under low temperature, which in turn affects the overall heat flux and cooling rates.This study evaluates the effects of geometry and blood flow in the upper leg by comparing numerical simulation results with previous experimental data.A geometrically accurate 3D model of the Visible Human Male upper leg was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics. The segmented tissue included skin, fat, muscle, and bone. Large blood vessels, femoral vein and artery, great saphenous vein, and anterior femoral vein, are modeled, as they can be significant heat sources.Penne's bioheat equation was used to solve the temperature field. Variation of metabolic heat generation with temperature is modeled using the Q10 factor of 2, as widely used in literature [1]. Cutaneous vasoconstriction, tissue blood flow, and shivering are modeled using correlations provided by Fiala [1]. The numerical model results were compared with cold immersion studies [2–4].As seen in Fig. 1, the simulation results agree well with experimental data during whole-body cooling at 18 °C, but there is significant discrepancy with experimental data in localized cooling at 4 °C. The most likely reason for this discrepancy is hypothesized to be incorrect modeling of cutaneous blood flow at low temperatures. Data from immersion at 8 °C shows that low temperatures result is cold-induced vasodilation [4], which is not accounted for in the current model. When cutaneous blood flow is set constant at initial value, the error is significantly reduced. With vasodilation, local heat flux increases by 40% at 40 minutes, showing that proper modeling of vasoconstriction can significantly improve the model.Analysis of muscle temperature profile during cooling at 8 °C shows disagreement between experimental data and the current model. Fig. 2 shows the temperature profiles at 70 min of cooling. The most likely cause of this discrepancy was hypothesized to be inaccurate modeling of the muscle blood flow.Gergson et al. observed that femoral artery blood flow dropped to nearly half the initial value during immersion at 8 °C [4]. Combined with the fact that skin blood flow did not decrease (due to cold-induced vasodilation), they were able to conclude that the muscle blood flow must drop. In the current model, when the muscle perfusion is held constant at half the initial value, the results are significantly closer to experimental data.Results from the current simulations show that cutaneous and muscle perfusion both significantly influence the response of the model. Current perfusion models are not accurate at low temperature cooling.

: Object-oriented programming techniques have become a vital part of modern software engineering. Most large new commercial software products are designed today using objects oriented principles along with supporting development environments and tools. Such methodology is particularly appealing for parallel computing, where there is great need for approaches capable of simplifying the programming task and producing high quality software more quickly. In this project we have carried out research that will lead to a new parallel object-oriented language based on C++. The new language, C++-Linda, is a novel combination of the most widely used object-oriented language and a successful environment for parallel computing that supports a virtual shared memory model for process interaction. This combination is an especially appropriate one because Linda's memory model is naturally object-oriented, enabling a seamless design that is completely consistent with object-oriented methodology. In this Phase I project, we have carried out research to understand the basic issues underlying parallel object-oriented languages, and we have created a preliminary design for C++-Linda. In a future Phase II project, we plan to develop a prototype implementation that will serve as a guide for eventual commercialization. Parallel computing, Programming languages, Object-oriented languages, Linda, C++-Linda, (C++).

This research developed a data acquisition system for 6 Degrees of Freedom (6 DoF) and coordinates using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Positioning System (GPS), with Long Range (LoRa) communication for data transmission. The system is integrated with LabVIEW for real-time data processing and visualization.The test results showed that the system is capable of accurately acquiring, transmitting, and displaying roll, pitch, yaw, and GPS coordinate data. The 3D model in LabVIEW represents the object's orientation and position in real-time, supporting various applications that require high-precision monitoring. LoRa successfully transmitted data over long distances without loss of integrity.This system provides a flexible solution for various industrial and research applications that require precise position and orientation monitoring. The implementation of this technology can support developments in autonomous navigation, surveillance systems, and robotics.

We explore ${\rm CO}_2$ injection into a layered permeable rock consisting of high permeability reservoir layers, separated by low permeability mudstone, and taking the shape of an anticline within a laterally extensive aquifer. We first show how the storage capacity of the formation depends on the capillary entry pressure of the inter-layer mudstone, so that ${\rm CO}_2$ cannot flow from one layer into the next. We then consider a formation composed of two layers, overlain by a cap rock. For injection into the lowest layer, we show that the injection rate, capillary entry pressure and buoyancy driven flux through the mudstone determine whether the lower or upper layer fills to the spill point first. We also show that at the end of the injection phase, ${\rm CO}_2$ may continue to flow from the lower to the upper layer. This implies that injection should be stopped once the injected volume matches the static capacity of the formation in order to prevent spilling after injection. We present a series of analogue experiments of a two layered system that illustrate some of the principles described by the model, and assess the implications of the results for field scale systems.

