Corrigendum.

Land use and climate changes induce shifts in plant functional diversity and community structure, thereby modifying ecosystem processes. This is particularly true for litter decomposition, an essential process in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. In this study, we asked whether changes in functional traits of living leaves in response to changes in land use and climate were related to rates of litter potential decomposition, hereafter denoted litter decomposability, across a range of 10 contrasting sites. To disentangle the different control factors on litter decomposition, we conducted a microcosm experiment to determine the decomposability under standard conditions of litters collected in herbaceous communities from Europe and Israel. We tested how environmental factors (disturbance and climate) affected functional traits of living leaves and how these traits then modified litter quality and subsequent litter decomposability. Litter decomposability appeared proximately linked to initial litter quality, with particularly clear negative correlations with lignin-dependent indices (litter lignin concentr tion, lignin:nitrogen ratio, and fiber component). Litter quality was directly related to community-weighted mean traits. Lignin-dependent indices of litter quality were positively correlated with community-weighted mean leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and negatively correlated with community-weighted mean leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC). Consequently, litter decomposability was correlated negatively with community-weighted mean LDMC, and positively with community-weighted mean LNC. Environmental factors (disturbance and climate) influenced community-weighted mean traits. Plant communities experiencing less frequent or less intense disturbance exhibited higher community-weighted mean LDMC, and therefore higher litter lignin content and slower litter decomposability. LDMC therefore appears as a powerful marker of both changes in land use and of the pace of nutrient cycling across 10 contrasting sites.

Making generalizations about the impact of commercial selective logging on biodiversity has so far remained elusive. Species responses to logging depend on a number of factors, many of which have not been studied in detail. These factors may include the natural forest conditions (forest types) under which logging impacts are investigated; but this question has so far remained unexamined. In a large‐scale replicate study we aimed at clarifying the relationship between logging and forest types on leaf litter frogs. We contrast three distinct and naturally occurring forest types, including wet evergreen, moist evergreen and semi‐deciduous forests. Selectively logged sites were compared with primary forest sites for each forest type. We found that the response of frog communities to logging varies in different forest types. In the wet evergreen forest, richness was higher in logged forest than primary forest, while diversity measures were not different between logged and primary forest habitats. In the moist evergreen, richness and diversity were higher in selectively logged areas compared with primary forest habitats. In the semi‐deciduous, logged forests were characterized by drastic loss of forest specialists, reduced richness, and diversity. These results indicate that the net effect of logging varies with respect to forest type. Forest types that are characterized by adverse climatic conditions (i.e., low rainfall and protracted dry seasons) are more likely to produce negative effects on leaf litter anuran communities. For comparisons of the impact of logging on species to be effective, future research must endeavor to include details of forest type.

Fertilization could influence ecosystem structure and functioning through species turnover (ST) and intraspecific trait variation (ITV), especially in nutrient limited ecosystems. To quantify the relative importance of ITV and ST in driving community functional structure and productivity changes under nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) addition in semiarid grasslands. In this regard, we conducted a four-year fertilizer addition experiment in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau, China. We examined how fertilization affects species-level leaf and root trait plasticity to evaluate the ability of plants to manifest different levels of traits in response to different N and P addition. Also, we assessed how ITV or ST dominated community-weighted mean (CWM) traits and functional diversity variations and evaluated their effects on grassland productivity. The results showed that the patterns of plasticity varied greatly among different plant species, and leaf and root traits showed coordinated variations following fertilization. Increasing the level of N and P increased CWM_specific leaf area (CWM_SLA), CWM_leaf N concentration (CWM_LN) and CWM_maximum plant height (CWM_Hmax) and ITV predominate these CWM traits variations. As a results, increased CWM_Hmax, CWM_LN and CWM_SLA positively influenced grassland productivity. In contrast, functional divergence decreased with increasing N and P and showed negative relationships with grassland productivity. Our results emphasized that CWM traits and functional diversity contrastingly drive changes in grassland productivity under N and P addition.

