Corrigendum.

The ability to establish a connection between the direction of the other's gaze and the object that is observed has important implications in the development of social cognition and learning. In this study, we analyzed alpha and theta band oscillations in one group of 9-month-old infants by implementing a face-to-face live paradigm, which presented the infants with a triadic social interaction with a real human being. We compared neural activations in two experimental conditions: Congruent and Incongruent gaze shift following the appearance of an object. In the Incongruent object-gaze shift condition, we observed an increase of the theta power in comparison with the Congruent condition. We also found an enhancement of the alpha activity during the Congruent versus the Incongruent object-gaze condition. These findings confirm the involvement of the theta and alpha band activity in the detection of the gaze of others when it shifts toward a referential target. We consider that the theta band modulation could be associated with the processing of unexpected events. Furthermore, the increase of the alpha band activity during the Congruent object-gaze condition seems to be in agreement with prior findings on the mechanisms of internally controlled attention that emerge before the first year of life. The implementation of a live paradigm elicited a partially different oscillatory pattern in comparison with non-live standard paradigms, supporting the importance of an ecological set-up reproducing real-life conditions to study the development of social cognition.

Background: Cognitive control of brain regions can be determined by the tasks involving the cognitive control such as the color word Stroop task. Stroop task define the reduction in function in incongruent condition, which requires more attention and control of competitive responses.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of brain using the Modified Conflict Stroop Task in Military Personnel.Material and Methods: In this applied experimental study, to specify the activity of different regions of brain in response to conflict Persian color-word Stroop task, 20 healthy persons participated in this study. To evaluate selective attention, the traditional color-word Stroop Task Model was modified, and the Stroop test was designed in high- and low-threat zones. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate the brain activation during the Stroop task performance. The color-word Stroop task consists of incongruent, congruent, and neutral conditions, and the subjects were requested to carefully choose the correct answer.Results: The mean response time was longer in incongruent condition (867.6±193.5ms) compared to congruent and neutral conditions. Analysis of neuroimaging data revealed that the brain conflict-related regions are activated by the Stroop interference. In incongruent trial, the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) showed the most active and stronger BOLD responses. In congruent trials, the activation in the brain was less and had difference compared with incongruent trials. Conclusion: Our result offers that the frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are sensitive to different trials of Persian Stroop task. Using modified Stroop task, we determined the brain responses to the selective attention test.

A course of interactive stimulation of primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) in the brain of a stroke patient resulted in recovery of locomotion volume in the paretic extremities and in improvement of general health accompanied with diverse changes in cerebral activity. During the training course, the magnitude of response in the visual fields of Brodmann areas 17 and 18 decreased; in parallel, the motor areas were supplemented with other ones such as area 24 (the ventral surface of anterior cingulate gyrus responsible for self-regulation of human brain activity and implicated into synthesis of tactile and special information) in company with Brodmann areas 40, 41, 43, 44, and 45. EEG data showed that neurofeedback sessions persistently increased the θ rhythm power in Brodmann areas 7, 39, 40, and 47, while the corresponding powers progressively decreased during a real motion. Both real motion and its virtual sibling constructed by interactive stimulation via neurofeedback were characterized with decreasing powers of the EEG β rhythm in Brodmann areas 6 and 8. The neurofeedback course decreased the coherence between the left Brodmann area 6 and some other ones examined in α and θ ranges. In the context of real motions, the coherence assessed in the EEG β range generally increased. Overall, the EEG and fMRI parameters attest to growing similarity between the moieties of functional communications effected in real and imaginary movements during neurofeedback course. The data open the vista for interactive stimulation to rehabilitate stroke patients; they highlight the important role of Brodmann areas in rearrangement of the brain in such patients; finally, the present results revealed the "common nervous pathway" that can be used to restore the capability for imaginary and real movements by a neurofeedback course after stroke.

150. Talairach altas-based volumetric analysis of the brain in schizophrenia

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a low-cost, portable and noninvasive functional neuroimaging technique by measuring the change in the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR). The aim of present study is to reveal the different brain activity pattern of adult subjects during the completion of flanker and Simon tasks underlying the congruent and incongruent test conditions so as to identify the basic neural mechanism of inhibitory control in executive function. In the study, we utilized fNIRS to explore the hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex and our imaging results suggested that there were notable differences for the hemodynamic responses between the flank and Simon task. A striking difference is that for the flank task, the increase in the HbO concentration during incongruent trials was larger than that during congruent trials for the channels across middle frontal cortex while for the Simon task, the hemodynamic response was stronger for the congruent condition compared to that from the incongruent one. Interestingly, the hemodynamic response exhibited similar task-related activation in the superior frontal cortex for both the congruent and incongruent conditions. Further, independent component analysis showed that different brain activation patterns were identified to accomplish different inhibitory control tasks underlying the congruent and incongruent conditions.

