COVID-19 in missiological and historical perspective

Background. Pedagogical education in our country has been in the ever reforming process. Being subject to current realities, the nature, goals, and state and public expectations from pedagogical education are to be reviewed. There was a similar process at the break of pedagogical education in Russia. In this regard, historical genesis of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries provides an opportunity to analyze some challenging issues facing the country over the considered period, to specify the patterns for the formation and development of pedagogical education, and to designate the peculiarities thereof. Purpose. The article aims to analyze the formation and development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis is the key research method. In addition, historical-structural, and comparative and contrastive methods were used to conduct a systemic analysis of the development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is based on the evidence from archival records, research material data, regulatory legal acts, and popular science fiction of the reviewed period. Results. The first extensive actions in the development of pedagogical education in Russia were taken in the 18th century. Since that time and throughout the 19th century, there was a gradual advance in pedagogical education. In addition to the main subjects, there were some disciplines specific to the pedagogical content knowledge (didactics, pedagogy, teaching methods, psychology, etc.) in the curriculum cycle for future teachers. First-ever domestic methodological guidelines for individual subjects emerged in the country. In Russia, there predominately existed male pedagogical education. According to the archival research and literature review, the country experienced an acute teacher shortage during the 19th century. To eliminate it, pedagogical departments were established at district Imperial Universities in Russia in 1804; in 1816, the Main Pedagogical Institute was founded to form the basis for other pedagogical institutions; in 1860, two-year pedagogical courses appeared at the Imperial Universities; in 1876, the issue regarding female pedagogical education was brought up, which led to the creation of the first pedagogical institute for women in 1903. In order to enhance the prestige of the teaching profession in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, the state equated it to the public service, wherein each teaching position corresponded to a certain rank with all the privileges and state support; compensated for the costs of housing, lighting, heating, and educational literature; supported teachers’ families and encouraged childbirth among teachers and lecturers; provided pensions and gave the opportunity to receive awards that granted additional financial support. Having analyzed the problems of developing pedagogical education in the 19th – early 20th centuries, there are similar problems observed in modern Russia. Therefore, nowadays, it is vital to consider the methods and state initiatives for supporting and raising the prestige of the teaching profession of that time. In this regard, the relevance of the presented research is beyond doubt.

Despite a growing body of work on anti-colonialist movements and the activities of individual activists, there remain large gaps in our knowledge of early agitation in and around Africa, and the links between people. A scholarly focus on transnational networking in the 1930s to 1950s tends to overshadow earlier agitation, by people whose achievements are too often forgotten now, but who laid the foundations for later struggle, decolonisation, and modern-day humanitarian activity. This article discusses some lesser-known agitators, both European and African, active in Africa in the 1900s (though Colenso began earlier), who used copious correspondence, the press and humanitarian networks to highlight colonial abuses and challenge imperial policy. It focuses largely on, and draws parallels between, Dr Norman Leys (working in East Africa), Henry Nevinson (West Africa), F. Z. S. Peregrino (West and South Africa) and Harriette Colenso (South Africa).

The novelty of the study lies in posing the question: what type of settlement existed in the past among the Oduls (forest Yukaghirs of the upper Kolyma) and is a return to it realistic in modern high-tech conditions? The aim of the work is to search for and specify the latest mobility strategies. The tasks include analysing the spatial settlement of Oduls with the distinctive northern design of nomads in the discourse of the landscape code “land”. The work is based on published literary data concerning the settlement of nomadic families of forest Yukaghirs in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The principle of settlement is traced through population censuses and Yukaghir pictograms of the late 19th — late 20th centuries. Research methods include comparative, typological, methods of visual observation and interviews. Domestic and foreign researchers of the second half of the 20th century noted the negative impact of collectivization, settlements and the introduction of new types of activities on the economic cycle of villages, the excessive burden on the working population, and ethnocultural decline. The reforms carried out successfully overcame the physical decline of the forest Yukaghirs, but the concentration in the village of representatives of different tribal groups of Oduls with the prospect of long-term cohabitation was experimental and did not fit into historical memory. The analysis of traditional and modern types of settlements formulates two possible poles of decision-making, oriented towards historical perspective. Representatives of the Yukaghir ethnic group are faced with questions of choosing a national identity, knowledge of their own history, language and culture, or permanent dissolution in a multi-ethnic environment. Recommendations are offered for the preservation and stimulation of ethnocultural processes.