Aims Natural vegetation plays an important role in global carbon cycling and storage. Thus, the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) is considered a carbon sink because of its intrinsic characteristics. Our aim was to evaluate how the aboveground biomass and biodiversity relationship change between three Cerrado remnants with different protection status: a ‘control area’ (Legal Reserve area), a protected area (PA) and a non-protected area (Non-PA). Methods All three studied fragments are situated in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We estimated the aboveground carbon stocks based on the forest inventory. We also measured three dimensions of biodiversity metrics for each plot: functional trait dominance, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity. The following functional traits were evaluated for the species: wood density, maximum diameter and seed size. We carried out generalized linear models seeking to evaluate how carbon stocks, community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values, species richness and diversity, and functional diversity indices differ among the remnants. Important Findings The Cerrado areas without protection status had lower carbon stocks, species richness, species diversity, functional richness and functional dispersion, whereas both PA and Non-PA had lower CWM maximum diameter and seed size compared with the Legal Reserve control area. Generalized linear models showed that carbon stocks, species and functional richness metrics were correlated within and across sites, and thus, species richness could serve as a good proxy for functional richness and carbon stocks. The carbon stocks were positively driven by species richness and CWM maximum diameter, while they were negatively driven by functional dispersion. Functional richness, species diversity and CWM seed size appeared in the set of best models, but with no significant direct effect on carbon stocks. Thus, we concluded that absence of protection in the Cerrado areas decreases both species richness and carbon stocks.

Extreme precipitation events are becoming more intense and frequent due to climate change. This climatic shift is impacting the structure and dynamics of natural communities and the key ecosystem services they provide. Changes in species abundance under these conditions are thought to be mediated by functional traits, morpho‐physiological characteristics of an organism that impact its fitness. Future environmental conditions may, therefore, favour different traits to those in present‐day communities. After 6 years of manipulated precipitation levels, including drought (−50% of ambient precipitation), irrigation (+50% of ambient precipitation), and control (ambient precipitation), we measured five key functional traits (plant height, leaf dry matter content [LDMC], leaf thickness, specific leaf area [SLA], and leaf phosphorus concentration) in 586 individual vascular plants to study the effects of precipitation changes on community‐weighted functional traits. Additionally, we tested whether the precipitation change effects on the traits depend on the time of the growing season. As expected, reduced precipitation impacted community composition only for the late‐season timing, after the seasonal field mowing, but led to a significant change in all community‐level plant traits between season timings. Under drought, communities shifted towards shorter individuals with thicker but small leaves and lower phosphorous content. Overall, a combination of community reassembly and intraspecific variation contributed to community‐weighted differences between control and drought plots for plant height, SLA, and LDMC traits. Species turnover was the main driver of community‐weighted means (CWMs) shifts in all traits in the late‐season but SLA. Whereas all traits showed variations at the community level with drought, SLA and LDMC were the most responsive traits at the species level. Nevertheless, our results suggest underestimation of intraspecific variation due to sensitive species lower abundance under stress. No differences in CWMs of functional traits were observed between control and irrigated plots. Synthesis: Our findings suggest that functional trait composition of grassland communities may shift under climate change‐induced drought, depending on the growing season timings. Trait‐based attempts to predict ecosystem functioning must account for such temporal variation in community trait values.

