Core-middle-periphery network model for China banking system

Drawing topological properties from a multi-layered network: The case of an air transport network in “the Belt and Road” region

7 - The Core-Periphery Relationship and the Archaeological Record in Alexandria, Virginia

The banking system of the People’s Republic of China: selected aspects The reform of Chinese banking system was undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. During this structural change, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China departed the ministry and became a separate entity. The People’s Bank of China was formally established as the central bank in 1983 by the State Council. As a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping China underwent a change of monobank system to two-tier banking system. Moreover, the function of the People’s Bank of China as a central bank was formally confirmed in 1995 when the third Plenum of the National People’s Congress adopted The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China. The China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) is the supervisor of the financial institutions in the People’s Republic of China. The central government established this institution in March 2003. The State Council is the leadership of the CBRC. The main functions of the China Banking Regulatory Commission is the formulation of supervisory rules and regulations concerning the Chinese banking institutions, the authorization of the establishment, changes of the financial institutions and also the compilation and publishing of the statistics and reports of the banking industry

Research on multilayer network structure characteristics from a higher-order model: The case of a Chinese high-speed railway system

More and more tourists tend to seek cultural enjoyment while taking trips based on their satisfied socio-economic needs. The spatiality of cultural tourism determines the feasibility and convenience of the access to cultural tourism resources. Given that spatial research on cultural tourism rarely involves the underdeveloped regions in China, especially via Baidu Index data, this study aims to explore the dynamic spatial pattern of cultural tourism Internet attention based on Baidu Index through social network analysis (i.e., network density, centrality analysis, core–periphery model, etc.) in the Western Triangle Economic Zone (WTEZ), China. Research findings are as follows. (1) Temporally, the centrality is increasingly enhanced in terms of the core cities with high cultural tourism Internet attention, as well as their radiation effect. (2) Spatially, the distribution pattern of cultural tourism Internet attention is shifting from polarization to equilibrium. However, the overall network density still presents a mode of loose connection and fails to extend from the core triangle structure in the planar dimension. (3) The cultural tourism Internet attention in WTEZ presents an obvious core–periphery pattern. Xi’an–Chengdu–Chongqing is in a dominant position, and the core area spreads from south to north. (4) The spatial-temporal pattern of cultural tourism Internet attention in WTEZ is influenced by transportation, reception facilities, consumption ability, and political environment, and the main driving factors are the number of hotels, per capita income, total highway mileage, and cultural tourism policy indicators. This study is conducive to sustainable spatial planning of cultural tourism through smart data governance.

Envisaging the future of tourism anywhere is difficult but is amplified when making predictions for the dynamic and rapidly changing Asia-Pacific region. The purpose of this conceptual article is to problematize a 2030 Asia-Pacific tourism future by modeling one polarized and probable scenario, theoretically framed within the mobilities paradigm and the core–periphery model. This scenario proposes that planning for the development of Asia-Pacific tourism will be heavily influenced by a growing tourist trend for experiences in the “pleasure periphery” while the contemporary pattern of increasing urbanization will continue to mobilize the required workforce toward the core. This scenario models divergent tourist and worker mobilities between the core and periphery. By focusing a scenario on this increasingly important discrepancy between labor supply and tourism demand, we can identify the challenges for those areas representative of this divergence that tourism development and destination stakeholders must plan for before 2030.

With origins in post-war development thinking, the core–periphery concept has spread across the social and, increasingly, the natural sciences. Initially reflecting divergent socioeconomic properties of geographical regions, its relational connotations rapidly led to more topological interpretations. In today's network science, the standard core–periphery model consists of a cohesive set of core actors and a peripheral set of internally disconnected actors. Exploring the classical core–periphery literature, this paper finds conceptual support for the characteristic intra-categorical density differential. However, this literature also lends support to the notions of peripheral dependency and core dominance, power-relational aspects that existing approaches do not capture. To capture such power-relations, this paper suggests extensions to the correlation-based core–periphery metric of Borgatti and Everett (2000). Capturing peripheral dependency and, optionally, core dominance, these extensions allow for either measuring the degree of such power-relational features in given core–periphery partitions, or as part of a criteria function to search for power-relational core–periphery structures. Applied to the binary and valued citation data in Borgatti and Everett (2000), the proposed extensions seemingly capture dependency and dominance features of core–periphery structures. This is particularly evident when, circling back to the original domains of the concept, examining the network of European commodity trade in 2010.