The key challenge with Epidemics includes its ability to spread rapidly and impact several large communities with high fatality rates. These characteristics make it difficult and very expensive to manage epidemics once it has broken out. History is replete with several cases of epidemic out breaks spreading from the point of origin and being transmitted to other areas resulting in the deaths of several thousands and in some cases millions of the inhabitants. The distance of the spread in the early 19th century was limited due to the limitations in travel speed and distance but this did not reduce the death rates of these diseases. The small pox disease was recorded to have killed more than 20% of the population of Athens in Greece. The great plague of London was recorded to have started in China in 1334 but spread along the trade routes wiping out entire towns. Florence in Italy lost a third of its entire 90,000 residents in the first six months with Europe losing an estimated 25 Million people. In 1633, Massachusetts which hitherto had been free from small pox became infected as settlers from France, Great Britain and the Netherlands brought the communicable disease with them resulting in the death of several millions. Other infectious diseases which have resulted in epidemics resulting in the deaths of several thousands of people in other regions of the world include the HIV/AIDS, H1N1, flu pandemic, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome among other epidemics, these epidemics are usually spread by virtue of the cross border migration of the disease hosts. The UAE is gradually becoming the global holiday resort of choice while the UAE and Qatar are becoming the major transit hubs to India and China both of which account for over one billion of the world's population. Both regions are also bounded by Saudi Arabia which plays host to the world when they come to perform the holy pilgrimages to Mecca. This makes Qatar a location with a high potential for epidemic out breaks and necessitates the development of a robust real-time health monitoring systems capable of tracking possible epidemic causing diseases before they spread to the general population. The most effective means of containing the spread of epidemics is by monitoring the populace and quarantining any suspected victims or patient with a view to treating the case in isolation and controlling/preventing the spread of the epidemic to the general population. The transmission model for epidemics is represented by the branching process which shows the patient zero is the primary source of the diseases and the rate of spread of the disease is determined among other factors by the contagion probability of the disease.The current health management system does not provide a means of automatically identifying a likely epidemic and informing the relevant agencies to ensure the disease is contained by quarantining the patient zero. This work presents the development of an integrated health management system deployed as an application rining on laptops and tablets to be used by Doctors during consultation with patients for monitoring diseases occurrence in real time. It monitors patients and tracks in real time, the different diagnosis, patient location and possible epidemics by tracking the symptoms reported by the patients as they are examined in the consulting rooms and the results of the differett tests and examinations ordered by the doctors. It provides a means of alerting relevant healthcare authorities and all the other hospitals as soon as a case is identified in any consulting room. It harvests key diagnosis and monitors the number of occurrence of the reported ailments, the dispersion mechanisms and the possibility of the disease resulting in an epidemic. This data is transmitted and collated at a central health management unit. Different thresholds are set for the different ailments and dispersion mechanisms and when the thresholds are exceeded, the appropriate response mechanisms are deployed to the affected areas. When any of the known epidemics are detected in any consulting room, a high alert is sent to all the doctors in that hospital and containment systems deployed immediately to the affected hospitals for quarantining the patient and taking the necessary steps to ensure that the disease doesn't spread to the community. In the event of an epidemic, the application will generate the required emails to the relevant government agencies and send an SMS to the responsible parties to ensure appropriate action is taken. Relevant agencies in different countries can deploy this system and share information between their airports, immigration agencies, health management agencies etc, whenever any of such epidemic causing diseases break out or is reported in any of their hospitals. This will enable the different governments set up and deploy the relevant response teams and tools to ensure that the disease does not cross into their country and in the event that it arrives at the airport, the patient is immediately quarantined and investigated and the necessary medical treatment administered.