اهداف: پایش تغییرات کاربری‌ها و درک پویایی آن در یک حوضۀ آبخیز، از جایگاه خاصی در مدیریت پایدار آن حوضه برخوردار است. هدف تحقیق حاضر، استفاده از سنجش از دور و GIS جهت تهیۀ نقشۀ تغییرات و شناسایی انتقالات کاربری اراضی و پوشش زمین با به‌کارگیری ماتریس انتقال و تصاویر ماهوارۀ لندست در حوضۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه می‌باشد. روش: جهت انجام تحقیق، از تصاویر ماهوارۀ لندست در دورۀ زمانی 2015 ـ 1988 استفاده گردید. بدین‌منظور پس از انجام پیش‌پردازش‌های موردنظر، جهت انجام طبقه‌بندی از روش‌های ماشین‌بردار پشتیبان و روشیءگرا استفاده و سپس اعتبارسنجی گردیدند. همچنین جهت برآورد میزان انتقالات و دیگر ویژگی‌های حوضۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه، ابتدا ماتریس انتقالی استخراج شده و سپس طبقه‌بندی شئ‌گرا بین دوره‌های زمانی 2015ـ1988 ارائه شد. سپس با استفاده از فرمول‌های موردنظر، میزان پایداری، افزایش، کاهش، تغییرات کل، تغییرات خالص و مبادلۀ همزمان کاربری‌های اراضی و پوشش زمین مشخص گردید. یافته‌ها/ نتایج: پس از ارزیابی صحت، صحت کلی برای نقشه‌های حاصل از ماشین بردار پشتیبان و روش شئ‌گرا به‌ترتیب برابر با 94 و 92 درصد و مقدار کاپای آنها به‌ترتیب 92 و 89 برآورد شد که نشان‌دهندۀ برتری روش شئ‌گرا در مقایسه با روش ماشین بردار پشتیبان است. در کل، هر دو روش طبقه‌بندی توانستند صحت قابل‌قبولی برای نقشه‌های کاربری اراضی و پوشش زمین ارائه دهند. نتایج حاصل از انتقالات نشان داد به‌طور میانگین، 59 درصد از چهرۀ زمین در حوضۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه در فاصلۀ زمانی 2015ـ 1988 پایداری پوشش داشته است، که بیشترین میزان این تداوم براساس مقدار این کاربری در فاصلۀ زمانی 2015ـ1988 مربوطه به مناطق مسکونی می-باشد. حدود 14 درصد از سطح حوزۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه به‌صورت تبادل همزمان بوده است. همچنین سطوح آبی حوضۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه در دورۀ زمانی فوق، بیشترین ازدست‌دادگی و کمترین تبادل همزمان را تجربه کرده است. نتیجه‌گیری: حوضۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه در این فاصلۀ زمانی (2015ـ1988) تغییرات و انتقالات شدیدی را تجربه کرده است، تاجایی‌که تنها 59 درصد از چهرۀ زمین، ثابت مانده و قسمت‌های دیگر، انواعی از انتقال‌ها را تجربه کرده‌اند. همچنین سطوح آبی و سپس مراتع، بیشترین آسیب-پذیری را تجربه کرده‌اند که نشان از افزایش اراضی فاقد پوشش و اراضی زراعی (کشاورزی) می-باشد. این تجزیه‌وتحلیل ما را به سنجش و تجسم میزان انتقالات عمدۀ LULC درجهت برنامه‌ریزی آیندۀ حوضۀ آبخیز دریاچۀ ارومیه توصیه می‌کند.

The integration of cost and schedule control systems has been an issue of great concern for researchers and practitioners in the construction industry. Nevertheless, the real-world implementations of breakdown structures for cost and schedule are at different levels of detail, which makes the integration of cost and schedule control data quite complex. Building information modeling (BIM), in both four- and five-dimensional (5D) forms, has recently attained widespread attention in the architectural, engineering, and construction industries. Although current 5D models link cost items and schedule activities to BIM elements, it is still necessary to link and integrate cost and schedule data manually. This paper proposes a model to link cost and schedule data automatically following their linkage to BIM elements. First, the relationship between schedule activities, BIM elements, and cost items is analyzed. Then the concept is analyzed with an object-oriented paradigm. Finally, the system is implemented using MS Visual C#.

