Crisis Transmission in the Global Banking Network

Many airborne infectious diseases can be transmitted via exhaled contaminants transported in the air. Direct exposure occurs when the exhaled jet from the infected person directly enters the breathing zone of the target person. Indirect exposure occurs when the contaminants disperse in the room and are inhaled by the target person. This paper presents a simple method for differentiating the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in mechanically ventilated rooms. Experimental data for 191 cases were collected from the literature. After analyzing the data, a simple method was developed to differentiate direct and indirect exposure in mixing and displacement ventilated rooms. The proposed method correctly differentiated direct and indirect exposure for 120 out of the 133 mixing ventilation cases and 47 out of the 58 displacement ventilation cases. Therefore, the proposed method is suitable for use at the early design stage to quickly assess whether there will be direct exposure to exhaled contaminants in a mechanically ventilated room.

This study investigates the impact of corporate governance characteristics and political connections of directors on the profitability of banks in Pakistan. The study uses the data of 26 domestic banks over the latest and large period of 2007–2016. Our findings firstly affirm that bank profitability is negatively affected by the presence of politically connected directors on the board, reporting significantly lower return on assets, return on equity, net interest margin, and profit margin. Secondly, our findings also affirm the negative political influence on the sustainability of the banking industry, reporting significantly lower return on assets, return on equity, net interest margin, and profit margin during the government transition of banks having politically connected directors sitting on their board. Our findings further report an inverted U-shaped relationship between board size and bank profitability, suggesting that a board size beyond 8–9 members decreases the profitability. The study further finds a positive impact of board composition, board independence, and director compensation on bank profitability, while also finding a negative impact of frequent board meetings, presence of foreign directors, and audit committee independence.

Minimum equity ratio requirements promote bank stability, but compliance must be measured credibly and requirements must be commensurate with risk. A mix of higher book equity requirements, a carefully designed contingent capital requirement, cash reserve requirements, and other measures, would address prudential objectives better than book equity requirements alone. Basel III’s ill-defined liquidity ratios, book capital ratios, and internal models of risk must be replaced by a system of credible, incentive-robust rules that combine valid concepts with objective, market-based information into a simplified and credible regulatory process. Raising minimum capital requirements will not be socially costless; bank profitability, share prices, and loan supply are likely to suffer. But avoiding the dramatic consequences of banking crises would more than repay those costs.

The technology of atmospheric plasma (ionized gas), widely used in material processing, offers one of the most significant breakthroughs in food processing and safety. The technology allows the generation of bactericidal molecules very efficiently with low power requirements. Non-thermal atmospheric plasma has been used to effectively decontaminate surfaces, but has received limited investigation for in-package decontamination. This study demonstrates the potential for in-package plasma treatment of food products in sealed packages. The advantage of in-package cold plasma treatment is that the bactericidal molecules are generated and contained in the package allowing extended exposure to bacteria while reverting back to the original package gas within 24 hr storage. The study treated liquid food surrogates containing bacteria and oxidation sensitive dye (methylene blue) inside sealed packages. The surrogates were placed in 96 well plates and were packaged in air and exposed directly and indirectly to the plasma field in a 2.2 cm high, 23 cm x 31 cm sealed polypropylene container for up to five minutes of treatment. Treatments were carried out using a prototype Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) operating at a voltage of 40 kV, and frequency of 50 Hz. The UV-Vis emission spectra of plasma were collected and analyzed. The spectra showed emission bands for nitrogen and oxygen species including strong emission lines for excited states of the atomic species O, O+, N and N+. The results from the evaluation of methylene blue suggest that direct exposure to the plasma ionization field produces a greater oxidative effect compared to indirect exposure. For five minutes treatment, direct exposure of methylene blue resulted in a 90% reduction in absorbance and indirect exposure of methylene blue resulted in a 75% reduction in absorbance. These reductions may result from conversion of ozone into hydroxyl radicals which reduces the methylene blue from dark blue color to clear. This process appears to be non-reversible. Additionally, bacterial studies examining treatment of E. coli ATCC 25922 suspended in maximum recovery diluent inside of 96 well plates found a 7 log reduction after 50 s treatment and 24 hours storage for both direct and indirect plasma exposure. Ozone concentrations measured immediately after five minutes of ionization were approximately 1600 ppm. The goal of this research is to maximize bacterial reductions and minimize quality (oxidative) loss for liquid food products inside a sealed package.

A Network Analysis of Global Banking: 1978-2010

Chronic adverse effects of oil dispersed sediments on growth, hatching, and reproduction of benthic copepods: Indirect exposure for long-term tests

This study aims to examine the effect of Mudharabah finance and Musyarakah finance to Profitability (ROE) of Islamic Bank in Indonesia from 2015-2021. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis using Eviews 12 to test the research hypothesis. The data used in this study are monthly data of monthly margin profit and ROE from January 2015 to December 2021.The results of this study indicate that partially there is an influence between Mudharabah Finance to Profitability (ROE) of Islamic Bank in Indonesia with t test (2.3378) > t table (1.986) , there is no partial effect between Musyarakah Finance to Profitability (ROE) of Islamic Bank in Indonesia based on with t test (1.508) <t table (1.986. Simultaneously Musharabah Finance and Musyarakah Finance are significant Profitability (ROE) of Islamic Bank in Indonesia , with a value (Ftest 46.873 > Ftable 2.51) and a significance (0.000 <0.05).