The subject of this research is convergence as a methodological approach in the cultural analysis of the period of the late 19th – early 20th century. The author conducts research on the example of the Silver Age of Russian culture. The research aims to assess the heuristic value of convergence for understanding complex cultural phenomena that arise from the interaction of various fields: literature, art, philosophy and history. The aim is to demonstrate the possibilities of using the convergent method to identify the relationships between these areas, reconstruct the worldview of the era and form a coherent view of the cultural landscape of the Silver Age. The potential of convergence to integrate different disciplinary perspectives in the study of culture is being explored. The specifics of the application of convergence to various types of cultural phenomena in specific works of art, in literary trends (symbolism, acmeism), as well as in philosophical trends. The methodological basis of the research is a convergent approach, considered as a key tool for analyzing cultural phenomena of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Interdisciplinary analysis is applied, integrating the methods and perspectives of literary studies, art criticism, philosophy and history. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematic application of the principles of a convergent approach to the study of the culture of the Silver Age. Unlike traditional disciplinary-oriented research, this work offers an integrated methodological framework that allows us to identify new aspects of the interrelationships between different spheres of cultural activity of the era. In particular, the scientific novelty lies in the following: Development and testing of the methodology of convergent analysis in relation to the study of the culture of the Silver Age; Identification of new interrelations between literature, art, philosophy and the historical context, which remain invisible under traditional approaches; Reconstruction of the holistic worldview of the epoch based on the integration of data obtained from various disciplinary fields; Offering a new understanding of the cultural landscape of the Silver Age, based on the principles of interpenetration and mutual influence of various cultural phenomena.

Introduction. This article presents the results of a study of the collections of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region on the history of the Buddhist tradition of the Kalmyk people in the 19th – early 20th centuries. It also lists the most significant files related to the history of the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyk steppe and analyzes their contents. Materials and Methods. The study utilizes historical-typological, historical-systematic, and statistical research methods. The object of study was a set of archival documents from the 19th – early 20th centuries, including documents related to the history of the Buddhist monastic community of the Kalmyk steppe and its interaction with the Russian state. Results. A significant set of archival documents from the collections of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region, related to the history of the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyk people in the 19th – early 20th centuries, was examined and grouped. The identified files will serve as the source material for the monograph “Lamas of the Kalmyk Steppe in the 19th – early 20th Centuries in the Sociopolitical Life of Southern Russia.” Conclusions. The State Archives of the Astrakhan Region contain a significant volume of records on the history of the Buddhist tradition of the Kalmyk people in the 19th and early 20th centuries, which were identified, attributed, and systematized during the author’s research. The introduction of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region archival materials related to the history of the Buddhist monastic community of the Kalmyk steppe into scholarly circulation will allow for the intensification of Kalmyk studies research based on previously unpublished historical materials.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

Scientific studies related to The Russian Empire financial institutions history being functioned at Ukrainian lands advanced significantly during the independence of Ukraine.Modern domestic studies of the Empire financial institutions located at Ukrainian territory at 19th - early 20th centuries are extensively using archival sources. Despite this fact, general characteristic of these archival funds at Ukraine state archives is an urgent problem. The purpose of this publication is general characteristics of Ukraine state archives funds by types and kinds of stored fundsthat belonged to financial institutions located at Ukrainian territory within former Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries. There were used Ukraine state archives Guidebooks and Annotated Inventory Registers to compile list of Financial Institutions Documents funds. The article is considering Ukraine state archives funds keeping documents of the following financial institutions: banks, government chambers, treasuries, tax inspectors, tax offices, appraisal commissions, excise offices, customs offices, credit institutions, savings and loan partnerships, insurance companies, and cash offices. Ukraine state archives funds are holding almost all types of Financial Institutions documents peculiar to Russian Empire 19th – early 20th centuries. Archive funds most massive in terms of volume are documents of tax inspectors, credit institutions, savings and loan partnerships, and cash offices, which are stored in almost all Ukraine state archives. Further perspective research areas based on the general characteristics of The Russian Empire Financial institutions' documents 19th – early 20th cc. at Ukraine state archives would be determination of financial documents archives accumulation consistent patterns, functioning peculiarities of financial institutions at Ukrainian lands in the 19th - early 20th century, definition of archive funds attributes specific to Ukraine located financial institutions, as well as discovery of unique historic financial documents

Freidson's concept of medical dominance is compared to the alternative conceptions of neo-Marxist writers. Dominance is then examined in historical perspective, using medicine in Canada (mainly Ontario) as a case study. Medicine emerged as the dominant health occupation in Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, consolidating its power between World War I and the Saskatchewan doctors' strike of 1962. The authors argue that medical dominance has declined since that time due to such factors as the involvement of the state in health insurance, the rise of other health occupations, increasing public or at least elite skepticism, and possible internal fragmentation. The underlying social explanation for this historical process is sought in changes in the Canadian class structure, specifically the spread of the capitalist mode of production, the decline of the petite bourgeoisie, and the rise of the state. It is suggested that Freidson's specific accounts of the history of medicine must be incorporated for explanatory purposes within the broader neo-Marxist view of medicine as an intermediary rather than an ultimately determining institution.

