Correction

This study maps the maturity of risk-mitigation strategies at PT Bank Neo Commerce Tbk (BNC) over the 2022–2024 period, with a specific focus on how a digital bank strengthens its readiness in the face of escalating risk complexity. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research employs content analysis of BNC’s audited annual reports, from which disclosures on key risk indicators, governance practices, and mitigation policies were systematically extracted, categorized by risk type, and thematically interpreted. The findings show that BNC has developed a comprehensive and increasingly proactive risk-management framework aligned with the principles of Good Corporate Governance. Credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, stricter underwriting standards, and more conservative risk appetite settings, as reflected in an improving NPL ratio. Market and liquidity risks are contained via conservative balance-sheet management, robust liquidity buffers, and active Asset–Liability Committee (ALCO) oversight. Operational risk resilience is enhanced through the implementation of Risk Control Self-Assessment (RCSA), a Loss Event Database (LED), and strengthened IT and cybersecurity controls. Legal, strategic, compliance, and reputational risks are addressed through preventive legal review, tighter strategy–risk alignment, strong regulatory compliance, and responsive customer-engagement mechanisms. Overall, BNC’s risk-mitigation practices show a clear evolution from reactive compliance toward integrated, technology-enabled, and forward-looking risk governance. These results underline that transparent and disciplined risk management constitutes a critical strategic foundation for financial sustainability and competitive advantage in Indonesia’s rapidly growing digital banking sector.

Resilient supply chain network design under competition: A case study

The paper describes policies and procedures by which Campania Region (Italy) manages the severe landslide risk which affects its territory. The Campania Region has developed a complex strategy built on the integration of structural and non-structural measures for the mitigation of landslide risk. During 1989–2011 years about 755 millions euro have been funded in structural actions to restore landslide damages and mitigate landslide risk in Campania Region territory. In 2007–2013 years about 374 millions euro are available for structural and non-structural actions, despite of an overall need of over 2.7 billion euro for interventions to mitigate hydraulic and landslide instabilities in Campania as showed by the planning schemes developed by the River Basin Authorities. Given this condition, the knowledge of the real distribution of landslide phenomena and risks is a crucial point and represents a major goal that can be achieved also by using new technologies (spatial database, web-GIS and remote sensing) of monitoring and data management. Non-structural measures such as several study project on landslides highly improved the knowledge of landslide distribution, activity and geology. The SISTEMA Project aims to develop and systematize specific acquisition procedures, treatment and consultation of remote sensing data to support regional decision-making system on the prevention of natural hazards.

Volcanic hazards pose a potential threat to 8% of the world’s population, yet the economic literature on their short- and long-term consequences on household behavior and economic development is still in its infancy. In this article, we present the state of the literature and highlight knowledge gaps and methodological challenges inherent to the economic analysis of volcanic hazards and disasters. We first present the physical aspects of volcanic activity and describe available physical data. We then examine the concepts related to cost assessment of volcanic disasters. Finally, we discuss key micro and macroeconomic research questions economists should investigate and identify relevant methodological and data challenges. By highlighting research gaps in the “economics of volcanoes”, we provide future avenues of research that will address policy-relevant debates in the context of greater focus on risk mitigation, adaptation, and resilience policies aimed at mitigating natural hazards and disasters.

Quantitative analysis of consequences (in terms of expected monetary losses) induced by slow-moving landslide mechanisms to buildings or infrastructure networks is a key step in the landslide risk management framework. It can influence risk mitigation policies as well as help authorities in charge of land management in addressing/prioritizing interventions or restoration works. This kind of analysis generally requires multidisciplinary approaches, which cannot disregard a thorough knowledge of landslide mechanisms, and rich datasets that are seldom available as testified by the limited number of examples in the scientific literature. With reference to the well-documented case study of Lungro town (Calabria region, southern Italy)—severely affected by slow-moving landslides of different types—the present paper proposes and implements a multi-step procedure for monetary loss forecasting associated with different landslide kinematic/damage scenarios. Procedures to typify landslide mechanisms and physical vulnerability analysis, previously tested in the same area, are here appropriately merged to derive both kinematic and damage scenarios to the exposed buildings. Then, the outcomes are combined with economic data in order to forecast monetary loss at municipal scale. The proposed method and the obtained results, once further validated, could stand as reference case for other urban areas in similar geo-environmental contexts in order to derive useful information on expected direct consequences unless slow-moving landslide risk mitigation measures are taken.