BackgroundIncreasing drought induced by global climate changes is altering the structure and function of grassland ecosystems. However, there is a lack of understanding of how drought affects the trade-off of above- and belowground biomass in desert steppe. We conducted a four-year (2015–2018) drought experiment to examine the responses of community above-and belowground biomass (AGB and BGB) to manipulated drought and natural drought in the early period of growing season (from March to June) in a desert steppe. We compared the associations of drought with species diversity (species richness and density), community-weighted means (CWM) of five traits, and soil factors (soil Water, soil carbon content, and soil nitrogen content) for grass communities. Meanwhile, we used the structural equation modeling (SEM) to elucidate whether drought affects AGB and BGB by altering species diversity, functional traits, or soil factors.ResultsWe found that manipulated drought affected soil water content, but not on soil carbon and nitrogen content. Experimental drought reduced the species richness, and species modified the CWM of traits to cope with a natural drought of an early time in the growing season. We also found that the experimental and natural drought decreased AGB, while natural drought increased BGB. AGB was positively correlated with species richness, density, CWM of plant height, and soil water. BGB was negatively correlated with CWM of plant height, CWM of leaf dry matter content, and soil nitrogen content, while was positively correlated with CWM of specific leaf area, CWM of leaf nitrogen content, soil water, and soil carbon content. The SEM results indicated that the experimental and natural drought indirectly decreased AGB by reducing species richness and plant height, while natural drought and soil nitrogen content directly affected BGB.ConclusionsThese results suggest that species richness and functional traits can modulate the effects of drought on AGB, however natural drought and soil nitrogen determine BGB. Our findings demonstrate that the long-term observation and experiment are necessary to understand the underlying mechanism of the allocation and trade-off of community above-and belowground biomass.

Mining and quarrying activities tend to favor stress-tolerant plants

Summary 1. Functional traits are increasingly used to investigate community structure, ecosystem functioning or to classify species into functional groups. These functional traits are expected to be variable between and within species. Intraspecific functional variability is supposed to influence and modulate species responses to environmental changes and their effects on their environment. However, this hypothesis remains poorly tested and species are mostly described by mean trait values without any consideration of variability in individual trait values. 2. In this study, we quantify the extent of intraspecific plant functional trait variability, its spatial structure and its response to environmental factors. Using a sampling design structured along two direct and orthogonal climatic gradients in an alpine valley, we quantified and analysed the intraspecific variability for three functional traits (height, leaf dry matter content and leaf nitrogen content) measured on sixteen plant species with contrasting life histories. 3. Results showed a large variability of traits within species with large discrepancies between functional traits and species. This variability did not appear to be structured within populations. Between populations, the overall variability was partly explained by the selected gradients. Despite the strong effects of temperature and radiation on trait intraspecific variability, the response curves of traits along gradients were partly idiosyncratic. 4. Synthesis . Giving a comprehensive quantification of intraspecific functional variability through the analysis of an original data set, we report new evidence that using a single trait value to describe a given species can hide large functional variation for this species along environmental gradients. These findings suggest that intraspecific functional variability should be a concern for ecologists and its recognition opens new opportunities to better understand and predict ecological patterns in a changing environment. Further analyses are, however, required to compare inter‐ and intraspecific variability.

In northeastern North America, alpine snowbank communities are rare plant assemblages that form in sheltered sites above treeline where late-lying snow provides insulation from late-season frosts and a longer-lasting source of water. We measured snowpack and studied community composition and plant traits at the species and community scales across the snowmelt gradient at snowbank sites on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination and analysis of similarity to examine community composition across the snowmelt gradient and measured plant traits (height, leaf dry matter content, leaf area, and specific leaf area) of four focal species (Carex bigelowii, Chamaepericlymenum canadense, Clintonia borealis, and Maianthemum canadense). We assessed trait variability of the four focal species across the snowmelt gradient and evaluated community-weighted mean trait values and phenotypic plasticity between snowbank core and edge habitats. Analysis of similarity indicated that vascular plant diversity increased (p < 0.001), lichen and bryophyte cover decreased (p < 0.001; p < 0.025), and community-weighted mean leaf area increased (p < 0.001) in the core of snowbank communities where melting dates were later. Analysis of similarity indicated that vascular plant communities varied significantly across the snowmelt gradient. The transition in community composition and trait values across the snowmelt gradient are indicative of changing environmental conditions and ecosystem functions, though more research is needed to determine the extent to which phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic uniqueness influence trait expression of snowbank species. Genetic analysis may be necessary to evaluate population dynamics among isolated alpine communities, which may be vulnerable to climate change or displacement by exotic or lowland species.