Species-level diversification of African dwarf crocodiles (Genus Osteolaemus): A geographic and phylogenetic perspective

The article is devoted to the analysis of the mechanism of ethnocultural projection of European mentality, ethics, morality, trade technologies, sociocultural image of merchants, industrialists, officials, military officers, cultural workers, who influenced in the second half of 19th – early 20th centuries on the development of the Russian Far East in industrial, trade, transport, scientific, educational discourses and on the life system in general. The most significant influence on the process of development and transformation of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire was exerted by the German settlers. The research methodology based on Max Weber's concept of entrepreneurial ethics, is based on the belief that the history and culture of the Russian Far East in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, on the one hand, are linked to the all-Russian sociocultural processes and, on the other hand, to the Far Eastern specificity that emerged as a resulting of the influence of the European mentality. The article reveals the essence, structure and functions of trade, transport, industrial companies in the Amur region, Primorye and Sakhalin. The analysis of the phenomenon of the emerged regional culture is relevant. The immigrants, The article is devoted to the analysis of the mechanism of ethnocultural projection of European mentality, ethics, morality, trade technologies, sociocultural image of merchants, industrialists, officials, military officers, cultural workers, who influenced in the second half of 19th – early 20th centuries on the development of the Russian Far East in industrial, trade, transport, scientific, educational discourses and on the life system in general. The most significant influence on the process of development and transformation of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire was exerted by the German settlers. The research methodology based on Max Weber's concept of entrepreneurial ethics, is based on the belief that the history and culture of the Russian Far East in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, on the one hand, are linked to the all-Russian sociocultural processes and, on the other hand, to the Far Eastern specificity that emerged as a resulting of the influence of the European mentality. The article reveals the essence, structure and functions of trade, transport, industrial companies in the Amur region, Primorye and Sakhalin. The analysis of the phenomenon of the emerged regional culture is relevant. The immigrants, carriers of different ethno-cultural mental models and ethnic stereotypes of behaviour, not only transformed this territory, the surrounding world in an industrial way, but also planned its development in the long term, for what purpose they used their own financial resources and efforts to create scientific and cultural institutions: Society studying the Amur region, the East Institute, the future Far East State Technical University, they financed ethnographic expeditions. The result of the work is the author's conviction that mental attitudes have sufficient stability, a reliable basis for the development of the Far Eastern region, for a positive dialogue of cultures, for optimal adaptation of immigrants to a foreign cultural environment, to different natural and climatic conditions and regional specifics.

Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Except for those obtained from the Cameroon HIV cohort (18/22 HBV genotype A), 96 of 105 sequences belonged to HBV genotype E (HBV/E), and viral DNA was very similar (1.67% diversity) throughout this vast HBV/E crescent, which spans 6000 km across Africa. The low diversity suggests that HBV/E may have a short evolutionary history. Considering a typical mutation rate of DNA viruses, it would take only 200 years for the strain diversity of HBV/E viruses to develop from a single introductory event. The relatively recent introduction of HBV/E into humans would also explain its conspicuous absence in the Americas, despite the forced immigration of slaves from west Africa, until the early 19th century. Infection during infancy is mostly associated with chronic carrier status, and this combination can account for the explosive spread of virtually identical viruses within a community, but whether other routes of long-range transmissions must be considered becomes an important question.