The link between climate change and increased wildfire risk highlights the need for adaptation in wildfire‐prone landscapes. While extensive research has focused on adaptation at the levels of communities, policies, and governance systems, there is limited understanding of adaptation at the level of individual behavioral responses. Individuals not only directly experience the adverse effects of wildfires but also shape their own exposure to wildfire through risk mitigation practices. Without knowledge of whether these behaviors are adaptive, decision makers are limited in their ability to design and assess climate change adaptation policies that improve outcomes in wildfire‐prone regions. Likewise, greater understanding of the processes by which behavioral adaptation occurs can improve theories of behavior under risk, and specifically how psychological and social factors mediate the effects of hazard conditions on behavior. This paper reviews scholarship on biophysical, psychological, and social factors that shape behavioral adaptation to climate change in wildfire‐prone forests. Our review highlights opportunities to improve theory and assist risk mitigation policy interventions by focusing greater attention on dynamic feedbacks involving hazards, behavior, and outcomes, as well as accounting for variation in behavior and wildfire hazard conditions.This article is categorized under:Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to both crop production and human health, with certain regions, or hotspots, experiencing heightened risks. This study explores the spatial distribution of Cd hotspots and assesses contamination patterns and ecological risks in Henan Province, China, using geographic information system (GIS) and decision tree models. A total of 385 topsoil samples were collected and analyzed through GIS spatial analysis, decision tree analysis, correlation analysis, and ecological risk assessments to identify areas of high contamination and determine the key factors influencing Cd distribution. Cd concentrations in the topsoil ranged from 0.043 to 5.209 mg/kg, with an average of 0.19 mg/kg, significantly exceeding the Henan background value of 0.074 mg/kg. The enrichment factor (EF) analysis revealed that over 90% of the soil samples exhibited mild to moderate Cd contamination, with the highest EF values indicating significant anthropogenic influence near metal mines and industrial enterprises. The ecological risk (Er) index showed an uneven distribution of contamination, with moderate to elevated risks, particularly in the central and southern regions. Decision tree analysis identified soil organic matter (SOM) as the primary factor influencing Cd content in low-risk areas, where Cd concentrations peaked at 0.212 mg/kg in soils with SOM > 22.41 g/kg. In contrast, in low SOM areas (≤22.41 g/kg), pH, SiO₂, CaO, and MgO significantly influenced Cd accumulation. These findings provide critical insights into Cd hotspots, informing future environmental policy and strategies for contamination control and ecological risk mitigation in the region.

Interregional watershed services: Valuation of the benefits of controlled embankment breaches to manage urban flood risk

In 2016, an exceptional drought and subsequent wildfires devastated the southeastern United States. Western North Carolina (WNC), a socioeconomically growing region that is dependent on revenue from tourism and agriculture, was particularly impacted by the events. The Southeast is not typically considered to be water vulnerable, and few studies have explored drought and wildfire in WNC. However, the region is projected to experience elevated water vulnerability as a result of rapid population growth and increased climatic variability. The recent events highlight the need for better understanding of water-related experiences and perceptions to inform proactive policies for risk mitigation in WNC. To evaluate stakeholder experiences and perceptions relating to the events in 2016, the authors conducted telephone interviews with key informants from a variety of sectors in two counties (Buncombe and Watauga) and then subjected their responses to content analysis. Informants frequently discussed themes relating to the “Natural Resources and Environment” code group, with responses revealing concerns about the health effects of smoke exposure, as well as water quantity. Other common topics of discussion for informants include water management, public awareness, and disaster severity. The prevalence of other themes varied by county, demonstrating the importance of local context. Surprisingly, informants rarely discussed risk in the context of increasing population and development, suggesting that current policies may inadequately address future risks. Stakeholders across all sectors placed substantial emphasis on information dissemination both within agencies and to the public. With a better understanding of key-informant experiences and perceptions, policymakers will be better equipped to address policy shortcomings as well as to prepare for future hazards.