An evolution of global and regional banking networks: A focus on Japanese banks’ international expansion

IntroductionWhile there are considerable studies on the relationship between the risk of disease or death and direct exposure from the atomic bomb, the risk for indirect exposure caused by residual...

The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and Bearweria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were studied to determine their pathogenicity against free-foraging workers of the black carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De-Geer). Worker ants exposed to B. bassiana died faster than ants exposed to either of 2 strains of M. anisopliae (Mal and Ma2). When the ants were allowed continuous access to fungal conidia in an inoculation chamber, B. bassiana killed the ants faster than ants exposed to either Mal or Ma2. When exposed once to fungal conidia, during a single feeding within an inoculation chamber (that is, direct exposure), the workers exposed to B. bassiana died quicker than did those exposed to either strain of M. anisopliae. To study the effects of horizontal transmission of conidia on pathogenicity, workers were directly exposed to B. bassiana and mixed with other unexposed workers (that is, indirect exposure). At a 1:1 ratio of exposed to unexposed workers, the ants died at a rate that did not differ significantly from that in the earlier, direct exposures, yet at a 1:9 ratio of exposed to unexposed workers, the rate of mortality was slower. Horizontal transmission of the pathogen did not lower the ultimate pathogenicity; after 60 d, the cumulative percentage of mortality exceeded 90% in the direct and indirect exposures to B. bassiana.

Identifying the macroeconomic effects of credit supply disruptions is difficult because many of the same factors that influence the supply of bank loans can also affect the demand for credit. Using bank-level responses to the Federal Reserve's Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey, we decompose the reported changes in lending standards -- a commonly-used indicator of changes in credit supply conditions -- into a component that captures the change in banks' lending posture in response to bank-specific and macroeconomic factors that also affect loan demand and a residual component, which provides a cleaner measure of fluctuations in the effective supply of bank-intermediated credit. When included in a standard VAR framework, shocks to our measure of loan supply are associated with substantial declines in output and in the capacity of businesses and households to borrow from the banking sector, as well as with a sharp widening of credit spreads and a significant easing of monetary policy. We corroborate the interpretation of our series as movements in the supply of bank loans using a detailed loan-level data set: A regression of individual loan amounts on the corresponding interest rate spreads -- where the latter is instrumented with our bank-level loan-supply shifter -- yields the semi-elasticity of loan demand between 1.0 and 1.5b.

This paper analyses the nature of the increasing regionalization process in global banking. Despite the large decline in aggregate cross-border banking lending volumes, some parts of the global banking network are currently more interlinked regionally than before the Global Financial Crisis. After developing a simple theoretical model capturing banks' internationalization decisions, our estimation shows that this regionalization trend is present even after controlling for traditional gravitational variables (e.g. distance, language, legal system, etc.), especially among lenders in EMs and non-core banking systems, such as Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Moreover, this regionalization trend was present before the GFC, but it has increased since then, and it seems to be associated with regulatory variables and the opportunities created by the retrenchment of several European lenders.

The purpose of this research is to analyze how the profit sharing ratio and profit margin in murabaha can affect the return on assets of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive, the data used is secondary data by taking data from Islamic bank financial reports for the period 2019 – 2021. The population of Islamic banks is 14 banks, then data is taken from 3 banks using a purposive sampling technique. In this study it was found that profit sharing ratios and profit margins in murabahah transactions are important in increasing the profitability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. High profit sharing for Islamic banks will increase bank profits, but profitable profit sharing ratios for Islamic banks will make customers reluctant to deposit their funds in Islamic banks which will reduce profits. Thus the size of the profit sharing ratio between the customer and the bank must comply with the principles of fairness and equity. Likewise, high profit margins charged to customers will make customers look for other financing alternatives outside of Islamic banks

Research suggests that direct exposure (personal victimization) and indirect exposure (witnessing or hearing about the victimization of a family member, friend, or neighbor) to violence are correlated. However, questions remain about the co-occurrence of these phenomena within individuals. We used data on 1915 youths (with an average age of 12 years at baseline) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine this issue. Results indicated that youths who tended to be personally victimized were also likely to witness violence; conversely, youths who disproportionately witnessed violence were relatively unlikely to experience personal victimization. In addition, direct and indirect exposures to violence were associated with subsequent adverse outcomes in similar ways. The key distinguishing factor was, rather, the cumulative level of violence (both direct and indirect) to which youths were exposed.

Evaluation of pesticide toxicity at their field recommended doses to honeybees, Apis cerana and A. mellifera through laboratory, semi-field and field studies