In order to analyze the impact of asset price shocks on the banking system, this paper develops a macro stress-testing framework to assess liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk. Firstly, using the Monte Carlo method to simulate market risk path generated by the financial asset price shocks; secondly, using Morton model to analyze the linkage between market and default risks of banks, while the linkage between default risk and deposit outflows is estimated econometrically; Contagion risk is also incorporated through banks’ linkage in the interbank and capital markets. Finally, the framework is applied to a group of banks in China, based on publicly available data as at the end of 2009. Its test results show that: the liquidity risk of the bank system is very low, the probability of no bank default is 99.32%, and the entire bank system is stable.

Analysis of the Chinese Airline Network as multi-layer networks

Purpose- This paper aim to look at the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction, and the impact of CSR on customer satisfaction, the impact of customer satisfaction on word-of-mouth, the impact of customer satisfaction on loyalty intention. This paper also compares the effect of service quality across different types of commercial banks, including state-owned commercial banks and city commercial banks, using SERVQUAL model. Design/methodology/approach- The sample is made up 368 bank customers, 196 from stated-owned commercial banks and 172 from city commercial banks from different cities of Guangxi, China. The data have been collected using the structured questionnaire. T-test, F-test, Crosstab analysis and multiple regression be used for analyzing data. Findings- The result shows that perceived service quality is positively related to customer satisfaction, the results reveal that the responsiveness, assurance and empathy have highest impact on customer satisfaction. There is a significantly different perception of service quality between state-owned commercial banks and city commercial banks. Customers of city commercial banks has higher perceived service quality. On the other hand, this paper finds that older people of respondents are more satisfaction and more loyalty then younger respondents. This study also finds that CSR is positively related to customer satisfaction, customer satisfaction is positively related to word-of-mouth, customer satisfaction is positively is positively related to loyalty intention. Originality/value- First, this paper conducts a survey of commercial banks in China banking industry, and analyses the difference in perceived service quality between state-owned commercial banking and city commercial banking. It could be very useful from the managing marketing perspective in increase bank competitiveness. Second, this paper examines Chinese commercial banking service quality and the effects of every factors on customer satisfaction by quantitative analysis method. The result is helpful for improving customer satisfaction and preventing customer defections. Final, this paper the investigates level of CSR activity, customer satisfaction, word-of-mouth and loyalty intention, by studying customers’ behavior. The results could provide a suitable direction in order to meet customers’ demand trend.

В работе анализируется топология сети межбанковского кредитования (МБК) в агентной модели банковской системы, включающей детальное описание протоколов и стилизованное описание внешней (по отношению к банковской системе) экономики. Показано, что основная причина возникновения рынка МБК в модели – это эффект разрыва ликвидности, возникающий вследствие разницы в срочностях кредитов и депозитов. Иллюстрируется влияние данного эффекта на динамику совокупного капитала и объема наличности в случае возрастающей структуры процентных ставок, являющейся причиной наблюдаемой в реальности разницы срочностей кредитов и депозитов. Проводится сопоставление различных свойств данного графа с аналогичными характеристиками реальных сетей МБК. Показано, что модели банковской системы, в которой банки представлены агентами-автоматами, достаточно для описания широкого спектра топологических характеристик реальных сетей МБК. К таким свойствам относятся: существенный размер гигантской сильно-связной компоненты, наличие тяжелых хвостов распределения по In- и Out-степеням, наличие тяжелого хвоста распределения по объемам размещенных средств, дисассортативность, неравномерность распределения коэффициента кластеризации по вершинам. Кроме того, выделены свойства, для воспроизводства которых требуется более детальное описание поведения агентов. К этим свойствам относятся: отсутствие ориентированных циклов в сетях малой агрегации, малая по сравнению с реальной доля банков, которые не выходят на рынок МБК, а также доля чистых кредиторов, отсутствие тяжелых хвостов распределения по объемам привлеченных средств, низкий коэффициент кластеризации сети. В работе проведен анализ причин отличия перечисленных свойств модельной сети от реальных, а также охарактеризованы изменения, которые необходимо внести в модель для наблюдения в ней перечисленных характеристик.