The Boston Federal Reserve study (Munnell et al. 1996) concluded that illegal discrimination is a statistically significant contributor to the observed gap between white and minority residential‐mortgage rejection rates. The Boston study speculated that discrimination arises because lenders do not equally apply risk compensation or mitigation policies for imperfect loans. Using the same 1990 Boston loan application data, our study specifically examines the relation between compensating policies and discrimination. Since compensating policies are encouraged by secondary‐mortgage‐market sale guidelines, we model both the lender's origination decision and its loan sale decision. Using a rule‐based artificial‐intelligence technique applied to each lender, we infer compensating policies (rules) that equally apply to all races and explain lending decisions. A minority‐race indicator loses its statistical significance when an indicator of compensating‐policy violations appears in the loan accept–reject equation. This result reflects the fact that the risk levels of marginal minority loans tend to be more extreme than those of marginal white loans. However, the result does not necessarily reject the existence of discrimination. Equally applied policies may be empirically indistinguishable from unfairly applied policies. In addition, equally applied policies may fail the adverse‐impact doctrine if they do not serve a business necessity (such as profits). The industry's move away from discretionary, rule‐based decisions to mortgage scoring answers the need for a decision framework that rigorously uses loan performance to evaluate all loan applicants fairly.

Coastal erosion is the leading marine hazard in the Abandoned Yellow River Delta, and coastal erosion vulnerability assessment is essential for disaster mitigation and risk reduction. To comprehensively reflect the erosion status of the coast of the Abandoned Yellow River Delta, a ICVI index that integrates the composition of coastal dynamics(Mean tidal range, Mean significant wave height, Storm surge height), coastal morphology(Seawall Elevation, Rate of coastline change, Rate of tidal flat erosion, Coastal slope, Tidal flat width), and socioeconomic indicators(Population density, Land use, Roads, Artificial protection) was constructed. After that, the coastal erosion vulnerability assessment of the Abandoned Yellow River Delta was carried out, and the physical and socioeconomic vulnerability was calculated and then combined to create an integrated coastal vulnerability index (ICVI). The driving factors and the interactions between these factors of coastal erosion vulnerability were analyzed by using a geodetector method. The results showed that the proportions of the very high, high, medium, low, and very low vulnerability of the whole coast were 13.62%, 19.31%, 18.29%, 27.28%, and 21.5%, respectively. The very high vulnerable areas were mainly distributed in Xiangshui, Binhai, and Sheyang. The coastal erosion vulnerability generally showed a distribution pattern high in the north and low in the south. The spatial differentiation of coastal erosion vulnerability results from the synergistic effect of multiple factors such as coastal dynamics, coastal morphology, and socioeconomic indicators, among which Rate of tidal flat erosion is the dominant factor in the spatial differentiation of coastal erosion vulnerability. The interaction results showed that coastal erosion protection requires the synergistic effect of multiple measures, especially coastline protection and tidal flats erosion protection, which are the most beneficial for coastal erosion protection. The vulnerability maps developed in this study can provide reliable spatial information for the relevant authorities to formulate better erosion risk mitigation policies.