Objective To discuss the neuropsychological mechanism of executive control for methadone maintenance patients( MMP). Methods Using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to reveal the time course of information processes with high temporal resolution, and exam the function of attention monitoring and response inhibition in heroin-dependent MMP. Results (1)The behavioral results: there were significant within-subjects Stroop interference effects for the MMP and control groups(reaction time: control group’s congruent condition(766.57±75.64)ms, incongruent condition(879.52±62.31)ms, MMP group’s congruent condition (821.89± 64.44)ms, incongruent condition(906.29±69.46)ms, P<0.001; error rate: control group’s congruent condition (4.15±2.92)%, incongruent condition(8.70±6.12)%, P<0.001, MMP group’s congruent condition(12.07±10.80)%, incongruent condition (16.60±12.43)%, P<0.01). (2)ERPs data showed that MMP demonstrated significantly smaller incongruent-N2/N450/SP amplitudes than controls, and all disappearing incongruent effects in N2, N450 and SP, comparing statistically significant incongruent effects for controls in N2, N450 and SP. In MMP group, the amplitudes of N2 and N450 incongruent condition(N2(1.40±2.91)μV、N450(1.29±0.55)μV) were bigger than congruent condition amplitudes(N2(0.77±3.61)μV、N450(0.83±1.07)μV, P<0.05), but the amplitude of SP (0.37±3.58)μV was smaller than congruent condition(1.53±3.05)μV, P<0.001; in control group, the amplitudes of N2 and N450 incongruent condition((-0.30±3.45)μV, N450(1.77±1.55)μV) were smaller than congruent condition (N2(1.10±3.64)μV, P<0.001; N450(2.37±2.12)μV, P<0.05), the amplitude of SP ((1.93±1.65)μV) was bigger than congruent condition((0.98±2.02)μV, P<0.01). Conclusion There are impaired executive control functions during the conflict monitoring process and the conflict resolution process for MMP. These results provide the neural electrophysiological evidence to explain relapse behaviors in methadone maintenance patients. Key words: Methadone maintenance patients; Stroop effect; Executive control; Event-related potentials

Objective: To detect the pathogenetic mechanism of motion-sensitive cortical deficit in response to motion stimuli in children with anisometropic amblyopia using a blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging technique (BOLD-fMRI). Methods: This was a case series study. Patients were collected from June to December 2017 at Tianjin Eye Hospital. Twenty-five patients who were diagnosed with anisometropic amblyopia as amblyopia group and twenty-five normal volunteers were examined as control group. A BOLD-fMRI technique on a 1.5T MRI and a horizontally moving sinusoidal grating block design were used for task conditions. All data were processed with SPM5 software, were analyzed by t test. Results: Significant fMRI activation and comparable right and left eye activation were found in the middle temporal area (MT), and Brodmann areas 19 and 37, in all control subjects; Lesser cortical activation in area MT and Brodmann areas 37, 19, and greater activation in the frontal gyrus of the lazy eye group were detected compared to the control group. Lesser cortical activation in Brodmann area 37, 18 of the contralateral eye of the amblyopic group was detected compared to the control group. Lesser cortical activation in area MT and Brodmann areas 19, 18, and greater activation in the frontal lobes of the anisometropic amblyopic eyes were detected compared to the contralateral eyes. Conclusions: The spatial extent and intensity of the visual cortex activation in the visual cortex decreases in the amblyopic eye compared to the normal control. Decreased cortical activation in the fellow eye is prevalent. A greater visual cortex area is activated when stimulating the amblyopic eye. Key words: Anisometropia; amblyopia; magnetic resonance imaging; visual motion; cortical deficit

BackgroundA greater congruency of audio and video expands the temporal binding window (TBW). A similar phenomenon may occur with a combination of odor and taste, which are the main components of flavor.ObjectiveTBW is defined as the temporal resolution of synchrony perception. The larger the TBW, the lower the resolution. We hypothesized that the more congruent the odor and taste, the lower the temporal resolution of synchrony perception.MethodsTo examine this hypothesis, 10 female participants performed simultaneity judgment (SJ) tasks under congruent (soy sauce odor with saline) and incongruent (cherry tree leaf odor with saline) conditions and evaluated the congruency with saltiness for the two odors. In the SJ tasks, participants reported whether odor and taste were presented simultaneously or successively. We assumed a Gaussian distribution for the temporal distributions of the simultaneous response rates and calculated the approximations. In addition, we computed the half width at half height (HWHH) as an index of TBW based on the coefficient of approximation for the temporal distribution of the simultaneous response rates.ResultsHWHH was significantly larger under congruent condition than under incongruent condition. In addition, congruency with saltiness had a significant moderate positive correlation with HWHH.ConclusionThe larger the HWHH, the lower the temporal resolution of synchrony perception, supporting the hypothesis. This study suggests that the width of TBW depends on the cross‐modal congruency similar to the case for audio–visual SJs. However, methodological improvements, including a larger sample size and gender‐independent recruitment of participants, are essential to enhance the reliability of the findings because some of the results did not provide sufficient ESs or power.

