Coordination Analysis for Urban Underground Space and Rail Transit Based on Space Syntax

Under the background of the rapid development of urban rail transit in China, the development demand of urban underground space has also greatly increased especially in the rail transit station areas. In this paper, taking the high-speed railway station area of Xuzhou Metro Line 1 as an example, the underground space development demand evaluation is conducted by considering the principle of urban underground space stock planning, the local underground space development conditions, as well as the special planning of the local urban constructions. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a specific weight indicator scale is employed after the rationality of different weight indicator scales being compared. And then the weight indicator of different function types, i.e., commercial, parking, road, etc., are calculated and laterly utilized to forecast the recent development demand of underground space in the station area. Moreover, the steps to forecast the underground space development demand in rail transit station area are proposed, which can provide a reference for the forecasting of underground space development demand in the urban rail transit station areas.

During the rapid development of urbanization, many huge cities are in the sensitive period that adjustment of urban spatial structure should be brought about with transport. Through dissecting Shanghai URT's development process, the interaction between URT and urban spatial structure is focused on in this paper. On the one hand, URT and urban spatial development form are mutual restricted; on the other hand, URT will promote the benign development of urban space, to form a layout of bead-shaped radial axis, and to avoid the negative overspread of a pie-type mode. For the oversize cities (such as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, etc) with strong economic power, after completing of URT' network layout in central areas, traditional mindset of transport planning should be changed, and the mode of TOD (Transit Oriented Development) should be adopt, thereby to achieve the object of coordinate development between a URT's network and a urban spatial structure in a city. Road area capita is lower in many major cities of our country, and service level of road is far below the traffic demand of motor vehicles. With a rapid growth of ownership of urban motor vehicles, traffic jams in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Wuhan and other major cities got worse. During 2010 in Beijing, the heavy congestions on Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day showed a warning sign that Beijing's road system serviceability couldn't afford the rush hour traffic demand. Therefore, developing of public transport, especially the URT (urban rail transit) system with features of mass transit, high speed and high efficiency, is the inevitable choice of solving major cities' traffic problems, and has showed a principal measure to form a perfect urban spatial structure with lower traffic congestion under the condition of limited urban land and transport resource. URT is safe, reliable, fast, and low-pollution. Due to the characteristics of high volume, fast and timely, it can provide the good accessibility of areas along the line and ensures people to travel further in as short as possible time. In other hand, it provides a strong transport support for the adjustment of the major cities' space layout and the expansion of urban built-up areas. Evolution of urban spatial form is the incorporated evolution of land and transport. Reference from the valuable experiences of development of urbanization

Rational use of urban underground space for surface and subsurface activities in Japan

With the constant expansion of the city, the urban rail transit rapid development, but the development of underground space and rail transit construction is not at the same time, this problem seriously restricting the city’s comprehensive development process. The paper clues to urban catalyst theory. Taking Hangzhou Wulin Square underground mall project for example, reveals the importance of rail traffic to drive around the development of underground space in the makeup of the district insufficient, and the urgency of underground commercial space of urban development. To explore rail transportation and underground commercial space contact, research planning and design guided by the rail transit urban underground commercial space, and the catalyst effect caused by the underground commercial space.

One inherent nature of the passenger transportation industry is that passengers are directly involved in the entire production process--the transportation itself, and they are always in the center of everything we do in managing the operations of an Urban Rail Transit (URT) system. Hence, a full understanding of the role and the impact of URT passengers is fundamental to the success of the operation of any URT systems. With new technologies being introduced into URT systems, the role of URT passengers has been changing. Traditionally, the role of URT passengers is in general a passive one. However, modern URT systems are increasingly witnessing passengers taking a more and more active role. Thus, a review and rethink of the passenger's role in an URT system is extremely necessary.

The sustainability appeal of urban rail transit

As the scale of development continues to expand, carbon emissions of urban rail transit (URT) in China have gradually increased each year, posing certain pressure on the carbon emission reduction efforts in the URT industry. To evaluate the current status of low-carbon development in the URT industry, this paper first constructs an annual carbon emission accounting model for URT that considers both the construction and operation processes. Based on this model, the annual carbon emissions of URT in China from 2015 to 2023 are calculated. Furthermore, based on decoupling theory, the relationship between carbon emissions and industry development in URT is explored from both the construction and operation aspects. The results show that: (1) From 2015 to 2023, the total carbon emissions of URT in China increased significantly from 14.425 million tons to 24.7072 million tons. The proportion of carbon emissions from construction is higher during the study period, but the growth rate of carbon emissions from operation is faster. (2) The order of carbon emissions from URT in different regions from largest to smallest is: East > West > Central > Northeast. (3) During the study period, the carbon emissions from URT construction in China were weakly decoupled from the operational lines. (4) There was an expansive coupling relationship between carbon emissions from URT operation and passenger transport turnover in China. These findings can provide some guidance for the sustainable development of the URT industry.

With the introduction of the intensive urban development model, urban rail transit, as a rapidly developing inter-city spatial association network, has become increasingly prominent in promoting social and economic development and has an important influence on the shaping of regional spatial structure.Taking the practical experience of Japan's rail transit development as an example, this article first combs its development history and summarizes the three organizational characteristics of its development model: diversified business entities, TOD model, and efficient use of underground space.On this basis, it summarizes Japan's success.Experience and design techniques for the utilization of underground space, and put forward several optimized development suggestions based on the current status and problems of the development of urban rail transit hub in Chengdu, providing reference and reference for building a multi-mode, multi-level, and coordinated regional integrated rail transit system For reference, in order to better play the supporting role of rail transit network on the development and growth of urban agglomerations in our country.