Predicting water age distribution in the Pearl River Estuary using a three-dimensional model

On tridimensional rip current modeling

When educating dental students or prosthodontic residents, a picture can be worth a thousand words. If that is so, then what could enhanced 3D modeling be worth relative to enhancing student learning? The answer is undoubtedly more than what a picture can provide. That is why the use of 3D models has become increasingly common with respect to patient care. The 3D modeling allows the patient to visualize more clearly the proposed treatments and outcomes; however, while 3D modeling has started to make an appearance in dental education, many of the current 3D modeling techniques do not offer the flexibility needed for dental education and enhanced student learning. At the University of Iowa, the use of 3D modeling software has enabled the creation of 3D models that can be altered or customized to be used in a more flexible way to teach students in the arts and complexities of removable partial denture (RPD) design and associated components. This educational technique article will: (1) demonstrate how these 3D models can be used to enhance student perception and learning regarding RPDs; and (2) will demonstrate using videos and web-based portals to show how the 3D RPD models were created and then used for educational purposes.

Toner charge distributions in corona charged toner layers on a grounded metal plate were investigated. The charge distributions were measured through image analysis of the toner particles displaced onto a filter, depending on their charge to diameter ratio, after being blown off from the toner inlet into an electric field and dispersed. It has been confirmed that the toner charge distributions became broader by corona charging. In order to clarify the cause, dual toner layers have been formed by using different color toners, and the charge distributions at the upper and lower layers have been measured separately. The results show that the lower toner layer has a wider charge distribution than that of the upper layer. This result is attributable to the fact that the lower parts of the toner layer are covered with the upper toner layer and difficult to corona charge. The toner particles in the lower layer located at the opening of the overlapped upper layer tend to be highly corona charged, while the toner particles around the opening in the upper layer receive only a small amount of the corona charge. It has thus been shown that difference in charge distribution between the upper and lower parts of the toner layer is caused by the following mechanisms: 1) The toner particles at the lower part of the layer are shielded from corona charging ions by the upper layer; 2) The toner particles in the lower layer, which are located at the opening of the charged particles in the upper layer, receive more charging ions by concentration of the electric field; 3) The toner particles at the upper layer receive fewer charging ions because of higher electric potential owing to a longer distance from the grounded plate.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex and multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder that results from multiple environmental factors and multicellular interactions. Although several PD neuropathologies have been identified and described, the thorough understanding of PD pathophysiology and research has been largely limited by the absence of reliable in vitro models that truly recapitulate PD microenvironments. Here, we propose a neuroimmune co-culture system that models PD neuropathologies by combining relevant multicellular interactions with environments that mimic the brain. This system is composed of: (i) 3D bioprinted cultures of mature human dopaminergic (DA) neurons grown on extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived scaffolds doped with electroconductive nanostructures, and (ii) a direct co-culture of human astrocytes and differentiated monocytes that models neuroinflammatory responses. When co-cultured in a transwell format, these two compartments recreate relevant multicellular environments that model PD pathologies after exposure to the neurotoxin A53T α-synuclein. With immunofluorescent staining and gene expression analyses, we show that functional and mature DA 3D networks are generated within our ECM-derived scaffolds with superior performance to standard 2D cultures. Moreover, by analyzing cytokine secretion, cell surface markers, and gene expression, we define a human monocyte differentiation scheme that allows the appearance of both monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cell phenotypes, as well as their optimal co-culture ratios with human astrocytes to recreate synergistic neuroinflammatory responses. We show that the combined response of both compartments to A53T α-synuclein stimulates the formation of intracellular α-synuclein aggregates, induces progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species production, downregulates the expression of synaptic, DA, and mitophagy-related genes, and promotes the initiation of apoptotic processes within the DA networks. Most importantly, these intracellular pathologies were comparable or superior to those generated with a rotenone-stimulated 2D control that represents the current standard for in vitro PD models and showed increased resilience towards these neurotoxic insults, allowing the study of disease progression over longer time periods than current models. Taken together, these results position the proposed model as a superior alternative to current 2D models for generating PD-related pathologies in vitro.

