Creating Sustainable Knowledge Systems: Towards a Risk and Threat Assessment Framework

Purpose of this paper is to draft shot information about framework for ecological risk assessment compile according Guidelines and short description of phases from which this method consists. During description of particular procedures, the meaning of used terms is introduced and explained. The framework for risk assessment is presented as a useful tool for risk management and selection of available cleanup and remedy technologies, and costs of alternative actions.

Identifying the patient for whom triptans are contraindicated because of recognized, diagnosed cardiovascular disease is relatively straightforward. Determining whether a patient with potential unrecognized cardiovascular disease is an appropriate candidate for triptan therapy, however, constitutes a difficult challenge, especially in the absence of a framework for workup of patients. This article discusses the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease and issues involved in assessing cardiovascular risk, and it attempts to provide a framework for cardiovascular risk assessment that can be applied to decisions for prescribing triptans. Current guidelines for cardiovascular risk assessment allow stratification of patients to low, intermediate, or high risk of coronary heart disease events. This framework for risk assessment can be applied to decisions for prescribing triptans. Cardiovascular risk-assessment algorithms discussed elsewhere in this supplement suggest that patients at low risk (1 or no risk factors) of coronary heart disease can be prescribed triptans without the need for a more intensive cardiovascular evaluation. Conversely, patients with established coronary heart disease or coronary heart disease risk equivalents should not be prescribed triptans according to the current prescribing recommendations. Patients at intermediate risk (2 or more risk factors) of coronary heart disease require cardiovascular evaluation before triptans can be prescribed. Current understanding suggests that the risk of future acute coronary events is a function of the absolute number of vulnerable plaques present, a variable that cannot be accurately determined using available technology or risk-prediction models. Cardiovascular risk-assessment guidelines should be evaluated in the context of this limitation.

The Scientific Panel on Plant Health was requested by EFSA to develop a guidance document on a harmonised framework for risk assessment of organisms harmful to plants and plant products and the identification and evaluation of risk management options. The document provides guiding principles on assessment practices and approaches when assessing risks to plant health to support the decision-making process under Council Directive 2000/29/EC. The framework aims at implementing the fundamental principles of risk assessment as laid down in Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, most importantly the independence and transparency of risk assessments carried out by EFSA. The document discusses the main issues of the pest risk assessment process: terminology, data requirements and data-related uncertainties. Furthermore, the document provides a framework for pest risk assessment and evaluation of pest risk management options. For the assessment of entry, establishment and spread of pests; both qualitative and quantitative approaches are recommended. An EFSA-adapted EPPO scheme is proposed should a qualitative approach be followed. The assessment of potential consequences of pest introduction and spread considers direct and indirect effects on all affected plant species as well as on the environment. The assessment of economic impacts falls outside the remit of EFSA. For the characterization of the overall risk, the use of risk matrices is proposed to combine qualitative scores. Upon request by the risk manager, risk management options may be identified. Potential changes in risk level resulting from different management options may also be assessed. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis should be performed for the whole assessment process. For transparency reasons, the process of data collection should be recorded and included in the assessment. Principal requirements for the documentation of the pest risk assessment process are also discussed. <br/>

We present a framework aimed at estimating the potential damage to an offshore wind farm from hurricanes. Our approach is related to assessing risks that are assumed to be fundamentally related to the estimation of wind speed exceedance probabilities at selected hub heights of wind turbines in the farm and of associated wind turbine loads. As part of this preliminary framework for risk assessment, synthetic storm tracks are first simulated over the ocean using available historical tropical storm data; then, a hurricane intensity evolution model based on thermodynamic and atmospheric environmental variables is developed for each of the tracks as they get to regions within the proximity of the chosen wind farm site. Based on this intensity model, a turbulent wind field can be simulated at locations of interest along the hurricane track. The simulated turbulent wind field may then be used to estimate wind speed exceedance probability distributions and, when combined with correlated waves, it can also be used in analysis of the response of individual turbines in a wind farm. The framework for the overall risk assessment is presented; the individual components that comprise such an assessment are described briefly in illustrative applications.