White matter structure and clinical characteristics of stroke patients: A diffusion tensor MRI study

We investigated the differences in the resting state corticolimbic blood flow between 20 unmedicated depressed patients and 21 healthy comparisons. Resting state cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with H215O PET. Anatomical MRI scans were performed on an Elscint 1.9 T Prestige system for PET-MRI coregistration. Significant changes in cerebral blood flow indicating neural activity were detected using an ROI-free image subtraction strategy. In addition, the resting blood flow in patients was correlated with the severity of depression as measured by HAM-D scores. Depressed patients showed decreases in blood flow in right anterior cingulate (Brodmann areas 24 and 32) and increased blood flow in left and right posterior cingulate (Brodmann areas 23, 29, 30), left parahippocampal gyrus (Brodmann area 36), and right caudate compared with healthy volunteers. The severity of depression was inversely correlated with the left middle and inferior frontal gyri (Brodmann areas 9 and 47) and right medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 10) and right anterior cingulate (Brodmann areas 24, 32) blood flow, and directly correlated with the right thalamus blood flow. These findings support previous reports of abnormalities in the resting state blood flow in the limbic-frontal structures in depressed patients compared to healthy volunteers.

Visual-vestibular conflicts can induce motion sickness and further postural instability. Visual-vestibular habituation is recommended to reduce the symptoms of motion sickness and improve postural stability with an altered multisensory reweighting progress. However, it is unclear how the human brain reweights multisensory information after repeated exposure to visual-vestibular conflicts. Therefore, we synchronized a rotating platform and a virtual scene to present visual-vestibular congruent (natural visual stimulation) and incongruent (conflicted visual stimulation) conditions and collected EEG and center of pressure (COP) data. We constructed the effective brain connectivity of region of interest (ROI) derived from source-space EEG in theta-band activity, and quantified the postural stability and the inflow and outflow of each ROI. We found repeated exposure to congruent and incongruent conditions both decreased COP path length and increased COP complexity. Besides, we found that repeated exposure to the incongruent environment decreased the inflow into visual cortex, suggesting the brain down-weighted the less reliable visual information for postural stability. In contrast, repeated exposure to the congruent environment increased the inflow into posterior parietal cortex and the outflow from visual cortex and S1, suggesting an increase in efficiency of multisensory integration. We concluded that repeated exposure to congruent and incongruent conditions both improved postural stability with different multisensory reweighting patterns as revealed by different dynamic changes of brain networks.

This study investigated the effects of a past concussion on electrophysiological indices of attention in college athletes. Forty-four varsity football athletes (22 with at least one past concussion) participated in three neuropsychological tests and a two-tone auditory oddball task while undergoing high-density event-related potential (ERP) recording. Athletes previously diagnosed with a concussion experienced their most recent injury approximately 4 years before testing. Previously concussed and control athletes performed equivalently on three neuropsychological tests. Behavioral accuracy and reaction times on the oddball task were also equivalent across groups. However, athletes with a concussion history exhibited significantly larger N2 and P3b amplitudes and longer P3b latencies. Source localization using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography indicated that athletes with a history of concussion generated larger electrical current density in the left inferior parietal gyrus compared to control athletes. These findings support the hypothesis that individuals with a past concussion recruit compensatory neural resources in order to meet executive functioning demands. High-density ERP measures combined with source localization provide an important method to detect long-term neural consequences of concussion in the absence of impaired neuropsychological performance.

Hippocampal and Orbitofrontal Theta Band Coherence Diminishes During Conflict Resolution

The study investigated the consequences of age-related decline in inhibition processes on intentional switching between bimanual coordination patterns. Fifteen young (24±2.8 years) and 20 older adults (69±5.3 years) performed Stroop tasks and bimanual coordination tasks. Stroop tasks included neutral, congruent, and incongruent conditions. Response time and error rate were measured. Bimanual coordination tasks consisted of performing in-phase (IP) and anti-phase (AP) patterns. Participants were requested to switch as quickly as possible from one pattern to the other, resulting in two different switching directions (AP to IP; IP to AP). Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the continuous relative phase (CRP) were calculated pre- and post-switching for each participant. Total switching time (TST) was measured. The switching phase was also decomposed into reaction time (RT) and reversal time (REvT). Pearson correlation analyses were performed to test for correlations between: (i) SD of CRP and response time in Stroop tasks, and (ii) switching times (TST, RT, RevT) and response time in Stroop task, respectively. In addition, parallel mediation analyses were conducted. Results showed that: (i) the AP pattern was less stable than the IP pattern in both young and older adults, (ii) coordination patterns were less stable in older adults, (iii) response times in Stroop task were longer in the incongruent condition, and (iv) RespTs were longer in older than in young participants, whatever the condition. In the bimanual coordination task, RT, RevT, and TST increased with age. The stability of the IP pattern was correlated with the response times observed in neutral and congruent conditions, while the stability of the AP pattern was correlated with response time observed in the incongruent condition. Correlation and mediation analyses showed that, in the AP to IP switching direction, RT and RevT were both significantly correlated with response times observed in the incongruent condition of Stroop task. These findings suggest that inhibition processes are involved in switching between bimanual coordination patterns, at least to trigger the early phase of switching. They also support the hypothesis that inhibition processes are more involved in maintaining the AP pattern and switching to the IP pattern. Finally, age-related changes in switching times seem to be prominently mediated by alterations of inhibition processes.

The role of the pain-evoked negative difference potential in dual-task response conflict