<p>The research article under discussion proves that in the late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>Th</sup>  century a prominent role in solving the problem of improving health of children and adolescents  of the Slobidskyi region belonged to the private initiative of the  progressive intelligentsia, including teachers, doctors, university professors and other public figures who united to form various associations, such as Kharkiv Society for the Promotion of Literacy,  Pedagogical Department of the Historical and Philological Society of Kharkiv University,  Society of Pediatric Doctors, Kharkiv Society for the Promotion of Child Physical Development and Child Care. The study reveals that the members of the mentioned associations took an active part both in developing the theoretical basis for tackling the problem of improving health, and in organizing numerous institutions and activities aimed at maintaining and strengthening children’s and adolescents’ health.The research findings show that meetings of various societies and congresses held in the Slobidskyi region at different times became the place for discussing topical issues related to the problem of maintaining and strengthening the health ofchildren and  adolescents, for example, and in particular, the meetings of the Congress on the organization of intelligent entertainment  (1815), which was initiated by the Kharkiv Society for the Promotion of Literacy (with reports made by V. Horynevskyi, A. Rabynovych, M. Stanilovska and others).In the late 19Th –early 20Th century the problem of improving the health of children  and adolescents came into focus and attracted considerable attention of private educational institutions functioning in the region. Some of them, for example a private gymnasium owned by D. Obolenska,  were highly praised at the hygienic exhibition  of the Society for the Protection of Public Health,  hosted in St. Petersburg in the spring of 1893.The progressive local intelligentsia of the second half of the 19th– early 20<sup>th</sup> century also had a leading role in creating a network of educational institutions for children with special needs.The study describes the work of summer school colonies organized by the Kharkiv Literacy Society which founded the sanitary committee in 1898.The members of the committee, who were responsible for providing conditions for improving children’s health in the summertime, put forward the suggestion to create summer colonies in the Slobidskyi region whose main objectives were supposed to include enabling the weakest children from poor families to gain strength in healthy rural environment for further more successful and unimpeded studying;  developing useful and good habits such as taking care of oneself and one’s friends, mutual help, mutual concessions; and, in general, assisting children’s moral development. It is highly important to highlight that the overall organization of those summer colonies was subject to the accomplishment of the sanitary and educational objectives listed above.</p>

The thermal rating of power cables and wiring installations has received much attention since the advent of electricity in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries and today is still the subject of numerous scientific investigations. The first observations on this subject were made while the first electric telegraph systems and distribution lines for electric lighting were being developed by early pioneers in the 1820s and 1880s, respectively [1]. One of the first publications on this subject was by Forbes in 1884 [2] and by Kennelly in 1889 with his conference paper Heating Conductors by Electric Currents [3]. Some years later, Kennelly published another paper, On the Carrying Capacity of Electric Cables, Submerged, Buried, or Suspended in Air, [4] (see Figure 1) and a book addressing the heating effects in currentcarrying conductors [5]. During the same period, in 1894, Jenks coauthored a book, Electricity as a Fire Hazard [6], where he presents the state of the art on the development of design rules and guidelines for electric installations and also several definitions for the safe current-carrying capacity of conductors on the basis of the publications of various authors such as A.E. Kennelly and E. Atkinson.

The purpose of the article is to study rare editions on the theory and practice of ballroom choreography of the 15th – early 17th century; analyze choreographic traditions, evolution trends, varieties of choreographic techniques, peculiarities of techniques and manners of performance, and changes in choreographic vocabulary and forms of ballroom dance. The research methodology consisted in the organic set of basic principles of research: objectivity, historicism, multifactorness, systematicity, complexity, development and pluralism; to fulfill the research purpose, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: problem-chronological, concrete-historical, statistical, descriptive, and logical-analytical. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the historiographical analysis of rare editions on the theory and practice of ballroom choreography of the 15th – 17th century in the context of art critical investigation of the trends of ballroom dance evolution; the influence of literary sources of the 15th – 17th century on the development of ballroom dance and changes in choreographic vocabulary were revealed. Conclusions. As a result of the detailed study and conducted art critical analysis of rare sources of English, Spanish, Italian, German and French literature of the 15th – early 17th century, the following features and tendencies of the development of ballroom dance of this period can be established: the widespread and popularization of the ballo and basse danse in the 15th century not only at the court but also among wealthy suburbanite; there was a noticeable tendency towards a more virtuous performance of male dance steps; the choreographic tradition of the 15th century was characteristic of the penchant for asymmetrical ballroom dance compositions; however, at the end of the 16th century the transition to the harmonization of structure and spatial pattern became noticeable; the main principles of performing ballroom dances of the 16th century were improvisation and variability, while the artistic-production and techno-performing part remained the predominant component; the distinction among folk and court dances consisted in the emphasis on elegance, technique and style of execution; the existence of a canon of dance figures as an important element of English and French choreographic art of the 16th – early 17th century; widespread occurence and preservation of the Italian dance tradition of the mid-fifteenth century at least to the first third of the sixteenth century.