3D user interfaces allow users to view and interact with objects in a 3D scene and form a key component in many modelling applications used in engineering, medicine and design. Most mouse-based interfaces follow the same multi-view layout (three orthogonal, one perspective). This interface is difficult to understand, as it requires users to integrate all four views and build a 3D mental model. An alternative, Interactive Shadows, has been previously proposed that could improve on the multi-view's shortcomings but has never been formally tested.This paper presents the first quantitative user evaluation (n = 36) of both the multi-view and interactive shadows interfaces to compare their relative effectiveness and usability. Participants completed three types of tasks designed to be representative of object manipulation in current 3D modelling software.Interactive shadows were significantly better (p

The Shuanghuaishu (SHS) site in China is one of the 100 most important archaeological discoveries over the past 100 years; its historical heritage can be traced directly back 5300 years. Understanding the early landscape of the site would provide important information about the origin of Chinese civilization. The SHS site is buried and surface traces are difficult to see; therefore, we attempted to reconstruct the early landscape of the site based on a current surface landscape model and environmental archaeological analysis. We created a modern three-dimensional (3D) landscape model of the study area from high spatial resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photographs and analysed the distance change between the Yellow River and SHS site in the past 60 years from CORONA and Landsat images. By combining environmental archaeological survey results, archaeological excavation data, relevant papers, and field measurements, we reconstructed the paleotopography of the SHS site during the Yangshao period (7000–5000 aBP). On this basis, 3D natural and human landscapes during the Yangshao period were rebuilt. The results show that (1) Satellite images acquired at different resolutions can provide multiscale spatial information about the site, and high-precision models of current conditions can be quickly generated from UAV aerial photography. (2) From 1960 to 2020, the shortest distance between the SHS site and the Yellow River was approximately 512 m. The location of bedrock on Mang Mountain can be used to infer the early extent of the northern terrace at the site. (3) Environmental archaeology provided information about the palaeoenvironment of the site area. By incorporating spatial information technology and 3D visualization, we can better restore the early landscape of the SHS site. Our work integrates environmental archaeology, field archaeology, and spatial technology, enabling data and modelling support for the visual interpretation of the SHS site.

On days with clear skies in late August 2002 diurnal changes in the within-branch heterogeneity of photosynthetic photon flux density at the leaf surface (PPFDs) and leaf temperature (T leaf) were measured at natural leaf orientations in the upper and lower layers of a Fagus crenata crown. The PPFDs and T leaf measurements were converted to branch photosynthesis rates (P B; μmol s−1) using a photosynthetic model proposed by Farquhar et al. (Planta 149:78–90, 1980), an empirical stomatal conductance model suggested by Leuning et al. (Plant Cell Environ 18:339–335, 1995), and the total leaf area of the branches. To evaluate the importance of the variation in PPFDs and T leaf on photosynthesis calculations, P B calculated with the observed variation in PPFDs and T leaf was compared with estimates, based on the average (variation-free) values of PPFDs and T leaf, respectively. In both the layers, daily total P B values obtained with T leaf averaging were very close to those obtained with no averaging because of the weak inflection of the net photosynthesis rate (P n) to T leaf curves in the observed T leaf ranges (24.4–36.5 and 21.9–29.1°C in the upper and lower layers, respectively) and relatively small variation in within-branch T leaf at each time of day. This finding applied across potential climate conditions on fine days in August (T leaf range of 19.4–41.5 and 16.9–34.1°C in the upper and lower layers, respectively) and when the spatial scale was increased from branch to leaf layer, which increased the maximum variation in within-branch T leaf from 7.8 to 9.5°C and 4.5 to 5.5°C in the upper and lower layers, respectively. In contrast, averaging PPFDs caused 25–50% and 41–90% overestimation of daily total P B in the upper and lower layers, respectively, due to the sharp curvature in the PPFDs response curve to P n, and relatively large variation in within-branch PPFDs. Further, it led to overestimation of midday depression of P B in the upper layer, possibly because branch structural acclimation to incident light was neglected. Our results indicate that averaged values of T leaf could be used for the estimation of carbon gain at layer scale throughout August, but spatial variations in PPFDs need to be considered in detail for reliable estimates of carbon gain.