The definition of landslide hazard is a step-like procedure that encompasses the quantification of its spatial and temporal attributes, i.e., a reliable definition of landslide susceptibility and a detailed analysis of landslide recurrence. However, available information is often incomplete, fragmented and unsuitable for reliable quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, landslide hazard evaluation has a key role in the implementation of risk mitigation policies and an effort should be done to retrieve information and make it useful for this purpose. In this research, we go through this topic of optimising the information available in catalogues, starting from landslide inventory review and constitution of a boosted training dataset, propaedeutic for susceptibility analysis based on machine learning methods. The temporal recurrence of landslide events has been approached here either through the definitions of large-scale quantitative hazard descriptors or by analysis of historical rainfall (i.e., the main triggering factor for the considered shallow earth slope failures) databases through the definition of rainfall probability curves. Spatial and temporal attributes were integrated, selecting potential landslide source areas ranked in terms of hazard. Data integration was also pursued through persistent scatterer interferometry analysis which pointed out areas of interest within potential landslide source areas featured by ongoing ground movement. The consequential approach led to the definition of the first hazard product of the city of Rome at a local scale functional for advisory purposes or the statutory level, representing a thematic layer able to orient the risk managers and infrastructure stakeholders.

Buyer-supplier currency exchange rate flexibility contracts in global supply chains

Strategies for managing climate-change risks impact diverse stakeholder groups that possess potentially conflicting preferences. Basic physics and economics suggest that reconciling all of these preference conflicts may not be possible. Moreover, different climate risk management strategies can yield diverse and potentially severe impacts across different global stakeholders. These preference conflicts and their uncertain impacts require an explicit understanding of the trade-offs that emerge across different risk management strategies. Traditionally, integrated assessment models (IAMs) typically aggregate the stakeholders’ preferences across the entire globe into a single, a priori defined utility function. This framing hides climate risk management trade-offs as well as the inherent stakeholder compromises implicit to the resulting single “optimal” expected utility solution. Here, we analyze a simple IAM to quantify and visualize the multidimensional trade-offs among four objectives representing global concerns: (i) global economic productivity, (ii) reliable temperature stabilization, (iii) climate damages, and (iv) abatement costs. We quantify and visualize the trade-offs across these objectives and demonstrate how a traditional optimal expected utility policy implicitly eliminates many relevant policy pathways. Explicit trade-off analysis provides a richer context for exploring conflicting global policy preferences and clarifies the implications of alternative climate risk mitigation policies to better inform negotiated compromises. Copyright The Author(s) 2016

<i>Background</i>: Globally, the incidence of disasters is rising. Uganda is one of several countries experiencing an upturn in adverse climate events. Although Uganda’s government has implemented several strategies to mitigate land-use and population pressure-related climate adversity in high-risk zones, communities have not responded to them sufficiently, implying a resilience gap. The objective of this study was to describe the concerns and misconceptions impeding community uptake of climate risk mitigation policies in a rural area in Eastern Uganda. <i>Methods</i>: The study was conducted in Butalejja and Bududa districts in the Mt. Elgon region of Eastern Uganda that is prone to recurrent land-slides and floods. The design was a qualitative study, consisting of 15 small group discussions per district, nested within a Deliberative Poll®. Key government of Uganda policy options on sustainable settlement and family planning were presented to participants who then discussed them with the guidance of a moderator. <i>Results</i>: Not only were participants distrustful of how the land from which they are evacuated would be managed, but they also resented being resettled in unfamiliar places with substantially different topography, low soil fertility, and at a great distance from their ancestral sites and social networks. A latent theme from the data was the pervasive expectation by communities to be assisted by government in all areas of their livelihood needs. Key barriers to Family Planning included lack of safety guarantees, helplessness in the event of a side effect, failure by communities to link family size to resource constraints, and feelings of entitlement to assistance among people with large families. The misconceptions were fueled by a large information asymmetry between the community members and the policy makers. <i>Conclusion</i>: Lasting solutions to climate risk in rural communities will require continuous information-driven dialogue between community members and implementers to address major misconceptions and information asymmetries regarding risk mitigation policies.