As a kind of basic energy, electric power energy security problem is very crucial. To raise the power system stability, assess and supervise the whole power system and its inner potential risks as well as establishing the power security risk assessment system to cope with catastrophe is of great theoretical and practical importance. The paper first analyses the defects of existing power system risk assessment system. It proposes that the power security risk assessment work should adopt the mode of government and electric power enterprises collaboration. Then from the practical point of view, it establishes the new practical power system risk assessment framework that should be cooperated by both government and electric power enterprises to cope with catastrophe and prevent large area blackout in power system. The new risk assessment framework is consist of traditional stability analysis, newly developed probabilistic reliability analysis as well as the risk analysis on power system structure, technology, equipment and management aspects. At present the newly developed risk assessment framework has been applied in Guangdong province and therefore proves that the assessment system framework is scientific and practical.

This chapter summarizes innovations in security risk and capability assessment frameworks and methodologies to directly support dynamic decision making, forge a convergence with S&T, operations, intelligence and policy, and inform investment priorities of the Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP). Using a thematic approach, this paper reviews how multiple innovations were adopted as “best practices” into the conceptual design, development and implementation of security risk assessment frameworks and methodologies in the CSSP. These include the: use taxonomies to foster key stakeholder ‘buy in’; leveraging architecture frameworks to drive tools, methods and rating schema; the formulation of scenario based approaches for assessing high consequence all hazards risks; and, the application of an integrated risk and capability gap assessment model to guide investment in public safety and security S&T. In the CSSP, the innovations in security risk assessment identified best practices and common tools that supported numerous strategies and S&T portfolios (e.g., CBRNE, Critical Infrastructure Protection, all hazards safety and security; defence infrastructure/military bases), where risk assessment expertise/capability improvements that were adopted by practitioners, interdisciplinary teams and decision makers. Underpinning these innovations were strong partnerships and community-based approaches that enabled a credible risk-informed decision support environment, with consistent/scalable approaches to analysis and decision making under conditions of uncertainty.KeywordsSecurity risk assessmentVulnerability

The risk of sensitive information disclosure and modification through the use of online services has increased considerably and may result in significant damage. As the management and assessment of such risks is a well-known discipline for organizations, it is a challenge for users from the general public. Users have difficulties in using, understanding and reacting to security-related threats. Moreover, users only try to protect themselves from risks salient to them. Motivated by the lack of risk assessment solutions and limited impact of awareness programs tailored for users of the general public, this paper aims to develop a structured approach to help in protecting users from threats and vulnerabilities and, thus, reducing the overall information security risks. By focusing on the user and that different users react differently to the same stimuli, the authors developed a user-centric risk assessment and response framework that assesses and communicates risk on both user and system level in an individualized, timely and continuous way. Three risk assessment models were proposed that depend on user-centric and behavior-related factors when calculating risk. This framework was evaluated using a scenario-based simulation of a number of users and results analyzed. The analysis demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach. Encouragingly, this analysis provided an indication that risk can be assessed differently for the same behavior based upon a number of user-centric and behavioral-related factors resulting in an individualized granular risk score/level. This granular risk assessment, provided a more insightful evaluation of both risk and response. The analysis of results was also useful in demonstrating how risk is not the same for all users and how the proposed model is effective in adapting to differences between users offering a novel approach to assessing information security risks.

Where allergy science has moved in 25 years overlaps with the maturation of risk assessment and its origins in toxicology, more generally. In delivering regulatory science evaluations of food safety, it's been noted that "allergy assessments" really don't satisfy the needs of complex interactions across various allergens, their biological source organisms, and the human immune system response mechanisms. This is mostly due to applying an assessment framework extended from a chemical risk assessment. Today, we still do not apply a quantitative allergy assessment for novel foods and feeds. In particular, the current evolution of allergy assessment has gaps that leave out aspects that would lend towards a 'true' risk assessment framework in the future. 'True', referring to considering the hazard of an allergen in combination with a quantitative understanding of the exposure and dose to elicit a clinically relevant effect.In this Research Topic, Dumont et al., identify research gaps and future needs for allergy safety and allergen prediction in food safety. With significant advances in biotechnology and the need for developing alternative food protein sources, the authors advocate updating safety assessment prediction approaches for food allergy. They suggest a focus on clinical relevance and the development of a fit-for-purpose database for specific risk assessment goals for global foods of the future. Krutz et al. highlight the inclusion of key aspects of learning how to apply safety assessment methods and the risk paradigms of toxicology to allergology. One aspect is inclusion of open evaluations of expected exposure to any novel or transferred proteins (by way of genetic modification). Allergy, from a clinical standpoint, typically relies on IgE immunoglobulin as a diagnostic and response metric. The authors remind us that tracking and classifying clinical risk is limited when applied in isolation within the context of risk assessments.The research of Hernendez et al., also offers the undeniable global perspective of food safety; they identified several interesting points regarding food allergy in Columbia. In particular, the region of Columbia differs from others in the observation of rate and expected prominent allergens. A high rate of consumption for a food group (fruit) does not necessarily result in a high rate of allergy; this may likely be proof of an obvious physiological phenomenon of repeated exposure (early and often) that results in tolerance and suppressed clinical relevance in the population. In the end, locality defined at various level of geographical scale are a feature that also vary for each allergen, independently. A complex variable in clinical allergy that requires much more study.Currently, no single factor is recognized as a predictor for protein allergenicity. Therefore, a weight-of-the-evidence approach, which considers a variety of factors and approaches for an overall assessment of allergenic potential, will need to continue. To date, there is an inability to replicate the physiological processes of allergy sensitization, elicitation and tolerance in easy-toapply bench tests for novel foods. Nevertheless, over the last 25 years there has been progress on developing new techniques to better predict the potential of a novel protein to produce food allergy. Such areas include the development of in silico, machine learning approaches. These algorithmic programs attempt to help predict the de novo allergenic potential of a novel protein(s). Advances in the quality of whole genome sequencing and advanced bioinformatic tools are helping more accurately predict potential allergenic protein cross-reactivity among structurally similar proteins. With the advent of artificial intelligence, the prediction of the potential allergenicity of novel protein(s) will become even more refined increasing our confidence in food allergy risk assessments.