Tradeoffs between forage quality and soil fertility: Lessons from Himalayan rangelands

We analyzed variation in the functional composition and diversity of understory plant communities across different forest vegetation types in Slovenia. The study area comprises 10 representative forest sites covering broad gradients of environmental conditions (altitude, geology, light availability, soil type and reaction, nutrient availability, soil moisture), stand structural features and community attributes. The mean and variation of the trait values were quantified by community-weighted means and functional dispersion for four key plant functional traits: plant height, seed mass, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. At each study site, forest vegetation was surveyed at two different spatial scales (4 and 100 m2) in order to infer scale-dependent assembly rules. Patterns of community assembly were tested with a null model approach. We found that both trait means and diversity values responded to conspicuous gradients in environmental conditions and species composition across the studied forests. Our results mainly support the idea of abiotic filtering: more stressful environmental conditions (e.g., high altitude, low soil pH and low nutrient content) were occupied by communities of low functional diversity (trait convergence), which suggests a selective effect for species with traits adapted to such harsh conditions. However, trait convergence was also detected in some more resource-rich forest sites (e.g., low altitude, high soil productivity), most likely due to the presence of competitive understory species with high abundance domination. This could, at least to some extent, indicate the filtering effect of competitive interactions. Overall, we observed weak and inconsistent patterns regarding the impact of spatial scale, suggesting that similar assembly mechanisms are operating at both investigated spatial scales. Our findings contribute to the baseline understanding of the role of both abiotic and biotic constraints in forest community assembly, as evidenced by the non-random patterns in the functional structure of distinct temperate forest understories.

Selective logging is a major driver of tropical land-use change, causing reductions in forest specialist species with concurrent increases in edge-tolerant species. A key question is understanding how selective logging impacts co-occurrence and assembly mechanisms in vertebrate communities as forests recover post-logging. Using a 10-year, repeat-sample study of understorey bird species in Borneo, we compare the structure of species co-occurrences over time between old-growth unlogged and logged forests, investigating the roles of functional traits and local abundance in driving co-occurrence patterns. Co-occurrence patterns were resilient to selective logging over time, although patterns were not consistent across all species in both forest types. Species with more specialised diets showed a significant tendency towards low fidelity, while species that engage in aerial foraging, soaring and gliding exhibited a significant tendency to have low values of fidelity in both types of forest. Changes in co-occurrence patterns were also significantly influenced by changes in local abundance. Our results indicate that niche segregation and environmental filtering operate to shape the assemblage of the avian community in both forest types, but co-occurrence was resilient to selective logging over time. Our results also underscore the role of some species in regulating avian assemblages and the long-term conservation value of logged tropical forests.

Can understory functional traits predict post-harvest forest productivity in boreal ecosystems?