In all largest cities due to lack of territory there is an intensification of underground space use - underground urbanization. It allows finding solutions to transport and environmental problems while preserving the unique appearance of the city’s historical cents. However, the process of underground space development leads to activation of some exogenous processes, which may lead to negative consequences. More than one million people live in Samara city, subway line is built, there are subway objects of industrial and defense importance (bunkers) reaching considerable depth. Active underground construction leads to strengthening of geological processes (weathering, karst formation, suffosia, etc.), change of strength properties of rocks, violation of natural hydrological regime of the territory. By the example of Samara, stages of underground urbanization of the city were studied and its influence on geological processes was considered. Results of studying existing use of city underground space are described. Taking into account geological and geomorphological regionalization of the city, the areas, which underground space development is the most undesirable, were identified.

It is important to analyze underground urban spaces for their capacity to meet the needs of urban development without compromising important ecological resources. Through analyzing the soil structure of Beisan County of Langfang City, the cohesive soil has low bearing capacity and easy deformation, which affects the development of underground space; the sand has wide distribution, large thickness and high bearing capacity, which is beneficial to the development of underground space. In 18-22 meters and 50-70 meters underground, there are two cohesive soils with continuous distribution, which are natural protective barriers for groundwater resources. In order to coordinate the development and utilization of underground space with the protection of groundwater resources, a safe method for utilizing space is proposed that protects groundwater resources and avoids breaking continuous aquiclude by stratifying the underground space. The underground space is developed in three sections in the study area: 0∼18 meters is the shallow underground space;22∼50 meters is the sub-deep underground space; Below 70 meters is the deep underground space.

With the rapid development of science and technology, Chinese urban rail transit has entered a newstage of intelligent development from the stage of rapid construction. Urban rail transit has the advantagesof high speed, large capacity and high density, which greatly facilitates modern life. However,urban rail transit is quite different from conventional ground transportation. Traditional informationtransmission methods cannot be well applied to urban rail transit. The maturity and commercial useof 5G mobile communication technology provide new ideas for solving the problem of informationtransmission in urban rail transit. Based on the salient features and key technologies of 5G communicationtechnology, this paper researches on key technonlgies 5G in rail transit scenarios to achievefast and efficient processing efficiency. It is a solution for intelligent operation and maintenance ofurban rail transit and high-definition video surveillance, and studies and analyzes the security of thesystem solution. This fills the gap of rail transit in these two fields, and provides dual guarantees ofsafety and service for urban rail transit construction. It provides a new direction for the applicationof future urban rail transit system.

With the acceleration of urbanization and the increasingly severe shortage of land resources in China, the development of underground space has emerged as a key strategy to alleviate urban development conflicts. It plays a vital role in mitigating the metropolitan maladies and optimizing the spatial layout of national territory. However, various issues in underground space development have become increasingly prominent, including inadequate planning systems, poor functional coordination, pronounced safety risks, and fragmented management mechanisms. Moreover, China's urban underground space development remains at an early stage, with a low degree of integration between above-ground and underground spaces, and a relatively weak resilient disaster prevention system. This study analyzes key factors affecting the effectiveness of underground space development and proposes targeted strategies to enhance overall outcomes. These include improving institutional frameworks, promoting the integrated application of BIM and GIS technologies, constructing digital platforms, and facilitating green and low-carbon transitions. The research also offers theoretical insights to support the refinement of the Regulations on the Development and Utilization of Urban Underground Space. In the future, technical approaches can be further validated through integration with smart city pilot initiatives.

Socio-environmental costs of underground space use for urban sustainability

The construction and circulation of railways, especially urban rail transit, change the travel patterns of residents along the lines and provide convenience for residents in outer suburbs to enter the city center. At the same time, urban rail transit will likely have an impact on the social structure and types of residents in the area. This paper explores the urban gentrification caused by railways in mainland China, covering the old city renovation plan, demolition along the subway line, subway line terminus, and other perspectives. The findings show that with the development of urban rail transit, land prices in the area will increase and communities will become gentrified, which means possible crowding out of low-income citizens. This article intentionally explores the relationship between the subway and gentrification.

The paper aims to establish the framework for linking underground space projects and the urban microclimate, in order to construct an interdisciplinary research framework. Based on the combination of underground space, urban form and the urban microclimate, the impacts of underground space on urban microclimate factors above ground and underground are summarized and the internal mechanism is investigated. The above ground factor refers to the impact of a new urban form induced by the underground space planning on the urban microclimate. The underground factor refers to the impact of the control of the internal environment of underground space on the ground environment. This study mainly addresses two aspects. Firstly, to identify the influencing factors of urban underground space microclimate and define the research entry point and classify the indicator of the external space environment; secondly, to address the key issues of the research areas and their influence on the urban underground space project and the urban microclimate in the current phase and establish the direction of future research. The microclimate case of the Nanjing underground planning is provided to preliminarily analyze how underground space development improves the urban microclimate. By the comparative analysis of microclimate parameters, air quality parameters, and outdoor thermal environment parameters (Mean Radiant Temperature, MRT), the influences and benefits of underground space projects on the urban microclimate is quantitatively explored.