The credibility of cloud digital archives determines the security and evidence of archives digital resources. Based on the research significance of risk assessment, the authors analyse the ecological environment and the risk factors associated with cloud digital archives and propose a framework and key content for risk assessment. This study provides a foundation for building a risk assessment system for cloud digital archives.

A framework for risk assessment. A probabilistic framework. Causes of Extinction. Summary. White rhinoceros on Ndumu. Formulating a birth-and death model. Parameters and initial condition. The deterministic prediction. Adding demographic stochasticity. Introducing a population ceiling. Removing constant numbers. Environmental variation. Risk Assessment. Summary. Useful methods when data are scarce. The Exonential model for population growth. Density dependence, the logistic equation and magpie geese. Other forms of density dependence. A model for suburban shrews. More about unstructured models. Summary. Structured populations. Age structure. The Leslie matrix. Stage structure. Simulating variability. Correlation and authocorrelation. Migration and dispersal. Density and dependence. Conclusion. Summary. Spatial structure and metapopulation dynamics. Conservation of spatial structure. Occupancy models. Population dynamic model. Summary. Conservation genetics. Consequences of loss of genetic diversity. Drift, risk and genetic diversity. The effects of inbreeding on population dynamics. Stochastic model for Banksia Cunteata. The genetics of metapopulations. Summary. Extensions of risk assessment. Appendices. Reference. Index. Conclusions. Random numbers. Random events and correlated random numbers. More about sensitivity analysis. References. Index.

As increasing numbers of people are identified at risk for multi-factorial diseases, questions of how to assess, communicate and manage genetic risk will be critical from health services and policy perspectives. However, there is currently no evidence-based genetic risk assessment and management framework to assist policy makers, clinicians and other stakeholders. A comprehensive psychosocial framework for risk assessment and management has been developed in the context of security hazards or threats. In an adaptation of that model, we present the Psychosocial Genetics Risk Assessment and Management framework (PG-RAM). It offers principles to enhance the integration of evidence-based best practices into genetics health services, as well as to identify issues, knowledge and gaps. The framework identifies the core elements of the situation, effects, population and interventions, all spanning several phases of genetic disorders. The framework provides an excellent starting point for knowledge syntheses in the context of genetic risk and could serve as the conceptual basis for practical tool development to guide healthcare professionals and decision makers in preparing for and responding to the psychosocial aspects of genetic risk.