Summary1. Understanding ecological strategies of invasive species relative to the entire native community is important in understanding and managing both the mechanisms and the potential impacts of invasion, but few studies have taken this approach.2. We utilize advances in plant ecology to compare functional traits of an invasive shrub species, autumn‐oliveElaeagnus umbellata, to those of the understorey native woody plant community in a southeast Michigan forest. We estimate species trait distributions for six leaf functional traits (specific leaf area, leaf laminar area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content, leaf carbon: nitrogen ratio and delta15N) using a kernel estimator. We then use pairwise trait distance and overlaps to describe the ecological strategy of the invasive shrub relative to that of the native understorey woody plant community.3. The overlap of the invasive shrub’s trait distribution with those of the native species was found to be smaller than the overlap of a native shrub’s distribution with other native species, consistent with the empty niche hypothesis of invasion. However, the invasive species’ mean leaf functional trait values typically fall outside of the range of most native species’ mean trait values, suggesting the invasive shrub extends trait space for understorey individuals of the native woody plant community.4. The invasive shrub’s leaf trait values are characteristic of a sun‐demanding species, contradicting its presence in the shaded forest understorey community and its persistence in an empty niche. We propose that this novel use of leaf functional traits by the invasive shrub could indicate that the invasion is facilitated by additional mechanisms such as release from natural enemies, association with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria, use of an empty temporal niche (namely the light available to the understorey early in the growing season), bird dispersal or some synthesis of these factors.5. Synthesis and applications. This study develops plant functional trait theory by studying an invasive species within the context of the entire native woody plant community. The approach can improve our understanding of the potential mechanisms of an invasion event and suggest ecological consequences and related management strategies for the maintenance of native forest communities. Specifically, this study, along with known data on the invasive species, suggests aggressive management in sunny gap and edge habitat provides the best strategy for long‐term control.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Community-weighted mean traits from tree species that make up more than 80% basal area in plots in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Project: &lt;/strong&gt;This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: &lt;a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Funding: &lt;/strong&gt;These data were collected as part of research funded by:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Permits: &lt;/strong&gt;These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;XML metadata: &lt;/strong&gt;GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available &lt;a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3247602"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Files: &lt;/strong&gt;This dataset consists of 3 files: Both_CWM_traits.xlsx, CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf, CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Both_CWM_traits.xlsx&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMW_traits&lt;/strong&gt; (described in worksheet CMW_traits)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Description: Community-weighted mean traits of tree in plots in SAFE , Danum Valley and Maliau Basin sampled during the BALI project traits campaign&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Number of fields: 36&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Number of data rows: 8&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Fields:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;location&lt;/strong&gt;: Location (Field type: Categorical)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;forest_type&lt;/strong&gt;: Forest type (Field type: Categorical)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;forestplots_name&lt;/strong&gt;: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: ID)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;plot_name_trait_campaign&lt;/strong&gt;: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: ID)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_K_mg.g_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar potassium concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_Ca_mg.g_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar calcium concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_Mg_mg.g_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar magnesium concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_P_mg.g_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar phosporus concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_N_perc&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar nitrogen concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_15N_per_mil&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar 15N isotope concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_C_perc&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar carbon concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_13C_per_mil&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar 13C isotope concentration, expressed relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) as &delta;13C in units of per mil [&permil;] (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_DR&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM dark respiration measured on leaf attached to a branch that is cut under water and remains in water (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_Asat&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf attached to a branch that is cut under water and remains in water. (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_Amax&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf attached to a branch that is cut under water and remains in water. (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_leaf_thickness_mm_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM thickness of leaf, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_dry_weight_mg_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM leaf oven-dried weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_LA_mm2_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM leaf area (LA) calculated from fresh leaves collected from branches, scanned immediately, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_SLA_mm2_mg&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM specific leaf area (SLA) determined as the one-sided area of a fresh leaf, divided by its oven-dry mass. (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_LDMC_mg.g&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM leaf dry-matter content (LDMC) is the oven-dry mass (mg) of a leaf, divided by its water-saturated fresh mass (g) mg g&ndash;1 (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_chla_mg.g&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar chlorophyll a content (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_chlb_mg.g&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar chlorophyll b content (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_carot_mg.g&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar carotenoids content (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_Fp_N_mm_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM force to punch leaf, dividing the observed force (N) required to puncture the leaf lamina by the circumference of the instrument&#39;s rod, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_specific_Fp_log&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM specific force to punch (Fp divided by lamina thickness), log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_WD_B&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM branch wood density from branch segment with bark (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_hemicellulose_perc&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar hemicellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_cellulose_perc&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar cellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_lignin_recalcitrants_perc&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar lignin and recalcitrants concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_tannin_mg.g&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar tannin concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_phenol_mg.g&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM total foliar phenol concentration (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_chla_mg.mm2&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar chlorophyll a content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_chlb_mg.mm2&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar chlorophyll b content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_carot_mg.mm2&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar carotenoids content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_N_mg.mm2&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar nitrogen concentration expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CWM_total_P_mg.mm2.l&lt;/strong&gt;: CWM foliar phosporus concentration expressed on leaf area basis, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Description: Methodology of chlorophyll and carotenoids analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMdGw0QWtiZElHQzQ/view&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Description: Methodology of phenols and tannins analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMcTBHblQwRHdyRE0/view&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Date range: &lt;/strong&gt;2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Latitudinal extent: &lt;/strong&gt;4.5000 to 5.0700&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longitudinal extent: &lt;/strong&gt;116.7500 to 117.8200&lt;/p&gt;