The objective of this study is to examine the properties of actor collaboration networks and to analyze how they influence the coordination of hazard mitigation in resilience planning in Harris County, Texas. Effective resilience planning can only be achieved through the collective actions of various actors and the network structures unfold the collaboration among the actors. Understanding the structural properties of actor collaboration networks for hazard mitigation may hold the key to understanding and improving the resilience planning process. To this end, after Hurricane Harvey, we administered a stakeholder survey to actors in various urban sectors involved in hazard mitigation (e.g., flood control, transportation, and emergency response). The survey aimed to capture actor collaboration networks for hazard mitigation in Harris County, Texas prior to Harvey. The collaboration represents that the survey respondents worked with the actors in the survey roster for hazard mitigation. We asked the respondents the frequency of the collaboration in the survey (e.g., yearly, monthly, weekly and daily). We examined three network structural properties to study actor positions in the network: degree centrality, boundary spanners, and core-periphery structure, because degree centrality could indicate what actors had more collaborations; boundary spanners could reveal what actors were in strategic positions to connect otherwise separate actors; and core-periphery structure could identify what actors formed the core of actor collaboration network for hazard mitigation and whether the core was composed of actors from diverse sectors. The results showed: (1) governmental actors from different sectors had high degree centrality and betweenness centrality, which indicated that governmental actors had a more influential role in coordination and information dissemination in hazard mitigation planning and implementation; and (2) fewer flood control and non-governmental actors were at the core of the actor collaboration networks, which reduced the extent of hazard mitigation coordination. The results identify potential influential actors (such as City of Houston, Harris County, and Houston–Galveston Area Council) in coordination of hazard mitigation and yield recommendations for increased actor network cohesion for better coordination of hazard mitigation across diverse sectors in resilience planning.

Since the G20 financial reforms were implemented in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic is the first significant test of the global financial system. In contrast to the 2008 financial crisis, the shock had an external origin. Indirect funding dominates China's financial system. For China's economy to grow and for many industries to recover, the banking system's capacity to efficiently handle the effects of the epidemic is essential. Each commercial bank is impacted by the epidemic in a different way due to its unique asset magnitude, debt structure, percentage of intermediate business income, and management style. This paper extracts the degree of commercial banks affected by different risks, and advances relevant suggestions for strengthening commercial banks' internal control and accelerating digital transformation, in order to cope with the adverse impact of the epidemic and to promote a rapid recovery of our economy.

Concentrated Commonalities and Systemic Risk in China’s Banking System: A Contagion Network Approach

In China, commercial banks participate in shadow banking activities through interbank or channel businesses, which should be called bank’s shadow banking activities. Based on the co-opetition game model, we first analyse the fund flow mechanism between bank’s shadow banking and traditional credit business, which confirms that the greater the proportion of bank’s shadow banking investment, the higher the bank profit. By sampling 147 commercial banks in China during 2003 to 2019, we empirically study the impact of bank’s shadow banking on the individual risk of commercial bank by OLS regression and on the systemic risk of banks through the randomized effect model from the micro-level. The results confirm that Chinese bank’s shadow banking will increase the individual operating risk of commercial bank and its rapid development will increase the probability of banking system risk. Meanwhile, we find that global financial crisis has no significant effect on the risk of individual banks or banking systems, but the regulatory overhaul of bank’s shadow banking activities can significantly inhibit the individual bank’s operational risk, especially for listed banks.