Purpose This study proposes a novel risk assessment framework that integrates Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), fuzzy logic, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). To ensure standardized and comprehensive implementation, the framework is aligned with ISO 31000 and ISO 9001. As organizational processes become more complex, digitalizing risk assessment is increasingly important to ensure consistency, traceability, and effectiveness. Accordingly, this study also aims to develop software that implements the proposed framework. Design/methodology/approach A web-based application was developed using CodeIgniter (CI), a lightweight and widely adopted PHP framework. The proposed framework was validated through three case studies: a fan testing simulation, an Organic Rankine Cycle design, and records from a government institution. Findings An integrated Fuzzy–FMEA–AHP framework, aligned with ISO 31000 and ISO 9001, was successfully developed. The framework emphasizes standardized risk assessment processes, role-based authority, and structured documentation. Validation results show that both manual and automated calculations achieved high accuracy, with percentage errors below 3%. The framework effectively prioritizes risks while reducing assessor bias. Moreover, digital implementation improves operational efficiency, strengthens decision-making, and enables real-time, comprehensive documentation. Practical implications This study contributes to the advancement of risk management practices by providing organizations with a standardized, objective, and digitally supported approach to risk assessment. Originality/value Traditional FMEA is limited by expert subjectivity and equal weighting of risk factors. This study addresses these limitations by integrating Fuzzy–FMEA–AHP with ISO 31000 and ISO 9001 within a single operational framework. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to combine Fuzzy–FMEA–AHP with multiple-standard integration and implement it through a web-based system.

The spread of nonindigenous (nonnative) species introduced into the United States is a significant and growing national problem and results in lost agricultural productivity, increased health problems, native species extinctions, and expensive prevention and eradication efforts. Thousands of nonindigenous species have either become established or spread, and introduction of aquatic nuisance species (ANS) into freshwater lakes threaten aquatic biodiversity. Expanding global trade is likely to increase the number of species that are spread across the globe, so the need to develop an approach to predict potential ANS invasions is great. Risk assessments currently being used to assess ANS risk rely on qualitative or semiquantitative information and expert opinion; thus, such approaches lack transparency and repeatability. A more quantitative approach is needed to augment the qualitative approaches currently in use. A quantitative approach with the use of the traditional ecological risk assessment (traditional ERA) framework combined with decision analysis tools was developed for assessing ANS risks in which the causative ecological risk agent is an organism rather than a chemical. This paper presents a systematic risk assessment framework that includes structured decision analysis to help organize and analyze pertinent data, state assumptions, address uncertainties in estimating the probability of an undesired ANS introduction, or spread and integrate these outputs with stakeholder values. This paper also describes when and how decision analysis tools can be used in such assessments for ANS. This framework and methodology will enable risk managers to systematically evaluate and compare alternatives and actions supporting ANS risk management and thus credibly prioritize resources.

In this paper, a comprehensive flood hazard map for the vicinity of King Talal Dam in Jordan, utilizing advanced remote sensing (RS) and GIS methodologies, is developed. Key geographical and environmental factors, encompassing terrain slope, elevation, aspect, proximity to water streams, drainage density, and land use/land cover, are integrated to highlight areas with increased flood risk. This study, by employing a novel theoretical approach, harnesses the synergistic capabilities of RS and GIS to collect and analyze geospatial data. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to assign weights to various flood-conditioning factors, quantifying their relative importance in flood risk assessment. Through the weighted sum overlay technique, the aforementioned factors are integrated to categorize flood risk levels from very low to very high. This study successfully maps flood hazards, identifying areas near main water channels, ravines, and lower-elevation areas prone to flooding. This research provides a robust framework for flood risk assessment, contributing valuable knowledge to the fields of environmental management and disaster mitigation. It underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and updating of flood hazard maps to accommodate changing land use, climate, and hydrological conditions. The innovative application offers crucial insights for urban planners and policymakers, emphasizing the need for proactive strategies in flood-prone areas and serving as a model for similar geographical regions. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-05 Full Text: PDF

This is a companion report to the risk assessment framework proposed by Suter et al. (1998): ''A Framework for Assessment of Risks of Military Training and Testing to Natural Resources,'' hereafter referred to as the ''generic framework.'' The generic framework is an ecological risk assessment methodology for use in environmental assessments on Department of Defense (DoD) installations. In the generic framework, the ecological risk assessment framework of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1998) is modified for use in the context of (1) multiple and diverse stressors and activities at a military installation and (2) risks resulting from causal chains, e.g., effects on habitat that indirectly impact wildlife. Both modifications are important if the EPA framework is to be used on military installations. In order for the generic risk assessment framework to be useful to DoD environmental staff and contractors, the framework must be applied to specific training and testing activities. Three activity-specific ecological risk assessment frameworks have been written (1) to aid environmental staff in conducting risk assessments that involve these activities and (2) to guide staff in the development of analogous frameworks for other DoD activities. The three activities are: (1) low-altitude overflights by fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft (this volume), (2) firing at targets on land, and (3) ocean explosions. The activities were selected as priority training and testing activities by the advisory committee for this project.